2026《金版教程》高考复习方案英语主题版-必背知识早夯实1-小语法

有时候，最基础的东西，却往往被我们忽视！记住这些规则，你便能捞回3～5分！(一)名词复数的变化规则1．可数名词变复数的规则变化(1)一般名词词尾加－sstudent→students学生；car→cars汽车；chr→chrs椅子；book→books书；map→maps地图；idea→ideas想法；month→months月；house→houses房子(2)以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词词尾加－esglass→glasses眼镜；box→boxes箱子；brush→brushes刷子；match→matches比赛；dish→dishes菜肴；watch→watches手表(3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词，变y为i加­escity→cities城市；baby→babies婴儿；enemy→enemies敌人；country→countries国家；story→stories故事；activity→activities活动【特别提醒】如果名词是以“元音字母＋y”结尾，则直接加­skey→keys钥匙；boy→boys男孩(4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v加－esthief→thieves小偷；wife→wives妻子；life→lives生命；scarf→scarves围巾；shelf→shelves架子；loaf→loaves条；wolf→wolves狼；knife→knives刀子；half→halves一半；leaf→leaves叶子【特别提醒】有些以f或fe结尾的名词直接加­s变成复数chief→chiefs首领；roof→roofs屋顶；proof→proofs证据；belief→beliefs信仰；cliff→cliffs悬崖；gulf→gulfs海湾；brief→briefs摘要；grief→griefs悲痛(5)以o结尾的名词，有生命的常加－es；无生命的加－shero→heroes英雄zoo→zoos动物园；piano→pianos钢琴；tobacco→tobaccos烟草；photo→photos照片【特别提醒】①potato与tomato的复数加­espotato→potatoes土豆；tomato→tomatoes西红柿②有些以o结尾的名词加­s或­es均可volcano→volcano(e)s火山；mosquito→mosquito(e)s蚊子2．可数名词变复数的不规则变化(1)单复数同形deer鹿；sheep羊；cattle牛；means方法；rcraft飞机；航空器；series系列；species物种；police警察；Chinese中国人；Japanese日本人(2)改变单词内部的字母foot→feet脚；英尺；tooth→teeth牙齿；man→men人；woman→women女人；mouse→mice老鼠；goose→geese鹅(3)特殊变形criterion→criteria标准；thesis→theses论文；analysis→analyses分析；basis→bases基础；crisis→crises危机；medium→media媒体；bacterium→bacteria细菌；datum→data数据；phenomenon→phenomena现象；formula→formulae/formulas公式；child→children儿童；ox→oxen公牛3．复合名词的复数形式(1)主体名词改为复数，没有主体名词的在词尾加－spasser­by→passers­by过路人；looker－on→lookers－on旁观者；stepfather→stepfathers继父；grown－up→grown－ups成年人；go­between→go­betweens中间人；boyfriend→boyfriends男朋友(2)含有man,woman时，其中的man,woman也要变为复数newspaperman→newspapermen报社记者；chrman→chrmen主席；mancook→mencooks男厨师；womandoctor→women__doctors女医生4．物质名词的复数现象ash灰→ashes废墟；骨灰；grass草→grasses草原；paper纸张→papers论文，试卷；wood木头→woods树林；ground地面→grounds理由；cloth布→clothes衣服；water水→waters水域；iron铁→irons熨斗5．集体名词的数(1)只有复数意义的集体名词people人们；police警察；cattle牛(2)有单复数变形的集体名词(根据句意判断单复数)family家庭，家人；team队，队员；public公共场合，公众；government政府；政府人员；crowd人群，人们；group小组，小组人员6．只有复数形式的名词由两个相同的部分构成的一个物件的名词scissors剪刀；trousers裤子；compasses圆规；scales天平；glasses眼镜；gloves手套；earphones耳机7．其他情况的名词复数(1)two__prs__of__trousers两条裤子；aprofglasses一副眼镜(2)以－ing结尾的名词belongings所属物；savings储蓄金；存款；surroundings周围的环境；findings调查结果；earnings工资；收入(3)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有taketurnstodosth,inhighspirits,makefriendswith,shakehandswith,makepreparationsfor,make(both)endsmeet,takepnstodosth等。【特别提醒】常考的不可数名词news新闻；word消息；fun乐趣；information信息；weather天气；advice建议；progress进步；equipment设备；furniture家具；luggage/baggage行李(二)动词的第三人称单数变化规则1．一般情况下，直接加­s如：cook→cooks;sing→sings;like→likesmake→makes;swim→swims;dance→dances2．以s,x,sh,ch结尾的动词，在词尾加­es如：discuss→discusses;wash→washes;fix→fixes;__finish→finishes;teach→teaches3．以y结尾的动词(1)以元音字母＋y结尾，直接加­s如：play→plays;enjoy→enjoys;__say→says(2)以辅音字母＋y结尾，变y为i，加­es如：fly→flies;cry→cries;study→studies;try→tries;carry→carries4．以o结尾的动词，加­es如：go→goes;do→does5．特殊单词如：have→has;be→is(三)动词的现在分词变化规则(串记：直去双改)1．【直】一般情况下，在词尾直接加­ing如：eat→eating;go→going;talk→talking2．【去】以不发音的字母e结尾的动词：先去掉词尾e，再加­ing如：make→making;have→having;write→writing;like→liking;take→taking;ride→riding3．【双】重读闭音节动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母：双写结尾字母，再加­ing如：run→running;sit→sitting;cut→cutting；stop→stopping;swim→swimming4．【改】以字母ie结尾的动词：把ie改为y再加­ing如：lie→lying;tie→tying;die→dying(四)动词过去式/过去分词变化规则一规则变化1．一般情况下，直接加­edwant→wanted;ask→asked;watch→watched2．以e结尾的单词，直接加­dlive→lived;move→moved;smile→smiled3．以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词，变y为i加­ed(以元音字母＋y结尾的单词，直接加­ed)worry→worried;cry→criedenjoy→enjoyed;play→played4．重读闭音节动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母(两个辅音中间夹一个短元音)，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加­edstop→stopped;plan→plannedadmit→admitted;prefer→preferred二不规则变化1．AAA型(原形→原形→原形)原形过去式过去分词汉语意思read[riːd]read[red]read[red]读cutcutcut切，割letletlet让putputput放costcostcost花费，价钱为hithithit撞，击setsetset安排，安置hurthurthurt伤害betbetbet打赌castcastcast投，扔2.ABA型(原形→过去式→原形)原形过去式过去分词汉语意思becomebecamebecome成为comecamecome来runranrun跑3.ABC型(1)ow→ew→own原形过去式过去分词汉语意思blowblewblown吹growgrewgrown生长knowknewknown知道throwthrewthrown扔(2)i→a→u原形过去式过去分词汉语意思beginbeganbegun开始drinkdrankdrunk喝singsangsung唱(歌)swimswamswum游泳ringrangrung打电话(3)原形→过去式→过去式＋(e)n原形过去式过去分词汉语意思speakspokespoken说freezefrozefrozen冻住choosechosechosen选择forgetforgotforgotten忘记(4)原形→过去式→原形＋(e)n原形过去式过去分词汉语意思eatateeaten吃givegavegiven给rideroderidden骑seesawseen看见writewrotewritten写fallfellfallen落下forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅；宽恕taketooktaken拿forbidforbadeforbidden禁止4.无规律原形过去式过去分词汉语意思be(am/is/are)was/werebeen是，在dodiddone做gowentgone去5.ABB型(1)原形→­ought→­ought原形过去式过去分词汉语意思bringbroughtbrought带来buyboughtbought买fightfoughtfought打架thinkthoughtthought思考seeksoughtsought寻求(2)原形→­aught→­aught原形过去式过去分词汉语意思catchcaughtcaught捉，抓teachtaughttaught教(3)变其中一个元音字母原形过去式过去分词汉语意思feedfedfed喂meetmetmet遇见getgotgot得到holdheldheld持有babysitbabysatbabysat当临时保姆sitsatsat坐winwonwon赢findfoundfound发现digdugdug挖leadledled引导(4)原形→e__t→e__t原形过去式过去分词汉语意思feelfeltfelt感到keepkeptkept保持leaveleftleft离开sleepsleptslept睡(觉)sweepsweptswept打扫smellsmeltsmelt闻；发出……气味(5)变其中一个辅音字母原形过去式过去分词汉语意思buildbuiltbuilt建造makemademade制造sendsentsent发送，邮寄spendspentspent花费rebuildrebuiltrebuilt重建lendlentlent借给(6)辅音字母和元音字母都变原形过去式过去分词汉语意思havehadhad有，吃layldld放置，产卵loselostlost丢失paypdpd付钱saysdsd说sellsoldsold卖telltoldtold告诉standstoodstood站立understandunderstoodunderstood理解misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood误解6.AAB型原形过去式过去分词汉语意思beatbeatbeaten打败7.有两种形式原形过去式过去分词汉语意思bearboreborn生(孩子)borebornehanghangedhanged绞死hunghung悬挂learnlearnedlearned学习learntlearntlieliedlied说谎layln躺；位于showshowedshowed展示showedshownspellspelledspelled拼写speltspeltburnburnedburned燃烧burntburntsmellsmelledsmelled闻smeltsmeltshineshinedshined照耀shoneshonedreamdreameddreamed做梦dreamtdreamtwakewakedwaked唤醒wokewokenhidehidhid躲藏hidhiddenbitebitbit咬bitbittenlightlightedlighted点燃，照亮litlitproveprovedproved证明续表provedprovenquitquitquit退出，停止quittedquittedsawsawedsawed锯sawedsawnsewsewedsewed缝纫sewedsewnsinksanksunk下沉sanksunkensowsowedsowed播种sowedsownspitspatspat吐spitspitspringsprangsprung跳跃sprungsprungwetwetwet浸湿；弄湿wettedwetted8．情态动词原形过去式过去分词汉语意思cancould∕能maymight∕也许must∕∕必须shallshould∕将要willwould∕会(五)形容词/副词的比