2026年人教版八年级下册英语-知识点语法归纳总结

2026年人教版八年级下册英语——知识点语法归纳总结一、词汇（一）重点词汇1.Unit1What’sthematter?matter/ˈmætə(r)/n.问题；事情What’sthematter?怎么了？出什么事了？haveacold感冒stomachache/ˈstʌməkeɪk/n.胃痛；腹痛haveastomachache胃痛foot（复数feet）/fuːt/n.脚；足neck/nek/n.颈；脖子stomach/ˈstʌmək/n.胃；腹部throat/θrəʊt/n.咽喉；喉咙fever/ˈfiːvə(r)/n.发烧lie/laɪ/v.躺；平躺liedown躺下rest/rest/v.&n.放松；休息cough/kɒf/n.&v.咳嗽Xray/ˈeksreɪ/n.X光；X射线toothache/ˈtuːθeɪk/n.牙痛haveatoothache牙痛takeone'stemperature量体温headache/ˈhedeɪk/n.头痛haveaheadache头痛break/breɪk/n.间歇；休息takebreaks（takeabreak）休息hurt/hɜːt/v.（使）疼痛；受伤passenger/ˈpæsɪndʒə(r)/n.乘客；旅客off/ɒf/prep.离开（某处）；不工作；从……去掉getoff下车toone'ssurprise使……惊讶的；出乎……意料onto/ˈɒntu/prep.向；朝trouble/ˈtrʌbl/n.问题；苦恼hit/hɪt/v.（用手或器具）击；打rightaway立即；马上getinto陷入；参与herself/hɜːˈself/pron.她自己bandage/ˈbændɪdʒ/n.绷带v.用绷带包扎sick/sɪk/adj.生病的；有病的knee/niː/n.膝盖nosebleed/ˈnəʊzbliːd/n.鼻出血breathe/briːð/v.呼吸sunburned/ˈsʌnbɜːnd/adj.晒伤的ourselves/aʊəˈselvz/pron.我们自己climber/ˈklaɪmə(r)/n.登山者；攀登者beusedto习惯于……；适应于……risk/rɪsk/n.&v.危险；风险；冒险takerisks（takearisk）冒险accident/ˈæksɪdənt/n.（交通）事故；意外遭遇situation/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/n.状况；形势kilo(=kilogram)/ˈkiːləʊ/n.千克；公斤rock/rɒk/n.岩石runout(of)用尽；耗尽knife/naɪf/（复数knives）n.刀cutoff切除blood/blʌd/n.血mean/miːn/v.意思是；打算；意欲getoutof离开；从……出来importance/ɪmˈpɔːtns/n.重要性；重要decision/dɪˈsɪʒn/n.决定；抉择control/kənˈtrəʊl/v.&n.限制；约束；管理beincontrolof掌管；管理spirit/ˈspɪrɪt/n.勇气；意志death/deθ/n.死；死亡giveup放弃2.Unit2I’llhelptocleanupthecityparks.cleanup打扫（或清除）干净cheer/tʃɪə(r)/v.（使）变得更高兴；振奋起来cheerup使振奋；使高兴起来giveout分发；散发volunteer/ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/v.义务做；自愿做n.志愿者comeupwith想出；提出（主意、计划、回答等）putoff推迟sign/saɪn/n.标志；信号notice/ˈnəʊtɪs/n.通知；通告；注意v.注意到；意识到handout分发callup打电话给（某人）；征召usedto曾经……；过去……lonely/ˈləʊnli/adj.孤独的；寂寞的carefor照顾；非常喜欢several/ˈsevrəl/adj.几个；数个；一些strong/strɒŋ/adj.强烈的；强壮的feeling/ˈfiːlɪŋ/n.感觉；感触satisfaction/ˌsætɪsˈfækʃn/n.满足；满意joy/dʒɔɪ/n.高兴；愉快owner/ˈəʊnə(r)/n.物主；主人tryout参加……选拔；试用journey/ˈdʒɜːni/n.（尤指长途）旅行；行程raise/reɪz/v.募集；征集alone/əˈləʊn/adj.独自；单独repair/rɪˈpeə(r)/v.&n.修理；修补fix/fɪks/v.修理；安装fixup修理；装饰giveaway赠送；捐赠takeafter（外貌或行为）像broken/ˈbrəʊkən/adj.破损的；残缺的wheel/wiːl/n.轮子；车轮letter/ˈletə(r)/n.信；函Miss/mɪs/n.小姐setup建立；设立disabled/dɪsˈeɪbld/adj.有残疾的；丧失能力的makeadifference影响；有作用blind/blaɪnd/adj.瞎的；失明的deaf/def/adj.聋的imagine/ɪˈmædʒɪn/v.想象；设想difficulty/ˈdɪfɪkəlti/n.困难；难题open/ˈəʊpən/v.开；打开door/dɔː(r)/n.门carry/ˈkæri/v.拿；提；扛train/treɪn/v.训练；培训trained/treɪnd/adj.受过训练的；有技能的excited/ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/adj.激动的；兴奋的training/ˈtreɪnɪŋ/n.训练；培训kindness/ˈkaɪndnəs/n.仁慈；善良clever/ˈklevə(r)/adj.聪明的；聪颖的understand/ˌʌndəˈstænd/v.理解；明白change/tʃeɪndʒ/v.&n.改变；变化interest/ˈɪntrəst/v.使感兴趣；使关注n.兴趣；关注sir/sɜː(r)/n.先生madam/ˈmædəm/n.夫人；女士（二）词汇拓展与辨析1.拓展如“ill（adj.生病的）→illness（n.疾病）”，“kind（adj.善良的）→kindness（n.善良；仁慈）”，这类词汇可以通过加后缀的方式进行拓展，了解和记忆这些拓展词能丰富词汇量。2.辨析alone与lonely：alone强调“独自”，表示客观状态；lonely强调“孤独的，寂寞的”，带有主观感情色彩。例如：Helivesalone,buthedoesn'tfeellonely.（他独自居住，但他并不感到孤独。）wear,puton,dress与in：wear强调“穿着，戴着”的状态；puton强调“穿上”的动作；dress后常接人，表示“给……穿衣服”；in是介词，后接颜色或衣物，也表示穿着的状态。如：Sheiswearingareddress.（状态）Putonyourcoat.（动作）Motherdressesthebabyeverymorning.（人）Thegirlinblueismysister.（状态）二、语法（一）情态动词should的用法1.表示建议或劝告其结构为“主语+should+动词原形+其他”，否定形式是“主语+shouldnot/shouldn't+动词原形+其他”。例如：Youshoulddrinksomehotwaterwithhoney.（你应该喝一些加蜂蜜的热水。）Youshouldn'teattoomuchjunkfood.（你不应该吃太多垃圾食品。）2.用于提出请求或征求意见通常用在第一人称主语后。如：Shouldwegotothelibrarynow?（我们现在应该去图书馆吗？）（二）现在完成时1.定义和构成现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成是“助动词have/has+过去分词”。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.（我已经完成了我的作业。）Hehaslivedhereforfiveyears.（他已经在这里住了五年了。）2.时间状语常与already（已经），yet（还；已经），just（刚刚），ever（曾经），never（从不），before（以前），for+时间段，since+时间点等时间状语连用。already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句。如：Ihavealreadyseenthemovie.（肯定句）Hehasn'tfinishedhisworkyet.（否定句）HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?（疑问句）3.延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，非延续性动词则不能。非延续性动词要和表示一段时间的状语连用时，要将非延续性动词转化为相应的延续性动词。例如：buy（非延续性）→have（延续性）；borrow（非延续性）→keep（延续性）；leave（非延续性）→beaway（延续性）等。如：Hehashadthebookfortwoweeks.（不能用bought）（三）宾语从句1.定义宾语从句是在句子中起宾语作用的从句。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。例如：Iknowthatheisagoodstudent.（作动词宾语）I'minterestedinwhatyousaid.（作介词宾语）2.引导词that：当从句是陈述句时，用that引导，that可以省略。如：Shesaid（that）shewouldcometotheparty.if/whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，用if或whether引导。如：Idon'tknowif/whetherhewillcometomorrow.特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时，用特殊疑问词引导。如：Canyoutellmewherehelives?3.语序宾语从句要用陈述句语序，即“引导词+主语+谓语+其他”。如：Doyouknowwhatheisdoing?（不能说Doyouknowwhatishedoing?）三、句型1.询问健康问题的句型What’sthematter?=What’sthetrouble?=What’swrong?用来询问对方“怎么了？出什么事了？”回答常用“Ihavea+表示病症的名词”，如What’sthematter?Ihaveaheadache.2.提建议的句型Youshould/shouldn't...如Youshoulddrinkmorewater.Youshouldn'tstayuplate.Whydon'tyou...?=Whynot...?如Whydon'tyougoforawalk?=Whynotgoforawalk?3.现在完成时的句型肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他。如ShehaslearnedEnglishforthreeyears.否定句：主语+haven't/hasn't+过去分词+其他。如Theyhaven'tseenthefilmyet.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他？回答：Yes,主语+have/has./No,主语+haven't/hasn't.如Hashefinishedhiswork?Yes,hehas.4.宾语从句的句型转换陈述句变宾语从句：直接用that引导，that可省略。如Hesaid,“Iamhappy.”→Hesaid（that）hewashappy.一般疑问句变宾语从句：用if/whether引导，从句用陈述句语序。如“Doyoulikemusic?”sheasked.→Sheaskedif/whetherIlikedmusic.特殊疑问句变宾语从句：用原句中的特殊疑问词引导，从句用陈述句语序。如“Wheredoyoulive?”heasked.→HeaskedwhereIlived.四、作文（一）类型及命题特点1.健康类：通常会结合本单元的健康话题，让学生描述自己或他人的健康问题，并给出相应的建议。如要求描述你朋友的健康问题，像他/她头痛、咳嗽等，然后为他/她提出一些如多休息、多喝水等建议。2.志愿服务类：可能会让学生讲述一次自己参加的志愿服务活动，包括活动内容、自己的感受等，或者是倡导大家去参加志愿服务。（二）写作思路及常用表达1.健康类作文写作思路开头：可以用询问对方健康状况的句子引入话题，如“I'msorrytohearthatyou'renotfeelingwell.Iknowyouhave...”中间：详细描述问题并提出建议，“Youhaveaheadache.Youshouldliedownandrest.Youshouldn'tstudytoolong...”结尾：表达希望对方尽快康复的愿望，如“Ihopeyouwillbebettersoon.”常用表达：What’sthematter?havea...(ache),Youshould/shouldn't...,drinksomehotwaterwithhoney,takeone'stemperature,etc.2.志愿服务类作文写作思路开头：介绍活动的背景或说明自己参加志愿服务的原因，如“LastSunday,ourclassorganizedavolunteeractivityintheoldpeople'shome.Ithinkit'sverymeaningfultohelpothers...”中间：描述活动的具体内容和过程，“Wecleanedtherooms,playedgameswiththeoldpeople,andsangsongsforthem.Theywereveryhappy.”结尾：总结这次活动的收获和感受，并呼吁更多人参与，“Ireallyenjoyedthisvolunteeractivity.Ihopemoreandmorepeoplecanjoinustohelpthoseinneed.”常用表达：volunteeractivity,cleanup,giveout,cheerup,makeadifference,etc.五、练习（一）词汇练习单项选择1.Shehasa______.Sheshouldseeadentist.A.headacheB.stomachacheC.toothacheD.fever答案：C。根据“seeadentist”可知是牙痛，所以选C。2.Weshould______thehomelesspeoplewithfoodandclothes.A.giveupB.giveoutC.giveawayD.givein答案：B。giveout有“分发”的意思，这里表示给无家可归的人分发食物和衣服，符合语境，选B。词汇运用1.She______(fall)offthebikeandhurtherlegyesterday.答案：fell。根据“yesterday”可知用一般过去时，fall的过去式是fell。2.Theyaretryingtheirbesttoraisemoneyforthe______(home)children.答案：homeless。根据语境可知是为无家可归的孩子筹集资金，“无家可归的”是homeless。（二）语法练习单项选择1.—MustIfinishmyhomeworknow?—No,you______.Youcandoittomorrow.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.can'tD.shouldn't答案：B。Must引导的一般疑问句，否定回答用needn't，表示“不必”。2.Idon'tknowifhe______tomorrow.Ifhe______,I'llcallyou.A.willcome;comesB.comes;willcomeC.willcome;willcomeD.comes;comes答案：A。第一个if引导宾语从句，根据“tomorrow”可知用一般将来时；第二个if引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，从句用一般现在时，所以选A。句子改写1.Hehasalreadyfinishedhiswork.（改为一般疑问句）______hefinishedhiswork______?答案：Has;yet。现在完成时的一般疑问句将have/has提前，already变为yet。2.“Doyoulikereading?”heaskedme.（改为宾语从句）Heaskedme______I______reading.答案：if/whether;liked。一般疑问句变宾语从句用if/whether引导，从句用陈述句语序，时态要与主句一致，所以用liked。（三）综合练习完型填空Onceuponatime,therewasaking.Hewasveryrichand_1_greatpower.Buthewasn'thappy.Hewas_2_allthetime.Hesleptbadlyanddidn'tfeellikeeating.Oneday,hesawadoctor.Thedoctorexaminedhim_3_.Buthecouldn'tfind_4_wrongwithhim.Thenhesaid,“Aftermuchthoughtandstudy,Ithinkyouonlyneedtoweartheshirtofahappymantogetwell.”Sothekingsenthismentoeverypartofhislandto_5_ahappyman.First,theyvisitedtherich.Theyaskedthesepeopleiftheywerehappy._6_everyoneofthemansweredthattheydidn'tknow_7_realhappinessmeant.Oneday,oneoftheking'smenmetawoodcutter.“Areyouhappy?”askedtheking'sman.“Ashappyasthedayislong,”answeredthewoodcutter.“Oh,good!”saidtheman.“_8_meyourshirt.”“Why?”saidthewoodcutter.“Ihaven'tgotone.”1.A.isB.wasC.hadD.have2.A.tiredB.relaxedC.sadD.happy3.A.carefulB.carefullyC.carelessD.carelessly4.A.somethingB.nothingC.everythingD.anything5.A.takeB.giveC.lookforD.playwith6.A.AndB.SoC.OrD.But7.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.how8.A.GiveB.TakeC.BringD.Lend答案：1.C。根据“Onceuponatime”可知用一般过去时，“拥有权力”用have，过去式是had，选C。2.C。根据“Hewasn'thappy”可知他总是很悲伤，选C。3.B。修饰动词examined用副词carefully，选B。4.D。否定句中用anything，选D。5.C。lookfor表示“寻找”，符合语境，选C。6.D。前后是转折关系，用but，选D。7.B。“realhappinessmeant”缺少宾语，用what引导，选B。8.A。“givesb.sth.”表示“给某人某物”，这里是让伐木工人给他衬衫，选A。阅读理解Mentalhealthisaboutthewayyouthinkandfeelandyourabilitytodealwithupsanddowns.Eventhoughyouarementallyhealthy,itdoesn'tmeanthatyoudon'thaveamentalhealthproblem.Mentalhealthiseveryone'sbusiness.Weallhavetimeswhenwefeeldownorstressed.Mostofthetimethosefeelingspass,butsometimestheydevelopintoamoreseriousproblem.Itseemsthatourmentalhealthdoesn'talwaysstaythesame.Itcanchangeastheenvironmentchangesandasyoumovethroughdifferentstages(阶段)ofyourlife.Herearefourpracticalwaystolookafteryourmentalhealth.Makingsimplechangestohowyoulivedoesn'tcostmuchortakeuplotsoftime.Anyonecanfollowthem.●Talkaboutyourfeelings.Itcanhelpyoustayingoodmentalhealth.Itisn'tasignofweakness(软弱),butpartofyourabilitytodowhatyoucantostayhealthy.●Eatwell.Whatyoueataffectshowyoufeel.Havingabalancedandhealthydietcanimproveyourmentalhealth.●Keepintouch.Friendsandfamilymemberscanoffervarioussupport.Youmayfinditeasiertotalkaboutyourproblemswiththem.●Takeabreak.Itcouldbeaweeke