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专题04时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用(真题案例)
高考时文阅读聚焦科技发展、社会热点、文化交流等主题,题型以主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点
态度为主。木文核心是“技巧+解题''深度绑定,先讲解适配不同题型的可操作阅读技巧,再通过真题案例
演示技巧应用,最后用近3年真题练习强化,帮助学生快速掌握“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的核心能力。
方法讲解
核心方法讲解:题型适配型阅读技巧
时文阅读的核心逻辑是“先抓框架,再找细节,按需解题“,不同题型对应不同的阅读侧重点和技巧,以下
技巧均附明确操作步骤,直接对接解题场景:
41.主旨大意题:“框架定位法”(找核心论点/主题)
适用题型:考杳段落主旨、全文主旨(如“Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?,,4kWhatdoesthepassage
mainlytalkabout?,,)
操作步骤:
①快速扫读文章首尾段+各段首句,标记“转折词(but/however)、总结词(inshort/thus)观点词
(think/believe)这些词后多为核心观点
②排除“细节干扰项”:若选项仅涉及某一段的具体内容(如某个例子、某个数据),大概率不是主旨
③提炼高频词:全文重复出现的名词/名词短语,多是主旨的核心话题(如“代116亚@1)怕6起唔丫”出1<6-
sharing^^)
④验证:将候选主旨代入全文,判断是否能覆盖各段核心内容。
关键提醒:时文主旨多“开门见山”或“结尾总结”,优先关注首尾段;遇到“总分/分总”结构,直接定位“总”
的部分。
>2.细节理解题;“关键词定位法”(精准找对应信息)
适用题型:考查具体事实、数据、因果关系等(如“Whatcaused...?”"Whichofthefbllowingistrueaccording
tothepassage?")
操作步骤:
①从题干中提取“关键词”(专有名词、数字、特殊名词、否定词等,如“2024”“PietOudol『“not”)
②带着关键词回原文快速扫描,定位到包含关键词的1・2个句子(精准定位,不读无关内容)
③比对原文与选项:重点关注“同义替换”(如原文。educe”对应选项“decrease”)、“因果逻辑”
(because/so等),排除“偷换概念”(如原文“some”换成选项“all”)、“无中生有”(选项内容原文未提及)
的干扰项
④验证:确保选项内容与原文定位句语义完全一致。
关键提醒:时文细节题答案多是原文信息的“同义改写”,无需过度推理;定位不到关键词时.,可根据题干
话题锁定对应段落。
>3.推理判断题:“逻辑推导法”(基于原文合理推断)
适用题型:考查隐含意义、作者意图、读者对象等(如“WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?”''Whatisthe
author'spurposeinwritingthepassage?'')
操作步骤:
①定位题干对应的原文段落/句子,标记“逻辑标志词”(因果、转折、条件等,如“since”“but”“i「)
②排除“原文原句”:推理题答案是“隐含信息”,直接摘抄原文的选项大概率错误
③基于原文逻辑推导:从已知信息推出合理结论(如原文“manycountriesfocusonrenewableenergy”可推
LHtraditionalenergyhasdrawbacks”)
④验证:确保推导结论不偏离原文主旨,无过度联想。
关键提醒:时文推理题“有据可依”,所有推断都要基于原文信息,不能凭常识主观判断。
>4.观点态度题:“情感词定位法”(抓作者情感倾向)
适用题型:考查作者对某事物的态度(如“Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards...?*,uTheauthor'stoneinthe
passageis...")
操作步骤:
①回原文定位“情感态度词”(形容词、副词、动词等,如“posiiivcMfbrtunatcly”“support"“criticizc”)
②区分“作者态度’与“他人态度”:注意原文中是否有“sb.thinks”“somcpeopleargue”等,避免混淆
③归类态度倾向:正面(supportive/optimistic)、负面(critical/doubtful)、中立(neutral/objective)
④验证:结合全文主旨判断态度是否一致(如主旨是“推广绿色出行”,作者对“共享单车”大概率是正面态
度)。
关键提醒:时文作者态度多明确,少数客观说明类文章为中立态度;遇到“indifferent(冷漠的)"biased
(偏见的)”等选项,大概率是干扰项。
典型例题
A案例1:主旨大意题(2024新课标I卷)
真题片段:Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld.Manycountriesareinvestingheavilyin
solarandwindpower.Forexample,Chinahasbuilttheworld'slargestsolarpowerstation.Besides,windfarms
havebeensetupinmanycoastalareas.I'hcsceffortshelpreducecarbonemissionsandprotecttheenvironment.
题目:Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?()
A.Chinaleadstheworldinsolarpower
B.Renewableenergyisdevelopingglobally
C.Windfarmsarepopularincoastalareas
D.Howtoreducecarbonemissions
技巧应用(框架定位法)
①扫读首尾句:首句"Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld"(可再生能源在全球受欢迎),
尾句“Theseeffortshelpreducecarbonemissions”(这些努力助力减排)
②排除细节干扰:选项A(中国领先太阳能)、C(风电场在沿海流行)均是原文举例的细节内容,排除
③提炼高频词:“renewableenergy”贯穿全文,是核心话题
④验证:选项B(可再生能源在全球发展)覆盖首句核心观点和各段内容(投资、举例、意义),符合主
旨。
答案:B
案例2:细节理解题(2023新课标H卷)
真题片段:Bike-sharingserviceshavebecomepopularinmanycities.Userscanrentabikewithamobileappand
returnitatanydesignatedstation.Thecostisusuallylow,aboutIyuanper30minutes.Thisservicenotonly
providesconveniencefbrpeople'stravelbutalsohelpsreducetrafficjams.
题目:WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutNke-sharingservices?()
A.Usersneedtoreturnbikesaltherentalstation
B.Thecostis1yuanperhour
C.Ithelpsreducetrafficjams
D.Itispopularonlyinbigcities
技巧应用(关键词定位法):①提取选项关键词:A(returnbikesattherentalstation)xB(1yuanper
hour)、C(reducetrafficjams)、D(onlyinbigcities);②定位原文:A对应“returnitatanydesignated
station”(指定站点,非租赁站),语义不符;B对应“about1yuanper30Tninutes^^(30分钟1元,非I小
时),错误;C对应“helpsreducetrafficjams”,语义一致;D对应“populai"inmanycities”(许多城市,非仅
大城市),错误:③验证:选项C与原文定位句完全一致。
答案:C
》案例3:推理判断题(2025浙江卷)
真题片段:Urbangreenbeltsareimportantforecologicalbalance.Theycanabsorbharmfulgasesandprovide
habitatsforsmallanimals.However,manygreenbeltsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.Ifthistrend
continues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected.
题目:Whatcanwcinferfromthepassage?()
A.Urbangreenbeltsareuselessforhumans
B.Urbanexpansionisharmfultotheecologicalbalance
C.Allgreenbeltshavebeendestroyed
D.Smallanimalsonlyliveingreenbelts
技巧应用(逻辑推导法):①定位原义关键句:''manygreenbetsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.
Ifthistrendcontinues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected";②排除原文原句/错误项:
A(无用)与原文“importantfbrecologicalbalance”矛盾;C(all被破坏)原文是"many",绝对化错误;D
(only)过于绝对:原文未提及;③逻辑推导:绿地对•生态平衡重要,城市化扩张破坏绿地->若持续则影
响生态环境,可推出“城市化扩张有害生态平衡”;④验证:选项B推导合理,符合原文逻辑。
答案:B
》案例4观点态度题(2024新课标H卷)
真题片段:Onlinereadinghasbecomecommon,butithassomedisadvantages.1(iseasyfbrreaderstoget
distractedbypop-upads.Besides,staringatscreensforalongtimeisbadforeyes.Incontrast,printreadingallows
readerstofbcusbetterandishealthier.Ipreferprintreadingfordeepreading.
题目:Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsprintreading?()
A.SupportiveB.DoubtfulC.NeutralD.Critical
技巧应用(情感词定位法):①定位情感词:“Incontrast”(对比)、“fbcusbcttcr”“hcalthicr”(止向形容
词)、“prefer"(偏好动词);②区分态度主体:原文直接是“Ipreferprintreading",是作者本人态度;③
归类倾向:"focusbetter”“healthier"'prefer”均体现正面支持态度;④验证:选项A(Supportive)与情感词
传递的倾向一致,符合全文对比逻辑。
答案:A
即时练习
练习1:2023新课标I卷•主旨大意题
真题片段:Digitalminimalismisalifestylethathelpspeoplereducetheirdependenceondigitaldevices.It
advisespeopletousedigitaltoolsonlywhennecessaryandfocusonreal-lifeinteractions.Manypeoplewho
practicedigitalminimalismsaytheyfeelmorerelaxedandhavemoretimeforhobbies.
题目:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?()
A.Howtousedigitaltoolswisely
B.Thebenefitsofreal-lifeinteractions
C.Whatdigitalminimalismisanditsadvantages
D.Whypeopledependondigitaldevices
解析步骤(框架定位法):①扫读首句:首句定义“digitalminimalism是减少数字设备依赖的生活方式”,
后续讲“建议”和“好处”;②排除细节干扰:A(如何明智用数字工具)、B(现实互动的好处)均是细节,
未覆盖核心话题“digitalminimalism";D(依赖数字设备的原因)原文未提及;③验证:选项C(数字极简
主义的定义及其优势)覆盖首句定义和后文好处,符合主旨。
答案:C
练习2:2024新课标I卷•细节理解题
真题片段:Observationaldataarebecomingmoreimportantinscientificresearch.Thesedataarecollectedby
ordinarypeoplethroughmobileapps.Comparedwithprimarydatafromphysicalspecimens,observationaldataarc
easiertocollectandcoverawiderrange.
题目:Whatistheadvantageofobservationaldata?()
A.Itiscollectedbyscientists
B.Itishardertocollect
C.1(coversawiderrange
D.Itconiesfromphysicalspecimens
解析步骤(关键词定位法):①提取题干关键词"advantageofobservationaldata";②定位原文:
“Comparedwithprimarydata...observationaldataareeasiertocollectandcoverawiderrange'';(3)比对选项:A
(科学家收集)与原文“ordinarypeople”矛盾;B(更难收集)与"easiertocollect”相反;C(覆盖范围更广)
与原文一致;D(来自实物标本)是primarydata的特点;④验证:选项C符合原文细节。
答案:C
练习3:2025全国卷I•推理判断题
真题片段:Plant-baseddietshavebecomepopularbecausemorepeoplecareabouthealthandtheenvironment.
Meatproductionusesalotofwaterandland,andi(producesalotofcarbondioxide.Plant-basedfoods,however,
requirelessresourcesandproducefeweremissions.
题目:Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?()
A.Plant-baseddietsarebetterfbrtheenvironment
B.Meatproductionischeap
C.Nooneeatsmeatanymore
D.Plant-basedfoodsarcmoreexpensive
解析步骤(逻辑推导法):①定位原文关键逻辑:“meatduccsalotofcarbondioxidc'",plant-
basedducefewerelnissions^^;②排除错误项:B(肉类生产便宜)、D(植物性食物更贵)原文
未提及;C(没人吃肉)过于绝对,原文仅说植物性饮食流行;③推导:肉类生产排放多,植物性食物排
放少一植物性饮食更环保;④验证:选项A推导合理,符合原文因果逻辑。
答案:A
练习4:2023新课标H卷•观点态度题
真题片段:Onlinecourseshavemadeeducationmoreaccessible.Stjdcntsfromremoteareascanlearnfromtop
teachers.However,onlinecourseslackface-to-faceinteraction,whichmayaffectlearningeffectiveness.Overall,
onlinecoursesareausefulsupplementtotraditionaleducation.
题目:Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsonlinecourses?()
A.FullysupportiveB.StronglycriticalC.Objective
D.Doubtful
解析步骤(情感词定位法):①定位情感词:“moreaccessible”(正面)**lack...affectlearning
effectiveness“(负面)、“overaH”(总结)、“usefulsupplemenr、(正面总结):②分析态度:作者既讲优
势也讲不足,最后总结为“有用的补充”,无明显偏向;③归类:属于中立客观态度;④验证:选项C
(Objective)符合作者全面评价的倾向。
答案:C
练习5:2024浙江卷•细节理解题
真题片段:Matrixgardensgroupplantswithsimilarneeds.Thishelpsplantsgrowbettertogether.Thegardens
alsoconservewaterandreduceweeds.Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswater(hantraditional
gardens.
题目:Howmuchlesswaterdomatrixgardensusethantraditionalones?()
A.20%B.30%C.50%
D.70%
解析步骤(关键词定位法):①提取题干关键词"howmuchlesswatef'^matrixgardens,Hitradit.onalones”;
②定位原文:“Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswaterthantraditionalgardcns^^;③比对选项:
直接匹配选项B;④验证:选项B与原文数字完全一致,无同义替换陷阱.
答案:B
练习6:2025新课标H卷•推理判断题
真题片段:Parentingdiscussionsoftencovermanytopics,butfoodisnotagoodone.Forcingchildrentotalk
aboutfoodpreferencesmaymakethemanxious.Itisbettertoletchildrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood.
题目:Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor'sadviceonparentingfoodissues?()
A.Parentsshouldforcechildrentotalkaboutfood
B.Parentsshouldletchildrendecideonfoodbythemselves
C.Foodis(hemostimportanttopicinparenting
D.Childrenareneveranxiousaboutfoodchoices
解析步骤(逻辑推导法):①定位原文关键句:"Forcingchildren...maymakethemanxious.Itisbettertolet
childrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood'';②排除错误项:A(强迫孩子谈食物)与原文“forcing...may
makethemanxious”相反;C(食物是最重要话题)与原文“foodisnotagoodone”矛盾;D(孩子从不焦虑)
原文未提及;③推导:强迫不好-*最好让孩子自己选;④验证:选项B是原文“itisbetterto..”的合理推导,
符合逻辑。
答案:B
Passage1
Nietzsche(尼采)waswrong:Whenyougazelongenoughintotheabyss(深渊),theabyssdoesnotgaze
backintoyou.Instead,thecosmic(宇宙的)void(空白)remainssilentandfrighteninginitsvastness.
Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱惑)tolookatourtinyworld
withnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.Thatourhistoryfailstoleavea
mark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarepointless.
I'macosmologist,thekindofscientistwhostudiestheorigin,historyandevolutionoftheuniverse.Ihave
spentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthecourseofmystudies,Ihavelearned(o
rejectthattemptation.
Il'struethatEarthisneitherlargenorlong-lived,butthatisonlyonewayofmeasuringsignificance.
Comparedwiththecosmicvoids,tliereissomethingspecialhappeningonourplanet.Earthisstilltheonlyknown
placeintheentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraise(heircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonly
knownplacewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonly
knownplacewherewecanfinddance,music,andart.Ourdisagreementsandallthebeautifulcomplexitiesthat
makeushumanaren'tmeaningless.Theexperiencesinourlivesarcspecialbecausetheywillneverhappeninthe
emptyexpanseofmostof(heuniverse.
Thesamelessonsthatcosmicvoidsteachusarefoundinthevoidswcencounterinourownlives.The
presenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyarefullofpotential.Thepainwefeelfromloss
isthelastreminderofthegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebeforeaperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.
Ourchoicetoignorestressfulnewsisnecessarytoallowustofocusonwhattrulymatters.
Artistshavelongunderstoodthepowerofthevoid.The12th-centurypoetSaigyonotedthatthepauses
betweenraindropswereasimportantasthedropsthemselves.ThefamedarchitectRemcelebratedtheusefulness
ofnegativespaces,declaring,t4Wherethereisnothing,everythingispossible.^^
Theuniversewon'tdoanythingforusexceptgiveusthefreedomtoexist.Itisourjobtofilltheuniverse
withmeaningandpurpose.
1.Whatdocstheauthorsuggestaboutthe“temptation“inparagraph2?
A.Itreflectshumanity'sfearofcosmicemptiness.
B.Itstrengthenspeople'sscientificcuriosityaboutthevoid.
C.ItleadspeopletounderstateEarth'suniquequalities.
D.Itcomesfromtheuniverse'scoldnesstohumanexistence.
2.Whydoes(heauthorrejectthetemptation?
A.Heisacosmologistwhobelievesscience.
B.Earthremainstheonlyknownhomeforhumanexperiences.
C.Humanexperiencesdifferfromthoseinvoids.
D.Earth'ssmallsizeandshortifemakesitunique.
3.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph5?
A.Toexplainwhyvoidsexistinuniverseandlife.
B.Tosuggestpeopleshouldremoveemptyspacesinlife.
C.Toanalyzehowemptinessinlifeofferssignificance.
D.Toprovefillingemptyspacescreatesgreaterpurpose.
4.Whichof(hefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.CosmicVoids:AScientist'sTechnicalAnalysis
B.FillingtheEmptiness:FindingMeaningintheVastUniverse
C.NietzscheRevisited:WhenPhilosophyMeetsAstronomy
D.TheSilentUniverse:WhyOurExistenceMeansNothing
【答案】1.C2.B3.C4.B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨面对宇宙的虚无,人类应如何在其中寻找意义与价值。
1.推理判断题及根据第二段中的“Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱
惑)tolookatourtinyworldwithnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.That
ourhistoryfailstoleaveamark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarcpointless.(当凝视宇宙的浩瀚虚无时,人们
难免会被诱惑,以虚无主义的眼光看待我们这个渺小的世界。觉得我们的伟大成就微不足道,我们的历史
未能留下任何印记,我们的关切与焦虑都亳无意义。)“可知,这种“诱惑”会导致人们低估地球的独特品质。
故选C项。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Ihavespentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthe
courseofmystudies,Ihavelearnedtoreject(hattempiaiion.(我花费了多年时间去探究宇宙空洞所带给我们的
启示。在研究的过程中,我逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。)”和第四段中的“EarlhisslillIheonlyknownplacein
(heentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraisetheircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonlyknown
placewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonlyknown
placewherewecanfinddance,mus.c,andart.(地球仍然是整个宇宙中已知的唯一有意识的生物抬起好奇的眼
睛望向天空并感到好奇的地方。地球是已知的唯一人类可以生存的地方。它是已知的唯一有笑声、爱、愤
怒和喜悦存在的地方。唯一已知的可以找到舞蹈、音乐和艺术的地方。)“可知,第四段中用排比句式强调
地球是宇宙中已知的唯•存在“有意识的生物”、人类情感和艺术的地方,由此可知,地球是已知的人类唯
一能有各种体验的地方,所以作者在研究过程中逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。故选B项。
3.推理判断题o根据第五段中的“Thepresenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyare
fullofpotenlial.Thepainwefeelfromlossis(helastreminderof(hegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebefore
aperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.(虚空的存在保证了相反的情况;它们创造对比;它俏充满潜力。
我们从失去中感受到的痛苦是对深爱的生命礼物的最后提醒。演出前的沉默充满了强烈的期待。户可推断,
第五段的主要目的是分析生活中的空虚如何赋予意义。故选C项。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是最后一段中的“Itisourjobtofilltheuniversewithmeaningand
purpose.(我们的工作是让宇宙充满意义和目的。厂可知,作者反对宇宙的虚无使人陷入无意义论,强调人
类情感、艺术和存在的独特性,倡导在宏大宇宙中主动创造的意义,所以,“填补空虚:在浩瀚宇宙中寻
找意义”最能概括全文,适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。
Passage2
IntheAlpsandApenninesofsouthernEurope,longhornbeetlesaremovinguphill,andararebrown
butterflywithorange-tippedwingsisfacingextinctionduetoisolation(隔离)athighpeaks.Thisisapictureofa
globaltrend.Withtemperaturesrisingandpressureonbiodiversitygrowing,insectsvitaltoourecosystemsarenot
onlymovingnorthandsouth,butup.
Researchshowsmanyanimalsaremakingsimilarmoves,butinsects'highlevelsofmobilityandshort
generationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.BumblebeesinthePyreneeshavemovedupwardson
averagebymoreIhanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreaterjourneys.Allofthisshowsthe
speedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes(海拔).
Inecology,findingthe“smokinggun,5toneatlyexplainanyphenomenonisgenerallydifficult.Prof.Christy
McCain,whorunsColoradoUniversity'sMountainLab,said:"Onethingthatpeopledon'tthinkaboutasmuchis
context;howclimateaffectsinsectsatdiffeienllifestages,suchaseggsandlaivae(幼虫).Mcasuiingadultsin
summermightnotrevealthemostcriticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountain
environments.”
McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoo
manymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andtarfewerfromhigherup.Andmanygroupsother(han
butterfliesandmoths(蛾)havebeenneglected.
Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrionbeetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthat
climatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,whichplayakeyroleindecompositionandprotectthem
fromextremeconditions.Theirlonghistorysince(heCretaceous(白垩纪)alsoaidstheiradaptationtoday.
Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsomegroups,itmight
beacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyarc,thebettertheirchances.Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitat
andthistoocouldproveasavinggrace.
5.BumblebeesinthePyreneesarementionedbecause.
A.theyaremoremobilethanolherinsects
B.theyhaveadaptedwelltohigheraltitudes
C.theyareausefulindicatorofclimatechange
D.(heyfaceextinctionduetoupwardmovement
6.WhichstatementmayMcCainagreewithaccordingtoparagraphs3and4?
A.Studycontextisbeyondgrasp.
B.Researchdataarehardtoobtain.
C.Insectsamplesareunrepresentative.
D.Collectionmethodisunconventional.
7.WhydoesMcCainciteresearchoncarrionbeetles?
A.Toarguefortheirsensitivitytoenvironmentalchanges.
B.Tocallfortheprotectionofinsectsfromhigheraltitudes.
C.Toredirectfocusfrominsectsmovinguphilltothosedownhill.
D.Tooffernewinsightsintoinsects'adaptationtoclimatechange.
8.Whatdoes“asavinggrace''inthelastparagraphmean?
A.Amethodusedtocollectdata.
B.Aproblemthatneedstobesolved.
C.Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.
D.Atypeofinsectthatadaptswelltochange.
【答案】5.C6.C7.D8.C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文C文章主要介绍了随着气温卜升和生物多样性压力增大.昆虫向高海拔迁移这
一全球趋势,分析了研究中存在的问题,并提及不同昆虫对气候变化的适应情况。
5.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Researchshowsmanyanimalsarcmakingsimilarmoves,butinsects'high
levelsofmobilityandshortgenerationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.Bumblebeesin(hePyrenees
havemovedupwardsonaveragebymorethanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreater
journeys.Allofthisshowsthespeedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes.(研究表明,
许多动物都在做出类似的迁移,但昆虫的高机动性和短代际时间使它们能够迅速对变化做出反应。比利牛
斯市脉的大黄蜂平均每年向上迁移超过一米,一些物种的迁移距离明显更远。所有这些都显示了气候变化
的速度及其在高海拔地区的生态影响。户可知,提到比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂的向上迁移是因为它们能反映
气候变化的情况,是气候变化的一个有用指标。故选C项。
6.推理判断题。根据第三段中"Onethingthatpeopledon'tthinkaboutasmuchiscontext:howclimateaffects
insectsatdifferentlifestages,suchaseggsandlarvae.Measuringadultsinsummermightnotrevealthemost
criticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountainenvironments.(人们不太考虑的一件事是
背景:气候如何影响昆虫在不同生命阶段,如卵和幼虫。在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的
影响,尤其是在寒冷干燥的山区环境中。)”和第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollected
historicallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoomanymuseurr.specimensfromlowaltitudes,andfarfewer
fromhigherup.Andmanygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmothshavebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为,历史上的
数据收集方式阻碍了他们的理解,博物馆里来自低海拔地区的标本太多,而来自高海拔地区的标本太少。
除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)“可知,麦凯恩认为在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化
最关键的影响,且来自低海拔地区的标本太多,所以昆虫样本不能很好地代表整体情况,缺乏全面性和代
表性。故选C项。
7.推理判断题。第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheir
understanding,withtoomanymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andfarfewerfromhigherup.And
manygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmoths(!1®)havebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为,历史上收集数据的方式防
碍了他们的理解,因为博物馆里有太多来自低海拔地区的标本,而来自高海拔地区的标本则少得多。而除
了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。厂麦凯恩提出“在昆区适应气候变化的相关研究中,除了蝴蝶和
飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了“这一观点,而第五段中“Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrion
beetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthatclimatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,
whichplayakeyroleindecompositionandprotectthemfromextremeconditions.Theirlonghistorysincethe
Cretaceousalsoaids(heiradaptationtoday.(为了支持她的观点,她引用了她实验室里一名学生对埋葬虫的研
究。研究表明,在这些影响中,气候耐受性可能会遗传下来,这在分解过程中起着关键作用,并保护它们
免受极端条件的影响。它们自白翌纪以来的悠久历史也有助于它们如今的适应。户麦凯恩引用了对埋葬虫
的研究来证明自己的观点,即提供关于昆虫适应气候变化的新领悟。故选D项。
8.词句猜测题。上文“Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsome
groups,itmightbeacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyarc,thebettertheirchances.(没有——种标准的昆虫
或对环境变化的标准反应。对于一些群体来说,可能是它们越大、越具移动性,生存机会就越好。户说明
昆虫适应环境变化的情况各不相同,接着"Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitatandthistoocouldprovea
savinggrace.(也没有通用的高地柄息地,这也可能被证明是一种……)”提到也没有通用的高地栖息地。鉴
于昆虫适应环境存在困难的情况下,“thistoocouldproveasavinggrace”说明这种没有通用高地栖息地的情
况反而可能成为帮助改善昆虫适应环境现状的一个因素。所以“asavinggrace”指的是有助于改善现状的一
个特征,与C项“Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.”意思相近。故选C项。
Passage3
Chinesescientistshavemadeasignificantbreakthroughinproducinghydrogenfromwaterusinglight.They
addedscandium(铳)totitaniumcioxide(二氧化钛,TiO2)tocreateanewTiO2structure.Thisinnovation
increaseshydrogenproductionefficiency15timesundersunlightcomparedtopreviousTiO2materials.
Thenewperformanceofphotocatalys,whichisachemicalreactionthatisacceleratedbytheabsorptionof
lightbyacatalyst(催化剂)isduetc5%scandiumdoping.ThiscreatesTiO2particleswithtwocrystalfacets(面):
{101}and{110}.The{101}facelcollectselectrons,whilethe{110}facetreceivesholes.Thisarrangement
producesastrongelectricfieldwithintheTiO2particles,enhancingchargetransportefficiency.Asaresult,the
photoinduced(光诱导的)chargeseparationefficiencyhasimprovedover200limes,andthequantumefficiency
forultravioletlightat360nmhasexceeded30%.
Comparedtotraditionalsolarhydrogenproductionmethodslikephotovoltaic-poweredelectrolysis,thisnew
approachissimplerandmorecost-effective.Traditionalmethodsrequirecomplexandexpensiveequipment,while
TiO2-basedphotocatalystsofteramorestraightforwardalternative.However,TiO2hasaproblem:photoexcited
electronsandholesreunitequickly,reducingefficiency.Thescandium-dopedTiO2solvesthisproblemintwo
ways:
3
1.EliminatingChargeTraps:Sc*ionsfitwellintotheTiO2structurewithoutcausingdistortion.Their
stable+3chargeneutralizes(heimbalancecausedbyoxygenvacancies,reducingelectron-holerecombination.
2.ReconstructingtheCrystalSurface:Scandiumatomsrearrangethecrystalsurfacetoformspecificfacets,
givingelectronsandholesmoretimeandspacetoparticipateinreactions.
Ifmadeintoa100m2photocatalyticpanel,thismaterialcouldgenerateenoughhydrogeninonedayto
pov/erahydrogenfuelcellvehicletotravelabout68kilometers.Chinahastheworld'slargestTiO2production
capacityandsignificantscandiumreserves,sothisdiscoverycouldfacilitatethelarge-scaleindustrialapplicationof
photocatalyticwatersplittingtechnology.Itoffersapromisingwayformoreefficientandeconomicalhydrogen
production,whichiscrucialfortransitioningtosustainableandcarbon-neutralenergysystems.
Thisadvancementhighlightsthepotentialofrare-earthelementsinimprovingphotocatalyticmaterials.As
theworldseekswaystoreducecarbonemissionsandcombatclimatechange,thisscandium-dopcdTiO2
photocatalystprovideshope.Itcouldacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogenasacleanenergycarrierandsupportthe
developmentofhydrogen-poweredtechnologiesacrossvariousindustries.
Insummaiy,thisnewscandium-dopedTiO2photocatalystisamajorstepforwardinrenewableenergy.Its
impressiveperformanceandpotentialforwidespreadapplicationbringusclosertoafuturewhereclean,
sustainabl
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