语言学概论总结

语言学概论总结D..persuasiv.function劝说功能

考点：语言的基本功能。信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、

Chapter1-Introduction

感情功能、寒喧功能、娱乐功能。其中最重要的是信息功

PartOne

能。

★Definitionoflanguage

4)Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tii”

★★★Designfeaturesoflanguage

is.

★★FunctionsofIanguage

A.informativ........D.photic寒喧功能

PartTwo

C.directive指示功..D.performative

★Definitionoflinguistics

1.2.1WhatislanguageP7-8

★★Thescopeoflinguistics

1)Languag.ca.b.general!,define,a..syste.o.arbitr

★★★Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

Rxercise^T]ar.voca.symbol,use.fo.huma.communication.语言

是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeature

2)Languageisasystem.

ofhumanlanguage(2005)

Systematic—.rule-governed受规则制约

A.arbiLrariness任意性..B.productivit.

的.element,i.i,ar.arrange,accordin.t.certai.rules,

C.cultura.transmissio..D.finiteness有限性

can'.b.combine,a.will..*bkli.♦.appl.eat.

2)Th.distinctio.betwee.parole言语an.langu.语言

2)Languageisarbitrary.

wa.mad.b..(2006)

Arbitrary—.n.intrinsi.connectio.betwee.th.wor.an

A.HalIida.C.Saussure索结尔《瑞」-语百学家)

.th.thin.i.denotes表示..

RChomsk.乔姆斯基(美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始

“pen.b.an.othe.nam.i.th.thin.w.us.t.writ.with.

人)

3)Languageissymbolic符号的innature.

D.BlDomfiold布洛姆菲尔德(美国语言学家教育家..

Symbolic—.word.ar.associate,wit.objects,actions.

考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对概念的区分。

idea.b.convention惯例.

3)Languag.i..too.o.communication.Th.symbo.

.ros.b.an.othe.nam.woul.smel.a.sweet

“hig.wa.closed,o..hig.wa.serve..(2010)

------b.Shakespear.

A.a.expressiv.function表达功能

4)Languageisprimarilyvocal.

B.a,informativ.function信息功能

C..performativ.function行事/施为功能

Vocal---.th.primar.medium基本媒介Cat.mew.小猫哺瞄叫

i.soon.fo.al.languages,writin.syste.cam.muc.late,tI'rogscroak.青蛙呱呱呱

ha.spoke,form.Goatsbleat.小羊峰祥峰

5)Languag.i.human-specific.语言是人类特有的Pig.grunl.小猪呼噌噌

Human-specific—.differen.fro.th.communicatio.sysMic.squea.[skwik].老鼠吱吱叫

tern.othe.form.o.lif.possess..bir.songs,be.dance,anDog.bark.小狗汪汪叫

ima.cries.◎

1.2.2Thedesign/definingfeaturesofAnimal,mak.muc.th.sam.sound,aroun.th.world,bu.eac.

languag.expresse.the.differently.Englis.an.Chines.

humanlanguage(CharlesHockett):P8-10

cow.soun.th.same.bu.no.i.Englis.an.Chinese........

1)Arbitrariness任意性

..............©

2)Productivity/Creativity创造性

Th.arbitrar.lin.betwee..linguisti.sign语言符号

3)Duality二重性

an.it.meaning,however,i.als.conventional符合习俗

4)Displacement移位性

的.

5)Culturaltransmission文化传递性

2)Productivity/Creativity

1)Arbitrariness

◎----Peculiar匚。是…特有的humanlanguages,usersof

。---Nological(motivated有积极性的orintrinsic

languagecanunderstandandproducesentencesthey

固有的)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

haveneverheardbefore.

©

©Languag.i.resourceful资源丰富的

Som.compoun.word.ar.no.entirel.arbitrary..

becaus.o.it.duality二元性an.it.recursivenes.[ri*k

type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,pho

9:sivnis]递归性W.ca.us.i.t.creat.ne.meanings.

tocopy…

©Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,and

Apes[cip]gibber['d3[ba].猴子唧唧叫

canbeinstantly立即地understoodbypeoplewhohave

Rooster,crow.公鸡喔喔叫

nevercomeacross讲得清楚明白thatusagebefore.

Hen.cluck.母鸡咯咯嗒

◎Th.recursiv.nature递归性

Chick,peep.小鸡唧唧唧

o.languag.provide..potentia.t.creat.a.infinit.nuib

Bull,bellow.Cow.moo.老牛咋眸眸

e.o.sentences.Fo.instance.①

Ducksquack[kw纪k].鸭子嘎嘎嘎

H.bough..boo.whic.wa.writte.b..teache.wh.taugh.i..

schoo.whic.wa.know.fo.it.graduate,wh....②----Languag.ca.b.use.t.refe.t.things,whic.ar.no.pr

Thi.i.th.ca.tha.kille.th.ra.tha.at.thmalt麦芽esen.(i.tim.an.space).rea.o.imagine,matter,i.th.pa

tha.la.i.th.hous.tha.Jac.built.st.presen.o.future,o.i.far-away遥远的places.

3)Duality(doublearticulation)..gibbon长臂猿neve,utters

Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)发..cal.abou.sanethin.h.at.las.year.

Higherlevel----meaning(largeruni'sofmeaning)◎Anima,conmunicatio.i.normal1.unde.

二层性足指拥有两层结构这种特性，上层结构的单位由"immediat.stimulu.control.(直接剌激控

底层结构的元素构成，每层都有•自身的组合规则。(Lyons,制).Fo.instance..warnin.cr.o..bir.instantl.announ

1981)ce.danger.

.b-o-o-.(meaningles.segments,lowe.level,secondary.©

Huma,languag.i.stimulus-free.Wha.w.ar.talkin.abou.

Boo.(meaningfu.unit,highe.level,primary.Questions:nee.no.b.triggers,b.an.externa,stimulus

①刺.i.th.worl.o.an.interna,state.

Ca.yo.thin.o.som.othe.system.wit.th.propert.o.dual5)Culturaltransmission

it.②◎----Languageisculturallytransmitted(through

Wh.i.thi.propert.generail,assume,a.centra,t.languateachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).

g.③Doe.anima,languag.hav.thi.propert.©

•Hierarchy等级制度oflanguage:Anima,cal.system,ar.geneticall,transmitted.Al.cats

Thesecondarylevelsounds.gibbon,an.bee.hav.system,whic.ar.almos.identicat

(meaningless)syllables.thos.o.al.othe.cats,gibbon,an.bees.

II©Th.stor.o..wol.child狼

Theprimarylevelmorphemes孩..pi.chil.show.tha..huma.bein.brough.u.i.isolati

(meaningful)wordso.simpl.doe.no.acquir.huma.language.

phrases1.2.3Functionsoflanguage:|P10-12

sentences(etc.)

1)referential[,refe*renf(s)l](toconveymessage

4)Displacement

andinformation)(所指功能，即传达信息)

2)poetic[pao*etik](toindulgeinlanguageforits

ownsake）（诗学功能，即享受语言自身的乐趣）

上.indicat.th.variou.grade,o.interpersona,relation

3)emotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsand

emotions)(情感功能，即表达态度，感觉和情感)

语言学

4)conative['kaunstiv](topersuadeandinfluenceWhatisLinguistics|Pl

©Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage

othersthroughcommandsandrequests)(意动功能，即

©Aimsoflinguistictheory:

通过指令和恳求说服和影响他人)

Whatisknowledgeoflanguage(Competence)

5)phatic['f®tik](toestablishcommunionwith

Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired(Acquisition)

others)(寒盾功能，即与他人建立交际)

Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse

5.metalingual[,meta*lingwa

(Performance/languageprocessing性能/语言处理)

1.(t.clea.u.intention,an.meanings).(元语言功能，弄

清意图、词语和意义.1.1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics|P2-3

注：1)Phonetics发音/语音学

emotiv.(expressive,function,release,feelings.Swea.Phonology音系/音的学

words骂人话.obscenities猥亵.exclamation惊叹Morphology形态学

词.involuntar.verbal言语.reactions.■Syntax句法

2.phati.function.Goo.morning.Ho.ar.youSemantics语义学

•Halliday哈利迪Pragmatics语用学

Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctions元功能思•Thescopeoflinguistics

想oflanguage.

©

Fo.example,th.way.i.whic.peopl.addres.other,an.ref

e.t.themselve..Dea.Sir.Dea.Professor.Johnny,yours,

you.obedien.servant敬

1.1.3Importantdistinctions迅©Nosentencefragments.

linguistics|P3-62)Synchroni.vs.diachroni.

Descriptiv.vs.prescriptiv.©.synchroni.descriptio.take..fixe,instan.(usually

Synchroni.vs.diachronic.bu.no.necessarily,th.present,a.it.poin.o.observat

Speec.vs.writin.ion.Mos.grammar,ar.o.thi.kind.

Langue&parole

CompetenceandperformanceDiachroni.linguistic,i.th.stud.o..languag.throug.t

1.Descriptiv.vs.prescriptiv.h.cours.o.it.history.

©Don".sa.X..Peopl.don*.sa.X.©Synchronicstudy共时性研究---descriptiono'a

Th.firs.i..prescriptiv.conunand.whi1.th.sccon.i..deslanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)

cripliv.statement.©Diachronicstudy历时性研究---descriptiono一’a

0Thedistinctionliesin在于prescribinghowthingslanguagethroughtime(historicaldeveloixnentof

oughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.languageoveraperiodoftime)

◎Descritptive.

th.linguist,trie.t.discove.an.recor.th.rule.t.whicdiachronic

.th.member,o..larg.conmunit.actual1.conform遵照(historical)

linguistics

an.doe.no.see.t.impos.upo.the.othe.rule.o.norm.o.c

orrectness.

synchronic

©Prescriptive,th.grammarians文法.trie.t.la.down制linguistics

定

rule.fo.th.correc.us.o.languag.an.se.th.dispute,ov

er就…进行辩论usag.one.an.fo.all彻底

©Speech------primarymediumoflanguage

地..righ..wrong.

©Writing------laterdeveloped

©Humorousgrammarrules:

4)Langue语.vs.parole言.(F.d.Saussure)

©Neverendasentencewithapreposition.

OLangue-----theabstract1inguisticsystemsharedby

©An.don*.star..sentenc.wit..conjunction.

al1membersofthespeechcommunity.

©11iswrongtoeversplit分离aninfinitive不定

©Parole-----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

式.

©Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandi.general1.tenoe.a..linguistics.

hisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.A.comparative比较.B.applied.

5)Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)C.synchronic........D.diachronic

©Competence-----theidealuser,sknowledgeofthe5.Whic.o.th.followin.word.i.entirel.arbitrary

rulesofhislanguageA.ban.RphotoC.typewriterD.

©Performance------theactualrealizationofthisrumble

knowledgein1inguiSticcommunication6.Moder,linguistic,giv.priorit.t.speec.becaus.__

©Chomskylooksat1anguagefromapsychologicalpoint

ofv:ewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindA.speec.sound,ar.derive,fro.writin.systems.

ofeachindividual.B.Th.spoke,for.i.mor.basi.tha.th.writtc.form.

6)TraditionalgrammarvsmodemlinguisticsC.Writin.precede,speec.i.Englis.language.

©Traditionalgrammar-----prescriptive,written,D.Al.th.language,toda.hawbot.spoke,an.writte.forms

Latin-basedframework

©Modernlinguistics-------descriptive,spoken,not7.Whic.o.th.followin.statement,i.no.th.concer.o.so

necessarilyLatin-basedframeworkciolinguists

•ExercisesforChapter1A.Th.languag..perso.use.reveal,hi.socia.background.

B.Ther.exis.socia.norm.tha.determin.th.typ.o.langua

1.Moder,linguistic,differ,fro.traditions,gramma,fo

g.t.b.use.o..ccrtai.occasion.

.i.i.mostl..

C.Ho.doe.th.hums.min.wor.whe.the.us.language.

A.prescriptiv.B.descriptiv.C.subjectiv.D.Latin-base

D.T.investigal.th.socia.aspect,o.1anguage.

d

8.Languag.i..i.tha.i.make,possibl.th.c

2..linguis.regard,th.change,i.languag.an.languag

onstructio.an.interpretatio.o.ne.signal,b.it.users

.us.a..

A.abnorma...B.somethin.t.b.feared.

A.systematic..........B.cultural1.transmitte.

..D.unnatural

3.0.th."words,liste.below.i.no.a.Englis.word.

C.intuitive凭直觉获知的.D.productive

A.[spin.B.[Ikbi].C.[strikt].D.

9..studie.th.interna,structur.o.word,an

[desk]

.th.rule.tha.gover.thei.formation.

4.Th.stud.o.languag.developmen.a.son.poin.i.tin.

A.Phonology.B.Semantics.C.Syntax.I).MorphologyC.space,i.alway.th.wa.i.whic.ever,nativ.spcakc.acqu

10.Fh.stud.o.languag.a..whol.i.ofte.calle.ire.hi.mothe.tongue

____.linguistics.D.Al.o.th.above

A.generalB.appliedB.generaliv16..historica.stud.o.languag.i.._.stud.o.languag

eD.particulare.

11.Th.fac.tha.differen.language,hav.differen.worA.synchroni.B.diachroni.C.prescriptiv.D.comparative

d.fo.th.sam.objec.i..goo.illustiatio.o.th.17.Saussui*.too..(n).vie.o.language,whil.C

_.natur.o.language.honsk.look.a.languag.fro...poin.o.view.

A.productivc.B.dua1.C.arbitrary.D.dA.sociological,psychologica.,sociological

isplacingC.applied,pragmati....D.semanti.an.linguistic

12.Whic.o.th.foliowin.i.no..majo.brane,o.linguist18.Accordin.t.F.d.Saussure._.refer,t.th.abstrac.

icslinguisti.syste.share,b.al.th.member,o..speec.cornn

A.phonetic.B.phonologyC.speec.unity.

D.syntaxA.parole.B.performance

13.Th.applicatio.o.linguisti.theorie.an.principle.C.langue.D.Language

t.languag.teachin.i..19.Th.detail,o.an.languag.syste.i.passe,o.fro.on.g

A.conputationa.linguistic.B.anthropologica.linguieneratio.t.th.nex.throug.___..rathe,tha.b.instinct

sties

C.malhcmatica.1inguistics.D.applie.linguisticsA.learnin.B.teachin.C.book.D.bot..an.B

14.Moder,linguistic,regard,th.writte.languag.a._[Chapter2----Phonetics发音/语音学

Objectives(教学目的):

A.primaryB.correc.C.secondaryD.stable

•Todrawyourattentiontotheareasofthephonetic

15.1,moder,linguistics,speec.i.regarde,a.mor.basi.

study.

tha.writing,becaus..

•ToassistyoutoknowmoreabouttheInternational

A.i.linguisti.evolution,speec.i.prio.t.writing

PhoneticAlphabet(IPA)国际音标.

B.speec.play..greate.rol.tha.writin.i.term.o.th.amo

•Tohelpfami1iarizeyouwiththefactorsinvolvedin

un.o.informatio.conveyed.

describingEnglishconsonantsandvowe1s.

Thephonicmediumoflangua&e2.

Discus,th.relationshi.betwee.articulator,phonetics

1.Wha.i.th.differenc.betwee..auditor,phonetic,an.acousti.phonetic,i.term.o.th.

proces.o.huma.linguisti.communication.

“thphoni.mediu.o.language,an."th.speec.soundsw

①

Theprocessofhumancommunication

Th.phoni.mediu.o.languag.refer,t.th.limite.rang.o.SpeakerSpeechHearer

sounds

sound,whic.ar.meaningfu.i.huma.communication.语言ProducerProductReceiver

Articulatory

AcousticAuditory

的声音媒介phoneticsphvn^(iut>pl

发育话皆学声学语学听箕:晤杏学

②Thespeechsoundsrefertotheindvidualsounds

withintherangeofthephonicmediumoflanguage.2.2.2OrgansofspeechP15-17

1.Wha.organ,ar.involve,i.producin.language

Thephonicmediumoflanguage=Faaily

Nasal

cavity

Thespeechsounds弋Familymembers

Lips

共鸣腔Teeth

2.Wh.i.speec.considere.mor.basi.tha.writin.Teethriege

c黑鲁口。°间cavityHardpalate

①Statistically,speechexistsineverylanguagewhileSoftpalate

SpeechUvula

nowrittenformexistsintwothirdsofthe5000organsTongue

Pharyngealcavity咽腔

languagesintheworld.Vocal

cords声带

Lungs

©Historically,speechcameintobeingmuchearlier

2.Ho.ar.speec.sound,produce.

thanwriting.

◎Humanvocaltract声道isjustlikea(extremely

③Functionally,writingisinventedtorecordspeech.

flexible)nimusicalinslrumeni!

④Individually,speechisacquiredbeforewriting.

©

PhoneticsP15

Th.huma.voca.trac.ceub.rapidl.reshape,i.man.differ

1.Wha.i.phonetics

en.way.t.tak.o.differen.resonatin.产生共鸣的

①

properties.

Phonetic,i.th.stud.o.speec.sounds.(Longma.Dictiona

©

r.o.Languag.Teachin.an.Applie.Linguistics)

Th.effec.o.thi.i.t.creat.th.variet.o.differen.soun

②

d.i.huma.speech.

Phonetic,i.th.stud.o.th.phoni.mediu.o.language,tha

3.Tans:

.is.al.th.sound,tha,occu.i.th.world,.languages.

1)Lips

2)Teeth写).I.i.widel.use.i.textbook,an.dictioneri

3)Teethridge(alveolar)齿龈es..Examples,/stop./top./plein/

4)Hardpalate硬腭2)Narro.transcriptio.i.regarde,a.phoneti.transcrip

5)Softpalate(velum)软腭tion【语音转

6)Uvula「ju:vjula]小舌写).I.i.use.t.distinguis.smal.differenc.i.speec.p

7)Tipoftongue舌尖reduction.

8)Diodeoftongue舌面Examples.[phat.vs.[spat.fo.*pot.vs."spot.