新英美概况（第二版） 课件 Chapter Three A Brief History of the United Kingdom

PARTONETheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandPARTONETheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapterOneTheCountryChapterTwoThePeopleandTheirCultureChapterThreeABriefHistoryoftheUnitedKingdomChapterFourMonarchy,Government,PoliticalPartiesandElectionsChapterFiveLaw,PoliceandMilitaryChapterSixEconomyABriefHistoryoftheUnitedKingdomChapterThreeChapterThreeABriefHistoryoftheUnitedKingdom1.EarliestSettlersontheBritishIsles2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritain3.RulebytheVikingsandtheNormans4.TheDeclineofFeudalism5.TheEnglishCivilWarsandtheGloriousRevolution6.TheIndustrialRevolution7.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire8.Britaininthe20thCenturyandToday1.EarliestSettlersontheBritishIsles1.EarliestSettlersontheBritishIsles1.1TheIberians1.2TheBeakerFolk1.3TheCelts1.EarliestSettlersontheBritishIslesBeforetheGreatIceAge,GreatBritainwasjoinedtothecontinentofEurope.ItwasthenthatthefirstmencametoBritain.TheywereusuallycalledcavemenorStoneAgemen.About6000BC–5000BC,theseveringofthelandbridgehadsignificanteffectsonBritain.1.1TheIberiansBetween3000BCand2000BC,thefirstknownsettlersontheBritishIslesweretheIberians(伊比利亚人).TheycamefromtheIberianPeninsula.Iberiansweredark-hairedpeopleandnomadicStoneAgehunters.Theywerealsotheusersofflint(打火石).Theylearnedtotamethedog,thesheep,thegoat,theoxandthepig,adoptedtheuseofbronzeandbeganfarmingandhunting.Theywereprobablytheforefathersofthedark-hairedinhabitantsofWalesandCornwalltoday.1.2TheBeakerFolkAround2000BC,theBeakerFolk,ortheBeakerPeople(宽口陶器人),settledinBritainfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandRhineland.Thesepeopletooktheirnamefromtheirdistinctivebell-shapeddrinkingvesselswithwhichtheywereburied.Moreover,theBeakerFolkbroughtwiththemtheabilitytomakepotteryandbronzetoolsandthecustomofindividualburial.Theydevelopedtheirownfarmingsocietyandbuilthillforts.Theyintroducedalotofchangeswhichinturnincreasedtradeandmobility,aspeoplesearchedforthenewgoodsand1.2TheBeakerFolkmaterialstheyrequired.AndtheBeakerculturespreadacrosscentralandwesternEurope,whichwasakeyelementinthetransitionfromtheNeolithictotheBronzeAge.1.3TheCeltsTheCelts(凯尔特人),atallerandfairerracefromcentralEurope,begantoarriveinBritainaround700BCandkeptcominguntilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves:ThefirstwavewastheGaels(盖尔人)whocamearound600BC;thesecondwavewastheBritons(不列颠人)whocamearound400BC,andthethirdwavewastheBelgae(比利其人)whocamearound150BC.1.3TheCeltsTheCeltswerepracticedfarmers.Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlandandbuilthousesofwoodandwickerworkwithaweatherproofcoatingofmud.TheCeltictribeswereancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagewasthebasisofbothWelshandGaelic(盖尔语).WhoweretheIberians?Andwhatcouldtheydo?WhoweretheCelts?Whataretheirinfluencesontoday’sBritain?Questions1.EarliestSettlersontheBritishIsles2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritain2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainRomansruledpartoftoday’sBritainbetween43ADand410AD.BritishrecordedhistorybeganwithtwoRomaninvasionsbetween55BCand54BC,ledbythefamousRomangeneralJuliusCaesar(尤利乌斯·恺撒).Boththeconqueringattemptsfailedandtherealconquestoccurredin43AD,ledbyEmperorClaudius(克劳狄),markingthebeginningoftheRomanoccupationofBritain.TheRomanoccupationofBritainlastedfornearly400yearsuntil410ADwhentheRomantroopscompletelyleftBritaintodefendRomewhichwasattackedbyforeigntribes.TheRomansnotonlybuiltagreatempire,butalsomanyroadsbetweenthelargetowns,initiallyformilitarypurposesofcarryingitstroopsquickly,whichlaterservedasmediafortradeandinformationspreading.AnditwastheintricateroadsystembuiltbytheRomansthatbecametheoriginofthesaying“AllroadsleadtoRome.”2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainRomansalsobuiltbaths,temples,amphitheaters,beautifulvillasandevengreatwallsthatprotectedEnglandagainsttheinvadingtribesfromScotland(suchastheHadrian’sWallinnorthernEngland).ThemostimportantRomanheritagewasprobablyChristianity.Thiscameatfirstbyindirectmeans,probablybroughtbytradersandsoldiers,andwaslegalizedbythefirstChristianRomanEmperor,ConstantinetheGreat(君士坦丁一世)in312AD.2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainAlthoughBritainbecamepartofavastandsophisticatedRomanEmpire,theRomanimpactupontheBritonswasrelativelylimited.ItisbecausetheRomanstreatedtheBritonsasslaves,andneverintermarriedwiththem.AndtheRomanshadlittleimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.AnotherreasonisthatmanyoftheRomanheritagesweredestroyedbytheinvadingAnglo-Saxon.2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainWhentheRomansleftBritaininthefifthcentury,threenewtribesfromEuropeancontinentinvadedandsettleddown:theJutes,SaxonsandAngles.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland(nowsouthernDenmark),cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdomsinEssex,SussexandWessex.2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainInthesecondhalfofthesixthcentury,theAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople(theword“England”camefromtheword“Angle-land”,meaningthelandofAngles),settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.Anglo-SaxonsestablishedsevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthUmbria,hencethenameofHeptarchy(七国时代).2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainTheAnglo-Saxontribeswerecontinuallyatwarwithoneanother,eachofthemtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandpiecedtogetheragain.Andatthebeginningoftheninthcentury,undertheirKing,Egbert,theWestSaxonsdefeatedtheMercians.WhentheNorthUmbrianssubmittedtohimandtookhimastheirmasterin829,EgbertactuallybecameanoverlordofalltheEngland.2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainTheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownreligiontoBritain.ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromthenamesofthegodsofAnglo-Saxons’religion:Tiu,thegodofwar;Woden,thekingofheaven;Thor,thegodofstorms;andFreya,thegoddessofpeace.Then,Christianitydisappeared,exceptamongtheCeltsofCornwall,Wales,ScotlandandIreland.In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.Augustine,thePriorofSt.Andrew’sMonasteryinRome,toEnglandtoconverttheEnglishtoChristianity.Hewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivities

2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainofthemonksinthenorth.In601,St.AugustinebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.TheAnglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryintoshires,withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs,responsibleforadministeringlaw.Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsysteminuseuptothe18thcentury.Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem①.Finally,theycreatedtheWitan②toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncil③,whichstillexiststoday.2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainThemanorialsystem(采邑制)wasatermusedbyhistorianstodescribethemethodofestatemanagementoflandownersintheMiddleAgesandinTudorandStuarttimes.TheWitan(贤人会议)wasthetermusedtodescribethecouncilsummonedbyAnglo-Saxonkings.MembersoftheWitandiscussedimportantissuessuchastaxationandadvisedtheking.ThesuccessionofanewkinghadtobeapprovedbytheWitan.Notes2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainThePrivyCouncil(枢密院),isalsoknownasHisMajesty’sMostHonorablePrivyCouncil.Theword“privy”means“private”or“secret”;thus,aPrivyCouncilwasoriginallyacommitteeofthemonarch’sclosestadviserstogiveconfidentialadviceonstateaffairs.NowitisaformalbodyofadviserstotheSovereignoftheUnitedKingdom.Itsmembershipmainlycomprisesseniorpoliticians,whoarecurrentorformermembersofeithertheHouseofCommonsortheHouseofLords.Notes2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritainWhydidtheRomanscometoBritain?WhatarethemajorRomanheritagesinBritain?WhatcanwelearnaboutthelifeandcultureoftheRomansinBritain?WhydopeoplesayAnglo-Saxonsaretheancestorsoftoday’sBritishpeople?Doyouagreewithsuchastatement?Whyorwhynot?Questions2.RomanBritainandAnglo-SaxonBritain3.RulebytheVikingsandtheNormans3.RulebytheVikingsandtheNormans3.1TheVikings’Rule3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequences3.1TheVikings’RuleTheVikingsreferto“thepiratesfromtheNorth”,suchasDenmark,SwedenandNorway.Theywereatfirstfishermenandtraders.TheybegantolootthetownsandcitiesalongtheEuropeancoastifthecoastswerenotwelldefended.TheVikingsbegantoinvadeEnglandinthelateeighthcentury.TheEnglishkingspaidtheVikingsmoneytogoawaybuttheVikingskeptcomingbackandsettledinmoreandmoreplaces.Bytheendoftheninthcentury,theyconqueredmanyAnglo-SaxonkingdomsexceptWessexandcontrolledlargepiecesoflandinnorthernandeasternEngland,whichbecameknownas3.1TheVikings’RuletheDanelawbecausethelawsoftheDaneswereappliedthere.KingAlfredofWessexdefeatedtheVikingsandforcedthemintoapeaceagreement.HeachievedsomuchthathistorianshonoredhimwiththetitleKingAlfredtheGreat①.EnglandwaslargelyfreefromVikinginvasionsfor60yearsuntil991whenalargeVikingforcebegantoinvadeagain.KingEthelredIIpaidthemmoneytoleaveandtheDanescamebackagainandagain,firstformoneythenthethrone.DanishKingSweynForkbeardconqueredEnglandin1013.HissonKingCanutewentfurtherinconqueringallofBritainuntilhediedin10353.1TheVikings’Ruleandhisheirsdiedoneafteranother(fromdiseaseormurder).Andfinally,Edward,thesonofthelateEnglishKingEthelred“tookbackthethrone”fromtheDanesaftertheWitanchosehimtobetheEnglishKingin1042.EdwardwasbroughtupinNormandy,France,andwasmoreNormanthanEnglish.HehadmanyNormansinhisgovernment.3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequencesIntheyearof1066,adisputearoseoverwhoshouldsucceedKingEdwardwhenhediedinJanuary1066withoutanheir.ItwassaidthathehadpromisedtheEnglishthronetohiscousin,William,DukeofNormandy②,buttheWitanchoseHaroldGodwinson(oftencalledHaroldII)asking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland,whichisknownastheNormanConquest.3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequencesIntheBattleofHastingsfoughtonOctober14,1066,betweentheNormanarmyofWilliamandtheEnglisharmyofKingHaroldII,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OnChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedKingofEngland,andspentthefollowingthreeyearsconqueringtherestofEngland.HealsoforcedtheKingofScotlandtoaccepthimasoverlordofScotland.3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequencesTheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerortookalmostallthelandandrewardedlandtohisNormannoblemenforfightingintheconquest.Inreturn,hisnoblemensworeloyaltyandprovidedmilitaryserviceforhim.TheNormannoblemendividedandrewardedtheirlandtotheirknightswhosworeloyaltytotheirmasters,andthefollowersofWilliam’snoblemenwerealsorequestedtoswearloyaltytoWilliam.ThusWilliamreplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequencesBecauseWilliamstillruledNormandy(thenpartofFrance)whilerulingEngland,relationswiththeEuropeancontinentwereestablished,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroducedtoBritain.TodaytheinfluenceofFrenchonEnglishisstillvisiblewithover10,000FrenchwordsinEnglishvocabularyand75%ofthesestillinuse.Forexample,somemeatnamescamefromFrenchbecauseonlytheFrenchnoblemencouldaffordtoeatthem,suchas“beef”,“mutton”and“pork”,whiletheircorrespondingwordsfortheanimalswerestillEnglish,suchas“cow”,“sheep”and“pig”

3.2NormanConquestandItsConsequencesbecausetheanimalswereraisedbytheAnglo-Saxonpeasants.FrenchremainedthelanguageoftheEnglishcourtforseveralcenturies.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome.WilliamreorganizedtheChurchsohecouldcontroltheChurchbyappointingtheChurchleaders.HeevenrequestedtheChurchleaderstofulfilltheirfeudaldutiessuchasprovidingmilitary,religiousandjudicialservices.TheChurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts,whichhelpedtostrengthentheruleofNormankingsastheyweretheultimatearbitersofsecular(世俗的)cases.KingAlfredwasbelievedtohavebuilttheEnglishnavy,defeatedtheVikings,promotededucationanddrewuplawstellingpeoplewhatrighttheyhadandhowmuchtaxandrenttheyshouldpay;healsocommissionedtheAnglo-SaxonChronicle,aprimarysourcefortheearlyhistoryofEngland.WilliamtheConqueror(c.1027–1087),alsoknownasWilliamIofEngland,wasthefirstNormanKingfrom1066untilhisdeath.HewasalsoDukeofNormandyfrom1035untilhisdeath.Notes3.RulebytheVikingsandtheNormansWhyistheNormanConquestsignificantinBritishhistory?WhatelsecanwelearnabouttheinfluenceoftheNormanConquestfromtheperspectiveofEnglishvocabulary?AretheBritonsreallyjustthedescendantsofAnglo-Saxons?Andwhyorwhynot?Questions3.RulebytheVikingsandtheNormans4.TheDeclineofFeudalism4.TheDeclineofFeudalism4.1MagnaCarta(1215)4.2TheBirthofParliament4.3TheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337–1453)4.4TheBlackDeath(1348–1350)4.5TheWarsoftheRoses(1455–1485)4.TheDeclineofFeudalismFeudalisminEnglandwasestablishedbyWilliamtheConquerorandtheNormans.Thefeudalsystem,feudalism,workedwellforhundredsofyears.Thedeclineoffeudalismoccurredduetoanumberofmajorevents:MagnaCarta,thebirthofParliament,theHundredYears’WarwithFrance,theBlackDeath,theWarsoftheRoses,etc.4.1MagnaCarta(1215)MagnaCarta(Latinfor“GreatCharter”,《大宪章》)isanEnglishcharter,originallyissuedbyKingJohnofEnglandatRunnymedewhenhewasforcedbytheChurchandhisbaronsonJune15,1215.Thecharterwasreissuedlaterforseveraltimesinmodifiedversionswhichomittedcertaintemporaryprovisions,includingthemostdirectchallengestothemonarch’sauthority,whichhadahugeinfluenceonthedevelopinglegalsystemofEngland.4.1MagnaCarta(1215)MagnaCartacouldbeconsideredabillofrightsformedievalEngland,althoughitwasnotheavilyenforcedforseveralcenturiesandcontainedseveralclauseswhichwereveryinfluentialonthedevelopmentofsimilarbillsofrights.Itsimportantclausesinclude:NotaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil(大委员会);nofreemenshouldbearrested,imprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty;protectthefreedomoftheChurch,togetherwithfreedomofelections.Italsoincludesotherclauseswhichspelledouttherulesfordueprocessoflaw.Moreimportantly,MagnaCartasetaprecedentwhichchangedthefaceofEnglandforever,byestablishingtherulethatthekingwasnotabovethelaw.4.1MagnaCarta(1215)AlthoughMagnaCartahaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipsbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritofMagnaCartawasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.MagnaCartainfluencedtheearlysettlersinNewEnglandandinspiredlaterconstitutionaldocuments,includingtheUnitedStatesConstitution.4.2TheBirthofParliamentMagnaCartalimitedthepowerofkings,andtheywerenotallowedtocollectnewtaxeswithouttheagreementoftheGrandCouncil—importantbaronsandChurchmembers.DuringHenryIII’sreign,healwaysneededalotofmoneyfrombaronsasmostkingsdid(andwould).InreturnforprovidingthemoneyHenryIIIneeded,thebaronsaskedforaparliament.WhenHenryIIIrefused,SimondeMontfort,EarlofLeicester,rebelledwithnoblesandcapturedHenryIIIandhisson.SimondeMontfort’sParliamentwasheldin1265,thefirstParliamenttosummonrepresentativesfromtowns.4.2TheBirthofParliamentWhenEdwardI,thefirstsonofHenryIII,becameKingofEngland,herevivedthepracticeofcallingrepresentativesofthecountiesandtownstoParliament(1275).Parliamentin1295isknownastheModelParliamentbecauseitsrepresentationoftwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwoburgesses(市民议会代表)fromeachtownbecamenormalfor(almost)allfutureparliaments.Theserepresentativesofknightsandburgessesmettogether,givingbirthtotheHouseofCommonsin1332.AnditmetseparatelyfromtheHouseofLordsforthefirsttimein1341.4.2TheBirthofParliamentParliamentatfirstmostlyfunctionedtoraisemoneyforkings’warsbutitwastobecomemoreandmoreimportant.EverytimekingsdemandedmoremoneyfromParliament,kingshadtogiveupsomethinginreturn—power.Parliamentnotonlycontrolledmoney,butmoreandmorerealpoweroverhowtorunthegovernment.Theycouldevendeposeaking(EdwardIIin1327),beheadaking(CharlesIin1649),oroverthrowaking(JamesIIin1688),aneffectivewaytotellpeoplewhoreallyruledtheland.4.2TheBirthofParliamentSinceJanuary1327,everyParliamenthasincludedthreebodies:theHouseofLords,theHouseofCommons(whichgotitsformalnamein1332,afewyearslaterthan1327)andtheMonarch.Suchaformofrepresentativedemocracyhasnotbeenperfect,butisgenerallyviewedassuperiortoabsolutemonarchyinthelongterm.BritishParliamenthasundergonemanyreformsovermanycenturiestoadapttonewsituationsanddemands,accumulatingrichexperienceforhumanpoliticalprogress.Ithasinspiredthebirthanddevelopmentofsimilarinstitutionsofmanycountriesandregions,hencethehonorarytitle“motherofmodernparliaments”.4.3TheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337–1453)TheNormansandPlantagenet(金雀花王朝)kingsofEnglandwerealsoFrenchnobles.HenryIIcontrolledmorelandinFrancethantheKingofFrancehimselfdid.SuchpowernaturallyledtorivalrywiththeFrenchKingandtointermittentwarsthroughthe12thand13thcenturies.Attheendofthisperiod,EnglandlostmanyofitsFrenchpossessions.ThesecondandmoreimportantphaseofmedievalAnglo-Frenchhostilitybeganin1337andendedin1453,andisthereforeknownastheHundredYears’War.4.3TheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337–1453)Thebasiccausesofthis116-year-longwarweremultipleinadditiontoterritorialdisputes.TheEnglishKing,EdwardIII,claimedheshouldbeFrenchKing,becausehismotherwasthedaughterofthelateFrenchKing,buthewasrefused.EconomiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywereloyaltotheFrenchKingpolitically.Thereweregeopoliticalreasons,too.EnglandwantedtopunishFranceforgivingaidtotheScotswhowereresistingtheinvadingEnglishandanationalconsciousnesswasgrowingamongtheEnglish.4.3TheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337–1453)Thewarwasinfactaseriesofseparatewarsandwascommonlydividedintothreeoutstandingphases.Duringthefirstphase,theEnglishwonagreatnavalvictoryatSluysin1340,thenanequallydecisivelandbattlenearCalaisatCrecyin1346.ThentheEnglishwentontotakeCalais;andin1356atPoitierstheywonanothervictoryovertheFrenchKingwhowastakenprisonerandheldtoransom.ThefirstphaseofthewarwasendedwiththeTreatyofBrétignyin1360.ThesecondphaseofthebattlewasstartedbyCharlesVofFrance.Englishsufferedlossesduringthisphase.FranceregainedmostoftheterritoriesandthewarwasfizzledoutafterthedeathofCharles.4.3TheHundredYears’WarwithFrance(1337–1453)Thethirdphasebegan,afteralongpeacefullullandwhen,HenryVofEngland(r.1413–1422)renewedthewarin1415andwonacrushingvictoryatAgincourt,wheretheEnglishlosthundredsofmentotheenemy’sthousandsdead.ThenhewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.Nevertheless,afterHenryV’sdeathin1422,theFrench,encouragedbyJoanofArc,theirnationalheroine,drovetheEnglishoutofFrance.By1453,CalaiswastheonlypartofFranceoccupiedbytheEnglish,andEnglandwasatlastdefeatedinthewar.4.4TheBlackDeath(1348–1350)TheBlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasewhichwascarriedinthebloodofwildblackratsandthefleasthatlivedofftherats.ItspreadthroughoutEuropeinthe14thcentury.FromItaly,thediseasespreadnorthwestacrossEurope,strikingFrance,Spain,PortugalandEnglandbyJune1348withoutwarningandwithoutanycure.Overthenextyear,thediseasekilledprobablybetween30%–40%oftheentirepopulationofEngland(modernhistoriansgiveestimatesofdeathratesrangingfromaround25percenttomorethan60percentofthetotalpopulation).4.4TheBlackDeath(1348–1350)Thediseasealsocausedfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.Withthepopulationsosmall,therewerenotenoughworkerstoworktheland.Asaresult,wagesandpricesrose.Landownersofferedextrassuchasfood,drink,andextrabenefitstolurelaborers.Afterward,thestandardoflivingforlaborersroseaccordingly.Theshort-termeconomicprosperitydidnotlast;bythemid-15thcentury,standardsoflivinghadfallenagain.YetformostlevelsofEnglishsocietytheBlackDeathrepresentedamassiveupheaval,whichchangedthefaceofEnglishsocietyinaprofoundway.TheBlackDeathledtothe4.4TheBlackDeath(1348–1350)Peasants’Uprisingin1381.Thepeasantsdemandedthecompleteabolitionofserfdom.Thoughtheuprisingwaseventuallysuppressed,thesocialchangesitpromotedwerealreadyirreversible.Byaround1400,serfdomwasvirtuallyextinctinEngland.Peasantswerenolongerboundtothelandandbecamepaidfarminglaborers.Theeconomicfoundationoffeudalismwasshaken.4.5TheWarsoftheRoses(1455–1485)TheWarsoftheRoseswereaseriesofEnglishcivilwarsforcontrolofthethroneofEngland,foughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlantagenet—theHouseofLancaster,associatedwitharedrose,andtheHouseofYork,whosesymbolwasawhiterose,between1455and1485.Thoughhistorianscan’tagreeonpreciselywhenandwheretheconflictsconcluded,thegeneralconsensusisthattheWarsoftheRosesendedwiththebattleofBosworthin1485,whenHenryTudor(thefutureHenryVII,thefirstTudorking)defeatedandkilledRichardIII.4.5TheWarsoftheRoses(1455–1485)ThecivilwarsstartedwhenthenoblesofYorkroseagainstHenryVIofLancasterwhowasafeebleruler.EdwardIV,ofYork,replacedHenryasKing.Later,HenryagainbecameKing,buthelosthiscrownoncemoretoEdwardaftertheBattleofTewkesburyin1471.TheYorkistsheldpoweruntilRichardIIIlosthisthronetotheLancastrianHenryTudor.HenryTudormarriedElizabethfromtheHouseofYork.Thispersonalunionendedtheconflict,andanewfamousdynasty,theTudorDynastyemerged.Twofeudalgroupswereseriouslyweakenedinthewarswiththedeathofmanynoblemenonbothsides.WhatisthesignificanceofMagnaCarta?Inwhatwayisparliamentarydemocracybetterthanabsolutemonarchy?WhataretheimpactsoftheHundredYears’WaronBritish-Frenchrelations,andonBritishviewsaboutEurope?HowdidtheBlackDeathinfluenceBritain?WhydidHenryVIImarryElizabethfromtheHouseofYork?Whatweretheimpactsoftheunion?Questions4.TheDeclineofFeudalism5.TheEnglishCivilWarsandtheGloriousRevolution5.TheEnglishCivilWarsandtheGloriousRevolution5.1TheEnglishCivilWars(1642–1651)5.2TheRestorationoftheStuartandtheGloriousRevolution5.1TheEnglishCivilWars(1642–1651)TheEnglishCivilWarswereaseriesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalschemeswhichtookplacebetweensupportersoftheKing’srighttoabsoluteauthority(Royalists),andsupportersoftherightsofParliament(Parliamentarians)from1642until1651.Thewarscanbedividedintothreeparts:theFirstCivilWar,theSecondCivilWarandtheFinalCivilWar.5.1TheEnglishCivilWars(1642–1651)TheFirstCivilWar,from1642to1646,wasbetweentheKingCharlesI’sarmyandtheParliamentaryarmy.Atthattime,manynoblesandthegentry,calledCavaliers①,gatheredroundtheKing,whiletheParliamentaryarmyconsistedofyeomanfarmers,middle-classtownspeople,andartisans,whowerecalledRoundheads②becauseoftheirshorthaircuts.PrinceRupert,theKing’syoungnephew,losttoOliverCromwell’s③“Ironsides”cavalryregimentatMarstonMoorin1644.In1645,theNewModelArmy,ledbyOliverCromwelldestroyedtheRoyalistarmyatNaseby.In1646,CharlesIhadlittlechoicebut5.1TheEnglishCivilWars(1642–1651)todisbandhisremainingforcesandfledtoScotlandforprotection,bringingthefirstwartoaclose.DuringtheSecondCivilWar,from1647to1649,CharlesIinducedtheScotstoinvadeEngland.However,itwasdefeatedbytheleadershipofCromwell.Lateron,CharlesIwasrecapturedandwastriedandexecutedinJanuary1649.Hiseldestson,thePrinceofWales,hadleftBritainandsetuphisownroyalcourtinHolland,callin