新时代基础英语 3

Gender

Warm-upPartAReadingStrategiesPartBContentsFeministmovementsinhistory:seekingpoliticalrights,equalityineducationandemployment,protectionagainstdiscrimination,andharassmentintheworkplace…Thecultivationofgenderroles:Whatkindofbooks/toyswouldyourecommendtochildrentoday,gender-neutralorgender-specific?

12Warm-upDoyouthinkthereisstillinequalitybetweenmenandwomeninoursociety?Doyouthinkthepromotionoffeministideaswouldresultinagenderdivide?Warm-up43

PartA

PartA(para.1)WhatistheusualwayoftalkingaboutwomeninWollstonecraft’stime?Flatteringtheirfascinatinggraces;Treatingthemasiftheyweredependentchildren;Complimentingtheirdelicatesensibilityandrefinedtaste.InwhatwaydoesWollstonecraftwanttotreatwomen?Treatingthemlikerationalcreatures;Encouragingthemtoacquirephysicalandintellectualstrength;

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PartAWhydoesWollstonecraftchooseto“treatthemlikerationalcreatures”ratherthanflattertheirfascinatinggraces?(para.2)Thefirstobjectoflaudableambitionistoobtainacharacterasahumanbeing,regardlessofthedistinctionofsex.WhydoesWollstonecraftdisdaintocullherphrasesorpolishherstylewhentalkingaboutthesubjectofwomen?(para.3)aimsatbeinguseful;wishestopersuadebytheforceofherarguments(insteadofflowerydiction)43

PartAWollstonecraft’sstylisticchoice(usingforcefulargumentinsteadofafloweryprosestyle)isconsistentwithhervindicationofwomen’srights:Lookingdownonfalsesensibilityand“sicklydelicacy”(associatedwithfalsestandardsoffemininity);Upholding“rationality,”“truedignity,”and“noblepassions”;Celebrating“simpleunadornedtruth.”

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PartAWollstonecraft’sdisdaintocullherphrasesorpolishherstyleisalsoaprotestagainstgenderstereotypes:Reason,facts,forcefularguments—malequalities;Feelings,emotions,imagination,polishedstyle,elegantlanguage,andexquisitesensibility—femalequalities6

PartA(para.5)Theeducationofwomen:Asmatteringofaccomplishments;Itspurposeisnotwomen’sself-improvement,butconformingtomen’s“notionsofbeauty”andhelpingwomenestablishthemselvesbymarriage;Inadequate,unabletohelpwomenacquire“strengthofbodyandmind.”7

PartA(para.5)“Whentheymarry,theyactassuchchildrenmaybeexpectedtoact.”Whatdoesthismean?Women“educated”insuchawaymayneverdevelopintoamature,rationalpersons.Theirstatusinafamilywouldbesimilartothatofchildren:preoccupiedwiththeirfrivolousinterests,limitedinunderstanding,andcompletelydependentonthemeninthefamily(para.1,“asiftheywereinastateofperpetualchildhood”)

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PartAWollstonecraftmentionsthat,inthe18thcentury,marriagewas“theonlywaywomencanriseintheworld.”Inthe1950sand60sAmerica,findingaproperhusbandstillseemedtobetheprimaryconcernforwomen.ReadtheextractofTheFeminineMystiqueandfindexpressionsrelatedtothis.9

PartA“Expertstoldthemhowtocatchamanandkeephim”;“devotetheirlivesfromearliestgirlhoodtofindingahusbandandbearingchildren”;“girlswenttocollegetogetahusband”;“Girlsstartedgoingsteadyattwelveandthirteen”;“jointheman-trap”…10

PartATheFeminineMystique(lookupthemeaningof“mystique”)(para.1and2)Whatistheimplicationofthe“silentquestion”(“Isthisall?”)?Women’squestforsignificanceandfulfillmentbeyondtheprescribedrolesofwivesandmothers.11

PartA(para.2)“Theylearnedthattrulyfemininewomendonotwant…theindependenceandtheopportunitiesthattheold-fashionedfeministsfoughtfor”.Friedanpointsoutthedishearteningfactthat,despitetheprogressofsocietyingeneral,women’ssocialstatusunderwentaregression.Theyweretoldtogiveupthoserightsthat“old-fashionedfeminists”hadoncefoughtsohardfor.12ReadingStrategiesOneofthemainobstaclesinreadingistheexistenceofunfamiliarwordsanddifficultexpressions.Thoughconsultingdictionariesorreferencesmaybeaneasywayout,overrelianceonthemwouldsignificantlyslowdownthereadingspeed.Mostofthetime,weusecontextcluestodecipherthemeaningofnewwordsandexpressions.UseContextCluesAword’scontextualmeaningmaydifferfromitsdictionarymeaning.Forinstance,“Iwishtoshowthateleganceisinferiortovirtue…”Dictionaryelegance:noun.refinedgrace,tastefuldesign,orornamentation,restrainedbeautyofstyle,neatness,scientificprecision…ContextWeknowthatWollstonecraftdisapprovesof“weakelegancyofmind,exquisitesensibility,andsweetdocilityofmanners”,sowemayinferthenegativeconnotationof“elegance”here.ReadingStrategiesUsecontextcluestoguessthemeaningof“paean”inthelastsentenceofFriedan’sessay.SorejoicedLifemagazineina1956paeantothemovementofAmericanwomenbacktothehome.ReadingStrategies

PartB

PartBWhatdoyouknowaboutVirginiaWoolf

andARoomofOne’sOwn?Doyouthinkhavingaroomofherownisimportantforawoman?Whatotherthingsareimportantaswell?12

PartB(para.1)Whatdoes“I”wanttofindinTrevelyan’shistory?

Accountsofwomen’ssocialpositioninEnglishhistoryWhatdoesTrevelyan’shistorytellusaboutwomen’sposition?34

PartB(para.2-4)Whatdoes“averyqueer,compositebeing”referto?Whyisitqueerandhowisitcomposite?Womenaresignificantandvariousinfictionalworks,butinsignificantinpracticalexistence.Women’simportanceinliteraturewrittenbymen:“womenhaveburntlikebeaconsinalltheworksofallthepoets”;“shepervadespoetryfromcovertocover”…Women’sabsenceinhistoricalandsocialaccounts:“sheisallbutabsentfromhistory”;“thescarcityoffacts”;“Historyscarcelymentionsher”;“nothingisknownaboutwomen…”5

PartB(para.5)WhywouldWoolfsay“itwouldhavebeenimpossible…foranywomantohavewrittentheplaysofShakespeareintheageofShakespeare”?WoolfcreatesJudith,animaginarysisterofShakespeare.AccordingtoWoolf,whatwouldbecomeofher?Retellherstoryinyourownwords.67

PartBThedifficultiesoffemaleauthorshipinhistory:whyisitsodifficultforwomentomakethemselvesheard?Womeninmoderntimesaremorevocalabouttheirneedsanddesires.Canyouthinkofsomeexamplesofwomentellingtheirownstories?89Education

Warm-upPartAReadingStrategiesPartBContentsWhatdoyouexpectfromauniversityeducation?Theuniversityshouldprovidestudentswith:generalknowledge,professionalskills,problem-solvingskills…Whatfactorshelpedyoudecidewhichuniversitytoattend?12Warm-upSteveJobs,CommencementaddressatStanford,2005And17yearslaterIdidgotocollege.ButInaivelychoseacollegethatwasalmostasexpensiveasStanford,andallofmyworking-classparents'savingswerebeingspentonmycollegetuition.Aftersixmonths,Icouldn'tseethevalueinit.IhadnoideawhatIwantedtodowithmylifeandnoideahowcollegewasgoingtohelpmefigureitout.AndhereIwasspendingallofthemoneymyparentshadsavedtheirentirelife.SoIdecidedtodropoutandtrustthatitwouldallworkoutOK.Itwasprettyscaryatthetime,butlookingbackitwasoneofthebestdecisionsIevermade.TheminuteIdroppedoutIcouldstoptakingtherequiredclassesthatdidn'tinterestme,andbegindroppinginontheonesthatlookedinteresting.Warm-upAndmuchofwhatIstumbledintobyfollowingmycuriosityandintuitionturnedouttobepricelesslateron.Letmegiveyouoneexample:ReedCollegeatthattimeofferedperhapsthebestcalligraphyinstructioninthecountry.Throughoutthecampuseveryposter,everylabeloneverydrawer,wasbeautifullyhandcalligraphed.BecauseIhaddroppedoutanddidn'thavetotakethenormalclasses,Idecidedtotakeacalligraphyclasstolearnhowtodothis.Ilearnedaboutserifandsanseriftypefaces,aboutvaryingtheamountofspacebetweendifferentlettercombinations,aboutwhatmakesgreattypographygreat.Itwasbeautiful,historical,artisticallysubtleinawaythatsciencecan'tcapture,andIfounditfascinating.Warm-upNoneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife.Buttenyearslater,whenweweredesigningthefirstMacintoshcomputer,itallcamebacktome.AndwedesigneditallintotheMac.Itwasthefirstcomputerwithbeautifultypography.IfIhadneverdroppedinonthatsinglecourseincollege,theMacwouldhaveneverhadmultipletypefacesorproportionallyspacedfonts...OfcourseitwasimpossibletoconnectthedotslookingforwardwhenIwasincollege.Butitwasvery,veryclearlookingbackwardstenyearslater.Warm-upWhatdoesJobswanttotellyoungpeoplethroughthisstory?Howdoyouunderstandthephrase“connectthedots”?12Warm-up

PartA

PartA(para.1)Knowledge——(actedon,informedby,impregnatedbyReason)→philosophy,scienceWhatdoesNewmanmeanby“intrinsicfecundity,”and“dispenseswiththenecessityoftheirlookingabroadforanyendtorestuponexternaltoitself”?Newmanisstressingthatknowledge,wheninformedbyreason,isanendinitself,andagoodinitself.(Itdoesn’tneedanyexternalpurposetojustifyitself.)

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PartANewmanpostulatestwodifferentpathsbywhichknowledgedevelops:“itmayresolveitselfintoanart,andterminateinamechanicalprocess,andintangiblefruit;butitalsomayfallbackuponthatReasonwhichinformsit,andresolveitselfintoPhilosophy.”CorrespondingtothesetwotypesofKnowledgearetwokindsofeducation.Whatarethey?Mechanical/practicaleducationPhilosophical/intellectualeducation

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PartANewmanemphasizestheintellectualprocessoflearning,notjustthe“passivesensation,orperceptionofthings”.Whatisan“intellectual”process?“takesaviewofthings”;“seesmorethanthesensesconvey”;“reasonsuponwhatitsees”;“investsitwithanidea”.

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PartA(para.2,thefirstsentence)Newmanbelievesthattheadvantageof“philosophical”knowledge(incontrasttomechanicalknowledge)isnot“extrinsic”or“accidental”.Howdoyouunderstandthesetwowords?Theexplanationliesinthe“which”clausesinthislongsentence:“whichisoursto-dayandanother’sto-morrow,whichmaybegotupfromabook…”NOT“extrinsic”or“accidental”=“anacquiredillumination”,“ahabit”,“apersonalpossession”,“aninwardendowment”5

PartANewmanpresentsaratheridealunderstandingofeducation——cultivationofthemind,communicationofknowledgethatisdesirableinitselfandthatis“asufficientremunerationofyearsoflabour”.Howcloseisittoyourunderstandingofknowledge?Lookingbackonyourexperienceasastudent,doyouconsiderknowledgeitselfasufficientrewardforyourhardwork?Ifnot,whatotherrewardsdoyouneed?67

PartA(para.3)Newmanquotesacommonlyheldopinion:“Wheretherehasbeenagreatoutlay,theyhavearighttoexpectareturninkind”.learningasarewardinitselfversuseducationasaninvestmentDoyouandyourparentsseeeducationasaninvestmentandexpectareasonablereturn?8

PartA(para.3)Inthisparagraph,Newmanintroducesamorepragmatictheoryofeducationthatheobviouslydisagreeswith.Whatisthegistofthistheory?9ReadingStrategiesWhenexplaininganabstractconceptoracomplicatedidea,anauthormayuseavarietyofexpressionstomakethesamepoint.Often,alaterexpressioncanbeunderstoodwiththehelpofanearlierone.Ifareadercanidentifyandgrouptogetherthesediverseexpressionscarryingsimilarideas,itmaygreatlyfacilitatethereadingprocess.GroupingandClassificationThismethodisevenmoreusefulwhentheauthorisconductingacontrastandcomparisonbetweentwosetsofideas,persons,orthings.Havinggraspedtheoverallideaofthecontrast(AasopposedtoB),wemaygroupvariousexpressionsundertwoheadings,andusethisoverallclassificationtohelpusinferthemeaningofcomplicatedordifficultexpressions.ReadingStrategiesInpara.3ofNewman’sessay,hementionsthat“utility”becomesthekeywordforthosepeoplewhodemandpracticalresultsfromeducation.Grouptheexpressionswithsimilarmeanings:Shouldbeconfinedtosomeparticular…end;Issueinsomedefinitework;Whatthereistoshowfortheexpense…;Whatistherealworth…ReadingStrategies“GrantandLee”isanessayaboutthetwogeneralsintheAmericanCivilWar.Readtheessayandclassifythequalities(somecontrastingandsomeincommon)ofthesetwohistoricalfigures.ReadingStrategies

PartB

PartBBookerT.Washington’srisefromslaveryledhimtoestablishtheTuskegeeInstitute,avocationalschoolforblackAmericans.Hislifestory:Forcedlaborinearlychildhood;HardtoilinsaltminesandnoeducationafterEmancipation;AttendanceattheHamptonInstitute;FoundingoftheTuskegeeInstitute…12

PartB(para.2)Wasiteasytofindateacherforthecolouredschool?Whathappened?Whatisthe“teacher’sday”mentionedattheendofthisparagraph?34

PartB(para.3)WhatdoesWashingtonmeanby“awholeracetryingtogotoschool”?Peoplefromallagegroupswereeagertolearn.Allschools(dayschool,nightschool,Sundayschool)werefilled.ItreflectsAfricanAmericans’intensedesireforaneducation;theirpassionforlearning;theirlongingforabetterlife…5

PartB(para.4)Whatisthenarrator’sbig“disappointment”?Whatcanweinferabouthischaracterfromhi