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专题04时文阅读技巧在高考解题中的应用(真题案例)

高考时文阅读聚焦科技发展、社会热点、文化交流等主题,题型以主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、观点

态度为主。木文核心是“技巧+解题''深度绑定,先讲解适配不同题型的可操作阅读技巧,再通过真题案例

演示技巧应用,最后用近3年真题练习强化,帮助学生快速掌握“读文有方法、解题有抓手”的核心能力。

方法讲解

核心方法讲解:题型适配型阅读技巧

时文阅读的核心逻辑是“先抓框架,再找细节,按需解题“,不同题型对应不同的阅读侧重点和技巧,以下

技巧均附明确操作步骤,直接对接解题场景:

41.主旨大意题:“框架定位法”(找核心论点/主题)

适用题型:考杳段落主旨、全文主旨(如“Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?,,4kWhatdoesthepassage

mainlytalkabout?,,)

操作步骤:

①快速扫读文章首尾段+各段首句,标记“转折词(but/however)、总结词(inshort/thus)观点词

(think/believe)这些词后多为核心观点

②排除“细节干扰项”:若选项仅涉及某一段的具体内容(如某个例子、某个数据),大概率不是主旨

③提炼高频词:全文重复出现的名词/名词短语,多是主旨的核心话题(如“代116亚@1)怕6起唔丫”出1<6-

sharing^^)

④验证:将候选主旨代入全文,判断是否能覆盖各段核心内容。

关键提醒:时文主旨多“开门见山”或“结尾总结”,优先关注首尾段;遇到“总分/分总”结构,直接定位“总”

的部分。

>2.细节理解题;“关键词定位法”(精准找对应信息)

适用题型:考查具体事实、数据、因果关系等(如“Whatcaused...?”"Whichofthefbllowingistrueaccording

tothepassage?")

操作步骤:

①从题干中提取“关键词”(专有名词、数字、特殊名词、否定词等,如“2024”“PietOudol『“not”)

②带着关键词回原文快速扫描,定位到包含关键词的1・2个句子(精准定位,不读无关内容)

③比对原文与选项:重点关注“同义替换”(如原文。educe”对应选项“decrease”)、“因果逻辑”

(because/so等),排除“偷换概念”(如原文“some”换成选项“all”)、“无中生有”(选项内容原文未提及)

的干扰项

④验证:确保选项内容与原文定位句语义完全一致。

关键提醒:时文细节题答案多是原文信息的“同义改写”,无需过度推理;定位不到关键词时.,可根据题干

话题锁定对应段落。

>3.推理判断题:“逻辑推导法”(基于原文合理推断)

适用题型:考查隐含意义、作者意图、读者对象等(如“WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?”''Whatisthe

author'spurposeinwritingthepassage?'')

操作步骤:

①定位题干对应的原文段落/句子,标记“逻辑标志词”(因果、转折、条件等,如“since”“but”“i「)

②排除“原文原句”:推理题答案是“隐含信息”,直接摘抄原文的选项大概率错误

③基于原文逻辑推导:从已知信息推出合理结论(如原文“manycountriesfocusonrenewableenergy”可推

LHtraditionalenergyhasdrawbacks”)

④验证:确保推导结论不偏离原文主旨,无过度联想。

关键提醒:时文推理题“有据可依”,所有推断都要基于原文信息,不能凭常识主观判断。

>4.观点态度题:“情感词定位法”(抓作者情感倾向)

适用题型:考查作者对某事物的态度(如“Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards...?*,uTheauthor'stoneinthe

passageis...")

操作步骤:

①回原文定位“情感态度词”(形容词、副词、动词等,如“posiiivcMfbrtunatcly”“support"“criticizc”)

②区分“作者态度’与“他人态度”:注意原文中是否有“sb.thinks”“somcpeopleargue”等,避免混淆

③归类态度倾向:正面(supportive/optimistic)、负面(critical/doubtful)、中立(neutral/objective)

④验证:结合全文主旨判断态度是否一致(如主旨是“推广绿色出行”,作者对“共享单车”大概率是正面态

度)。

关键提醒:时文作者态度多明确,少数客观说明类文章为中立态度;遇到“indifferent(冷漠的)"biased

(偏见的)”等选项,大概率是干扰项。

典型例题

A案例1:主旨大意题(2024新课标I卷)

真题片段:Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld.Manycountriesareinvestingheavilyin

solarandwindpower.Forexample,Chinahasbuilttheworld'slargestsolarpowerstation.Besides,windfarms

havebeensetupinmanycoastalareas.I'hcsceffortshelpreducecarbonemissionsandprotecttheenvironment.

题目:Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?()

A.Chinaleadstheworldinsolarpower

B.Renewableenergyisdevelopingglobally

C.Windfarmsarepopularincoastalareas

D.Howtoreducecarbonemissions

技巧应用(框架定位法)

①扫读首尾句:首句"Renewableenergyisgainingpopularityaroundtheworld"(可再生能源在全球受欢迎),

尾句“Theseeffortshelpreducecarbonemissions”(这些努力助力减排)

②排除细节干扰:选项A(中国领先太阳能)、C(风电场在沿海流行)均是原文举例的细节内容,排除

③提炼高频词:“renewableenergy”贯穿全文,是核心话题

④验证:选项B(可再生能源在全球发展)覆盖首句核心观点和各段内容(投资、举例、意义),符合主

旨。

答案:B

案例2:细节理解题(2023新课标H卷)

真题片段:Bike-sharingserviceshavebecomepopularinmanycities.Userscanrentabikewithamobileappand

returnitatanydesignatedstation.Thecostisusuallylow,aboutIyuanper30minutes.Thisservicenotonly

providesconveniencefbrpeople'stravelbutalsohelpsreducetrafficjams.

题目:WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutNke-sharingservices?()

A.Usersneedtoreturnbikesaltherentalstation

B.Thecostis1yuanperhour

C.Ithelpsreducetrafficjams

D.Itispopularonlyinbigcities

技巧应用(关键词定位法):①提取选项关键词:A(returnbikesattherentalstation)xB(1yuanper

hour)、C(reducetrafficjams)、D(onlyinbigcities);②定位原文:A对应“returnitatanydesignated

station”(指定站点,非租赁站),语义不符;B对应“about1yuanper30Tninutes^^(30分钟1元,非I小

时),错误;C对应“helpsreducetrafficjams”,语义一致;D对应“populai"inmanycities”(许多城市,非仅

大城市),错误:③验证:选项C与原文定位句完全一致。

答案:C

》案例3:推理判断题(2025浙江卷)

真题片段:Urbangreenbeltsareimportantforecologicalbalance.Theycanabsorbharmfulgasesandprovide

habitatsforsmallanimals.However,manygreenbeltsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.Ifthistrend

continues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected.

题目:Whatcanwcinferfromthepassage?()

A.Urbangreenbeltsareuselessforhumans

B.Urbanexpansionisharmfultotheecologicalbalance

C.Allgreenbeltshavebeendestroyed

D.Smallanimalsonlyliveingreenbelts

技巧应用(逻辑推导法):①定位原义关键句:''manygreenbetsarebeingdestroyedduetourbanexpansion.

Ifthistrendcontinues,theurbanecologicalenvironmentwillbeseriouslyaffected";②排除原文原句/错误项:

A(无用)与原文“importantfbrecologicalbalance”矛盾;C(all被破坏)原文是"many",绝对化错误;D

(only)过于绝对:原文未提及;③逻辑推导:绿地对•生态平衡重要,城市化扩张破坏绿地->若持续则影

响生态环境,可推出“城市化扩张有害生态平衡”;④验证:选项B推导合理,符合原文逻辑。

答案:B

》案例4观点态度题(2024新课标H卷)

真题片段:Onlinereadinghasbecomecommon,butithassomedisadvantages.1(iseasyfbrreaderstoget

distractedbypop-upads.Besides,staringatscreensforalongtimeisbadforeyes.Incontrast,printreadingallows

readerstofbcusbetterandishealthier.Ipreferprintreadingfordeepreading.

题目:Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsprintreading?()

A.SupportiveB.DoubtfulC.NeutralD.Critical

技巧应用(情感词定位法):①定位情感词:“Incontrast”(对比)、“fbcusbcttcr”“hcalthicr”(止向形容

词)、“prefer"(偏好动词);②区分态度主体:原文直接是“Ipreferprintreading",是作者本人态度;③

归类倾向:"focusbetter”“healthier"'prefer”均体现正面支持态度;④验证:选项A(Supportive)与情感词

传递的倾向一致,符合全文对比逻辑。

答案:A

即时练习

练习1:2023新课标I卷•主旨大意题

真题片段:Digitalminimalismisalifestylethathelpspeoplereducetheirdependenceondigitaldevices.It

advisespeopletousedigitaltoolsonlywhennecessaryandfocusonreal-lifeinteractions.Manypeoplewho

practicedigitalminimalismsaytheyfeelmorerelaxedandhavemoretimeforhobbies.

题目:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?()

A.Howtousedigitaltoolswisely

B.Thebenefitsofreal-lifeinteractions

C.Whatdigitalminimalismisanditsadvantages

D.Whypeopledependondigitaldevices

解析步骤(框架定位法):①扫读首句:首句定义“digitalminimalism是减少数字设备依赖的生活方式”,

后续讲“建议”和“好处”;②排除细节干扰:A(如何明智用数字工具)、B(现实互动的好处)均是细节,

未覆盖核心话题“digitalminimalism";D(依赖数字设备的原因)原文未提及;③验证:选项C(数字极简

主义的定义及其优势)覆盖首句定义和后文好处,符合主旨。

答案:C

练习2:2024新课标I卷•细节理解题

真题片段:Observationaldataarebecomingmoreimportantinscientificresearch.Thesedataarecollectedby

ordinarypeoplethroughmobileapps.Comparedwithprimarydatafromphysicalspecimens,observationaldataarc

easiertocollectandcoverawiderrange.

题目:Whatistheadvantageofobservationaldata?()

A.Itiscollectedbyscientists

B.Itishardertocollect

C.1(coversawiderrange

D.Itconiesfromphysicalspecimens

解析步骤(关键词定位法):①提取题干关键词"advantageofobservationaldata";②定位原文:

“Comparedwithprimarydata...observationaldataareeasiertocollectandcoverawiderrange'';(3)比对选项:A

(科学家收集)与原文“ordinarypeople”矛盾;B(更难收集)与"easiertocollect”相反;C(覆盖范围更广)

与原文一致;D(来自实物标本)是primarydata的特点;④验证:选项C符合原文细节。

答案:C

练习3:2025全国卷I•推理判断题

真题片段:Plant-baseddietshavebecomepopularbecausemorepeoplecareabouthealthandtheenvironment.

Meatproductionusesalotofwaterandland,andi(producesalotofcarbondioxide.Plant-basedfoods,however,

requirelessresourcesandproducefeweremissions.

题目:Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?()

A.Plant-baseddietsarebetterfbrtheenvironment

B.Meatproductionischeap

C.Nooneeatsmeatanymore

D.Plant-basedfoodsarcmoreexpensive

解析步骤(逻辑推导法):①定位原文关键逻辑:“meatduccsalotofcarbondioxidc'",plant-

basedducefewerelnissions^^;②排除错误项:B(肉类生产便宜)、D(植物性食物更贵)原文

未提及;C(没人吃肉)过于绝对,原文仅说植物性饮食流行;③推导:肉类生产排放多,植物性食物排

放少一植物性饮食更环保;④验证:选项A推导合理,符合原文因果逻辑。

答案:A

练习4:2023新课标H卷•观点态度题

真题片段:Onlinecourseshavemadeeducationmoreaccessible.Stjdcntsfromremoteareascanlearnfromtop

teachers.However,onlinecourseslackface-to-faceinteraction,whichmayaffectlearningeffectiveness.Overall,

onlinecoursesareausefulsupplementtotraditionaleducation.

题目:Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsonlinecourses?()

A.FullysupportiveB.StronglycriticalC.Objective

D.Doubtful

解析步骤(情感词定位法):①定位情感词:“moreaccessible”(正面)**lack...affectlearning

effectiveness“(负面)、“overaH”(总结)、“usefulsupplemenr、(正面总结):②分析态度:作者既讲优

势也讲不足,最后总结为“有用的补充”,无明显偏向;③归类:属于中立客观态度;④验证:选项C

(Objective)符合作者全面评价的倾向。

答案:C

练习5:2024浙江卷•细节理解题

真题片段:Matrixgardensgroupplantswithsimilarneeds.Thishelpsplantsgrowbettertogether.Thegardens

alsoconservewaterandreduceweeds.Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswater(hantraditional

gardens.

题目:Howmuchlesswaterdomatrixgardensusethantraditionalones?()

A.20%B.30%C.50%

D.70%

解析步骤(关键词定位法):①提取题干关键词"howmuchlesswatef'^matrixgardens,Hitradit.onalones”;

②定位原文:“Astudyshowsthatmatrixgardensuse30%lesswaterthantraditionalgardcns^^;③比对选项:

直接匹配选项B;④验证:选项B与原文数字完全一致,无同义替换陷阱.

答案:B

练习6:2025新课标H卷•推理判断题

真题片段:Parentingdiscussionsoftencovermanytopics,butfoodisnotagoodone.Forcingchildrentotalk

aboutfoodpreferencesmaymakethemanxious.Itisbettertoletchildrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood.

题目:Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor'sadviceonparentingfoodissues?()

A.Parentsshouldforcechildrentotalkaboutfood

B.Parentsshouldletchildrendecideonfoodbythemselves

C.Foodis(hemostimportanttopicinparenting

D.Childrenareneveranxiousaboutfoodchoices

解析步骤(逻辑推导法):①定位原文关键句:"Forcingchildren...maymakethemanxious.Itisbettertolet

childrenmaketheirownchoicesaboutfood'';②排除错误项:A(强迫孩子谈食物)与原文“forcing...may

makethemanxious”相反;C(食物是最重要话题)与原文“foodisnotagoodone”矛盾;D(孩子从不焦虑)

原文未提及;③推导:强迫不好-*最好让孩子自己选;④验证:选项B是原文“itisbetterto..”的合理推导,

符合逻辑。

答案:B

Passage1

Nietzsche(尼采)waswrong:Whenyougazelongenoughintotheabyss(深渊),theabyssdoesnotgaze

backintoyou.Instead,thecosmic(宇宙的)void(空白)remainssilentandfrighteninginitsvastness.

Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱惑)tolookatourtinyworld

withnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.Thatourhistoryfailstoleavea

mark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarepointless.

I'macosmologist,thekindofscientistwhostudiestheorigin,historyandevolutionoftheuniverse.Ihave

spentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthecourseofmystudies,Ihavelearned(o

rejectthattemptation.

Il'struethatEarthisneitherlargenorlong-lived,butthatisonlyonewayofmeasuringsignificance.

Comparedwiththecosmicvoids,tliereissomethingspecialhappeningonourplanet.Earthisstilltheonlyknown

placeintheentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraise(heircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonly

knownplacewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonly

knownplacewherewecanfinddance,music,andart.Ourdisagreementsandallthebeautifulcomplexitiesthat

makeushumanaren'tmeaningless.Theexperiencesinourlivesarcspecialbecausetheywillneverhappeninthe

emptyexpanseofmostof(heuniverse.

Thesamelessonsthatcosmicvoidsteachusarefoundinthevoidswcencounterinourownlives.The

presenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyarefullofpotential.Thepainwefeelfromloss

isthelastreminderofthegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebeforeaperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.

Ourchoicetoignorestressfulnewsisnecessarytoallowustofocusonwhattrulymatters.

Artistshavelongunderstoodthepowerofthevoid.The12th-centurypoetSaigyonotedthatthepauses

betweenraindropswereasimportantasthedropsthemselves.ThefamedarchitectRemcelebratedtheusefulness

ofnegativespaces,declaring,t4Wherethereisnothing,everythingispossible.^^

Theuniversewon'tdoanythingforusexceptgiveusthefreedomtoexist.Itisourjobtofilltheuniverse

withmeaningandpurpose.

1.Whatdocstheauthorsuggestaboutthe“temptation“inparagraph2?

A.Itreflectshumanity'sfearofcosmicemptiness.

B.Itstrengthenspeople'sscientificcuriosityaboutthevoid.

C.ItleadspeopletounderstateEarth'suniquequalities.

D.Itcomesfromtheuniverse'scoldnesstohumanexistence.

2.Whydoes(heauthorrejectthetemptation?

A.Heisacosmologistwhobelievesscience.

B.Earthremainstheonlyknownhomeforhumanexperiences.

C.Humanexperiencesdifferfromthoseinvoids.

D.Earth'ssmallsizeandshortifemakesitunique.

3.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph5?

A.Toexplainwhyvoidsexistinuniverseandlife.

B.Tosuggestpeopleshouldremoveemptyspacesinlife.

C.Toanalyzehowemptinessinlifeofferssignificance.

D.Toprovefillingemptyspacescreatesgreaterpurpose.

4.Whichof(hefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.CosmicVoids:AScientist'sTechnicalAnalysis

B.FillingtheEmptiness:FindingMeaningintheVastUniverse

C.NietzscheRevisited:WhenPhilosophyMeetsAstronomy

D.TheSilentUniverse:WhyOurExistenceMeansNothing

【答案】1.C2.B3.C4.B

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨面对宇宙的虚无,人类应如何在其中寻找意义与价值。

1.推理判断题及根据第二段中的“Whenlookingatthevastemptinessoftheuniverse,thereisatemptation(诱

惑)tolookatourtinyworldwithnihilism(虚无主义).Tofeelthatourgreatachievementsamounttonothing.That

ourhistoryfailstoleaveamark.Thatourconcernsandanxietiesarcpointless.(当凝视宇宙的浩瀚虚无时,人们

难免会被诱惑,以虚无主义的眼光看待我们这个渺小的世界。觉得我们的伟大成就微不足道,我们的历史

未能留下任何印记,我们的关切与焦虑都亳无意义。)“可知,这种“诱惑”会导致人们低估地球的独特品质。

故选C项。

2.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Ihavespentyearsworkingtounderstandwhatcosmicvoidsteachus.Andinthe

courseofmystudies,Ihavelearnedtoreject(hattempiaiion.(我花费了多年时间去探究宇宙空洞所带给我们的

启示。在研究的过程中,我逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。)”和第四段中的“EarlhisslillIheonlyknownplacein

(heentireuniversewhereconsciousbeingsraisetheircuriouseyestotheskyandwonder.Earthistheonlyknown

placewherehumanscanexist.Itistheonlyknownplacewherelaughter,love,angerandjoyexist.Theonlyknown

placewherewecanfinddance,mus.c,andart.(地球仍然是整个宇宙中已知的唯一有意识的生物抬起好奇的眼

睛望向天空并感到好奇的地方。地球是已知的唯一人类可以生存的地方。它是已知的唯一有笑声、爱、愤

怒和喜悦存在的地方。唯一已知的可以找到舞蹈、音乐和艺术的地方。)“可知,第四段中用排比句式强调

地球是宇宙中已知的唯•存在“有意识的生物”、人类情感和艺术的地方,由此可知,地球是已知的人类唯

一能有各种体验的地方,所以作者在研究过程中逐渐学会了抵制这种诱惑。故选B项。

3.推理判断题o根据第五段中的“Thepresenceofvoidsguaranteestheopposite;theycreatecontrast;theyare

fullofpotenlial.Thepainwefeelfromlossis(helastreminderof(hegiftofalifedeeplyloved.Thesilencebefore

aperformanceisfullofelectricexpectation.(虚空的存在保证了相反的情况;它们创造对比;它俏充满潜力。

我们从失去中感受到的痛苦是对深爱的生命礼物的最后提醒。演出前的沉默充满了强烈的期待。户可推断,

第五段的主要目的是分析生活中的空虚如何赋予意义。故选C项。

4.主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是最后一段中的“Itisourjobtofilltheuniversewithmeaningand

purpose.(我们的工作是让宇宙充满意义和目的。厂可知,作者反对宇宙的虚无使人陷入无意义论,强调人

类情感、艺术和存在的独特性,倡导在宏大宇宙中主动创造的意义,所以,“填补空虚:在浩瀚宇宙中寻

找意义”最能概括全文,适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。

Passage2

IntheAlpsandApenninesofsouthernEurope,longhornbeetlesaremovinguphill,andararebrown

butterflywithorange-tippedwingsisfacingextinctionduetoisolation(隔离)athighpeaks.Thisisapictureofa

globaltrend.Withtemperaturesrisingandpressureonbiodiversitygrowing,insectsvitaltoourecosystemsarenot

onlymovingnorthandsouth,butup.

Researchshowsmanyanimalsaremakingsimilarmoves,butinsects'highlevelsofmobilityandshort

generationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.BumblebeesinthePyreneeshavemovedupwardson

averagebymoreIhanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreaterjourneys.Allofthisshowsthe

speedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes(海拔).

Inecology,findingthe“smokinggun,5toneatlyexplainanyphenomenonisgenerallydifficult.Prof.Christy

McCain,whorunsColoradoUniversity'sMountainLab,said:"Onethingthatpeopledon'tthinkaboutasmuchis

context;howclimateaffectsinsectsatdiffeienllifestages,suchaseggsandlaivae(幼虫).Mcasuiingadultsin

summermightnotrevealthemostcriticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountain

environments.”

McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoo

manymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andtarfewerfromhigherup.Andmanygroupsother(han

butterfliesandmoths(蛾)havebeenneglected.

Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrionbeetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthat

climatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,whichplayakeyroleindecompositionandprotectthem

fromextremeconditions.Theirlonghistorysince(heCretaceous(白垩纪)alsoaidstheiradaptationtoday.

Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsomegroups,itmight

beacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyarc,thebettertheirchances.Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitat

andthistoocouldproveasavinggrace.

5.BumblebeesinthePyreneesarementionedbecause.

A.theyaremoremobilethanolherinsects

B.theyhaveadaptedwelltohigheraltitudes

C.theyareausefulindicatorofclimatechange

D.(heyfaceextinctionduetoupwardmovement

6.WhichstatementmayMcCainagreewithaccordingtoparagraphs3and4?

A.Studycontextisbeyondgrasp.

B.Researchdataarehardtoobtain.

C.Insectsamplesareunrepresentative.

D.Collectionmethodisunconventional.

7.WhydoesMcCainciteresearchoncarrionbeetles?

A.Toarguefortheirsensitivitytoenvironmentalchanges.

B.Tocallfortheprotectionofinsectsfromhigheraltitudes.

C.Toredirectfocusfrominsectsmovinguphilltothosedownhill.

D.Tooffernewinsightsintoinsects'adaptationtoclimatechange.

8.Whatdoes“asavinggrace''inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Amethodusedtocollectdata.

B.Aproblemthatneedstobesolved.

C.Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.

D.Atypeofinsectthatadaptswelltochange.

【答案】5.C6.C7.D8.C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文C文章主要介绍了随着气温卜升和生物多样性压力增大.昆虫向高海拔迁移这

一全球趋势,分析了研究中存在的问题,并提及不同昆虫对气候变化的适应情况。

5.推理判断题。根据第二段中“Researchshowsmanyanimalsarcmakingsimilarmoves,butinsects'high

levelsofmobilityandshortgenerationtimesallowthemtorespondquicklytochange.Bumblebeesin(hePyrenees

havemovedupwardsonaveragebymorethanametreayear,withsomespeciesmakingsignificantlygreater

journeys.Allofthisshowsthespeedofclimatechangeanditsecologicalimpactsathigheraltitudes.(研究表明,

许多动物都在做出类似的迁移,但昆虫的高机动性和短代际时间使它们能够迅速对变化做出反应。比利牛

斯市脉的大黄蜂平均每年向上迁移超过一米,一些物种的迁移距离明显更远。所有这些都显示了气候变化

的速度及其在高海拔地区的生态影响。户可知,提到比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂的向上迁移是因为它们能反映

气候变化的情况,是气候变化的一个有用指标。故选C项。

6.推理判断题。根据第三段中"Onethingthatpeopledon'tthinkaboutasmuchiscontext:howclimateaffects

insectsatdifferentlifestages,suchaseggsandlarvae.Measuringadultsinsummermightnotrevealthemost

criticalimpactsofclimatechange,especiallyincoldanddrymountainenvironments.(人们不太考虑的一件事是

背景:气候如何影响昆虫在不同生命阶段,如卵和幼虫。在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化最关键的

影响,尤其是在寒冷干燥的山区环境中。)”和第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollected

historicallyispreventingtheirunderstanding,withtoomanymuseurr.specimensfromlowaltitudes,andfarfewer

fromhigherup.Andmanygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmothshavebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为,历史上的

数据收集方式阻碍了他们的理解,博物馆里来自低海拔地区的标本太多,而来自高海拔地区的标本太少。

除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。)“可知,麦凯恩认为在夏天测量成虫可能无法揭示气候变化

最关键的影响,且来自低海拔地区的标本太多,所以昆虫样本不能很好地代表整体情况,缺乏全面性和代

表性。故选C项。

7.推理判断题。第四段中“McCainbelievesthewaydatahasbeencollectedhistoricallyispreventingtheir

understanding,withtoomanymuseumspecimens(标本)fromlowaltitudes,andfarfewerfromhigherup.And

manygroupsotherthanbutterfliesandmoths(!1®)havebeenneglected.(麦凯恩认为,历史上收集数据的方式防

碍了他们的理解,因为博物馆里有太多来自低海拔地区的标本,而来自高海拔地区的标本则少得多。而除

了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了。厂麦凯恩提出“在昆区适应气候变化的相关研究中,除了蝴蝶和

飞蛾之外的许多类群都被忽视了“这一观点,而第五段中“Tosupportherview,shecitesresearchoncarrion

beetlesbyastudentinherlab.Thestudyshowsthatclimatetolerancemightbepasseddownintheseimpacts,

whichplayakeyroleindecompositionandprotectthemfromextremeconditions.Theirlonghistorysincethe

Cretaceousalsoaids(heiradaptationtoday.(为了支持她的观点,她引用了她实验室里一名学生对埋葬虫的研

究。研究表明,在这些影响中,气候耐受性可能会遗传下来,这在分解过程中起着关键作用,并保护它们

免受极端条件的影响。它们自白翌纪以来的悠久历史也有助于它们如今的适应。户麦凯恩引用了对埋葬虫

的研究来证明自己的观点,即提供关于昆虫适应气候变化的新领悟。故选D项。

8.词句猜测题。上文“Thereisnosuchthingasastandardinsectorresponsetoenvironmentalchange.Forsome

groups,itmightbeacaseofthebiggerandmoremobiletheyarc,thebettertheirchances.(没有——种标准的昆虫

或对环境变化的标准反应。对于一些群体来说,可能是它们越大、越具移动性,生存机会就越好。户说明

昆虫适应环境变化的情况各不相同,接着"Thereisalsonouniversaluplandhabitatandthistoocouldprovea

savinggrace.(也没有通用的高地柄息地,这也可能被证明是一种……)”提到也没有通用的高地栖息地。鉴

于昆虫适应环境存在困难的情况下,“thistoocouldproveasavinggrace”说明这种没有通用高地栖息地的情

况反而可能成为帮助改善昆虫适应环境现状的一个因素。所以“asavinggrace”指的是有助于改善现状的一

个特征,与C项“Afeaturethathelpsimproveasituation.”意思相近。故选C项。

Passage3

Chinesescientistshavemadeasignificantbreakthroughinproducinghydrogenfromwaterusinglight.They

addedscandium(铳)totitaniumcioxide(二氧化钛,TiO2)tocreateanewTiO2structure.Thisinnovation

increaseshydrogenproductionefficiency15timesundersunlightcomparedtopreviousTiO2materials.

Thenewperformanceofphotocatalys,whichisachemicalreactionthatisacceleratedbytheabsorptionof

lightbyacatalyst(催化剂)isduetc5%scandiumdoping.ThiscreatesTiO2particleswithtwocrystalfacets(面):

{101}and{110}.The{101}facelcollectselectrons,whilethe{110}facetreceivesholes.Thisarrangement

producesastrongelectricfieldwithintheTiO2particles,enhancingchargetransportefficiency.Asaresult,the

photoinduced(光诱导的)chargeseparationefficiencyhasimprovedover200limes,andthequantumefficiency

forultravioletlightat360nmhasexceeded30%.

Comparedtotraditionalsolarhydrogenproductionmethodslikephotovoltaic-poweredelectrolysis,thisnew

approachissimplerandmorecost-effective.Traditionalmethodsrequirecomplexandexpensiveequipment,while

TiO2-basedphotocatalystsofteramorestraightforwardalternative.However,TiO2hasaproblem:photoexcited

electronsandholesreunitequickly,reducingefficiency.Thescandium-dopedTiO2solvesthisproblemintwo

ways:

3

1.EliminatingChargeTraps:Sc*ionsfitwellintotheTiO2structurewithoutcausingdistortion.Their

stable+3chargeneutralizes(heimbalancecausedbyoxygenvacancies,reducingelectron-holerecombination.

2.ReconstructingtheCrystalSurface:Scandiumatomsrearrangethecrystalsurfacetoformspecificfacets,

givingelectronsandholesmoretimeandspacetoparticipateinreactions.

Ifmadeintoa100m2photocatalyticpanel,thismaterialcouldgenerateenoughhydrogeninonedayto

pov/erahydrogenfuelcellvehicletotravelabout68kilometers.Chinahastheworld'slargestTiO2production

capacityandsignificantscandiumreserves,sothisdiscoverycouldfacilitatethelarge-scaleindustrialapplicationof

photocatalyticwatersplittingtechnology.Itoffersapromisingwayformoreefficientandeconomicalhydrogen

production,whichiscrucialfortransitioningtosustainableandcarbon-neutralenergysystems.

Thisadvancementhighlightsthepotentialofrare-earthelementsinimprovingphotocatalyticmaterials.As

theworldseekswaystoreducecarbonemissionsandcombatclimatechange,thisscandium-dopcdTiO2

photocatalystprovideshope.Itcouldacceleratetheadoptionofhydrogenasacleanenergycarrierandsupportthe

developmentofhydrogen-poweredtechnologiesacrossvariousindustries.

Insummaiy,thisnewscandium-dopedTiO2photocatalystisamajorstepforwardinrenewableenergy.Its

impressiveperformanceandpotentialforwidespreadapplicationbringusclosertoafuturewhereclean,

sustainabl

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