2023年高考化学真题卷全国卷附答题模板

2023年高考化学真题卷全国卷附答题模板

一、单项选择题(总共10题，每题2分)1.化学与生活密切相关。下列叙述正确的是A.漂白粉与盐酸可混合使用以提高消毒效果B.温室气体是形成酸雨的主要物质C.棉花、麻和蚕丝均为碳水化合物D.干冰可用作制冷剂2.下列反应的离子方程式正确的是A.向碳酸钠溶液中通入少量二氧化硫：$2CO_3^{2-}+SO_2+H_2O=2HCO_3^-+SO_3^{2-}$B.向碳酸氢铵溶液中加入足量氢氧化钠溶液：$NH_4^++OH^-=NH_3\cdotH_2O$C.向硫酸铝溶液中加入过量氨水：$Al^{3+}+4NH_3\cdotH_2O=AlO_2^-+4NH_4^++2H_2O$D.用醋酸除去水垢：$2H^++CaCO_3=Ca^{2+}+CO_2↑+H_2O$3.设$N_A$为阿伏加德罗常数的值。下列说法正确的是A.标准状况下，$22.4L$己烷含有的分子数为$N_A$B.$1mol$重水比$1mol$水多$N_A$个质子C.$12g$石墨烯和$12g$金刚石均含有$N_A$个碳原子D.$1L1mol\cdotL^{-1}NaCl$溶液含有$28N_A$个电子4.下列实验操作正确且能达到实验目的的是A.用装置甲量取一定体积的$KMnO_4$溶液B.用装置乙制备并收集少量$NO_2$气体C.用装置丙除去$CO_2$中混有的少量$HCl$D.用装置丁蒸干$AlCl_3$溶液制无水$AlCl_3$5.一种矿物由短周期元素W、X、Y、Z组成，其结构如图所示。X、Y、Z位于同一周期，Z的最外层电子数是X核外电子数的一半，W、X的质子数之和等于Z的质子数。下列说法正确的是A.原子半径：$r(W)>r(X)>r(Y)>r(Z)$B.简单氢化物的热稳定性：$X>Y$C.最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性：$Y>Z$D.该矿物的化学式为$W_2X_2Y_2Z_3$6.我国科学家研发的全球首套千吨级太阳能燃料合成项目被形象地称为“液态阳光”计划。该项目通过太阳能发电电解水制氢，再采用高选择性催化剂将二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇。下列说法错误的是A.太阳能燃料合成项目有利于可持续发展B.该项目中太阳能最终转化为化学能C.电解水制氢时，阳极反应为$2H_2O-4e^-=O_2↑+4H^+$D.甲醇的燃烧热为$\DeltaH$，则甲醇燃烧的热化学方程式为$2CH_3OH(l)+3O_2(g)=2CO_2(g)+4H_2O(l)\\\DeltaH=-2\DeltaH$7.常温下，下列各组离子在指定溶液中能大量共存的是A.无色透明的溶液中：$Fe^{3+}$、$Mg^{2+}$、$SCN^-$、$Cl^-$B.$\frac{c(H^+)}{c(OH^-)}=1×10^{-12}$的溶液中：$K^+$、$Na^+$、$CO_3^{2-}$、$NO_3^-$C.$0.1mol\cdotL^{-1}Na_2CO_3$溶液中：$NH_4^+$、$K^+$、$SO_4^{2-}$、$Cl^-$D.水电离产生的$c(H^+)=1×10^{-12}mol\cdotL^{-1}$的溶液中：$Na^+$、$Fe^{2+}$、$SO_4^{2-}$、$NO_3^-$8.由实验操作和现象，可得出相应正确结论的是|实验操作|现象|结论||----|----|----||向$NaBr$溶液中滴加过量氯水，再加入淀粉$KI$溶液|先变橙色，后变蓝色|氧化性：$Cl_2>Br_2>I_2$||向蔗糖溶液中滴加稀硫酸，水浴加热，加入新制$Cu(OH)_2$悬浊液|无砖红色沉淀产生|蔗糖未发生水解||石蜡油加强热，将产生的气体通入溴的四氯化碳溶液|溶液褪色|石蜡油分解产生的气体中含有不饱和烃||加热盛有少量$NH_4HCO_3$固体的试管，并在试管口放置湿润的红色石蕊试纸|石蕊试纸变蓝|$NH_4HCO_3$显碱性|9.一种水性电解液锌离子电池总反应为$Zn+2MnO_2+4H_2O\underset{充电}{\overset{放电}{\rightleftharpoons}}Zn(OH)_2+2MnOOH\cdotH_2O$。下列说法错误的是A.放电时，负极反应为$Zn-2e^-+4OH^-=Zn(OH)_2$B.充电时，阳极反应为$2MnOOH\cdotH_2O-2e^-+2OH^-=2MnO_2+3H_2O$C.放电时，$OH^-$由正极向负极迁移D.充电时，$Zn$电极接外电源负极10.已知相同温度下，$K_{sp}(BaSO_4)<K_{sp}(BaCO_3)$。某温度下，饱和溶液中$c(SO_4^{2-})$、$c(CO_3^{2-})$与$c(Ba^{2+})$的关系如图所示。下列说法正确的是A.曲线①代表$BaCO_3$的沉淀溶解曲线B.该温度下，$BaCO_3$的$K_{sp}=1.0×10^{-10}$C.加适量$BaCl_2$固体可使溶液由a点变到b点D.$c$点时两溶液中$SO_4^{2-}$、$CO_3^{2-}$浓度之比为$10^4:1$二、填空题(总共10题，每题2分)1.写出铜与浓硫酸反应的化学方程式____________________。2.元素周期表中，元素的金属性和非金属性及其化合物的性质递变规律是重要考点。第三周期中，金属性最强的元素是______（填元素符号）。3.工业上用氯气和石灰乳制取漂白粉的化学方程式为____________________。4.某微粒的结构示意图为$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{l}\begin{