2025-2026学年上海曹杨第二中学第二学期高二年级3月英语摸底评价试卷

2025-2026学年上海曹杨第二中学第二学期高二年级3月英语摸底评价试卷第Ⅰ卷(共100分)I.ListeningComprehension(25%)SectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Researchcolleagues.B.Doctorandpatient.C.Teacherandgraduatestudent.D.Supervisorandresearchassistant.2.A.Ataphonerepairshop.B.Atasoftwarecompany.C.Atastore’sservicecounter.D.Atatechsupporthotline.3.A.OnJuly10th.B.OnAugust4th.C.BythisFriday.D.Bytomorrow.4.A.Goonthecyclingtour.B.Edithiscontestvideo.C.Attendafilmfestival.D.Restathome.5.A.Shethinksit’sperfect.B.Shehasmixedopinions.C.Shefindsitboring.D.Sheisdisappointed.6A.Ithaslowerrent.B.It’snearhishome.C.Itoffersnetworkingopportunities.D.Ithasbetterfacilities.7.A.Shemuststudyhard.B.Shedislikessci-fimovies.C.Sheneedstoreturnsomebooks.D.Sheplanstobuynewtextbooks.8.A.Buybooksforadrive.B.Donatehisusedbooks.C.Visitthecenterwithher.D.Organizehisownevent.9.A.Legaladvising.B.Corporatetraining.C.Communityservice.D.Environmentalresearch.10.A.Ithascozycorners.B.Itpassedallchecks.C.It’srecentlyrenovated.D.Itfellshortofstandards.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Notexperiencingfailure.B.Havingstrongtechnicalskills.C.Payingattentiontoopportunities.D.Beingbornintobetterconditions.12.A.Survivingaccidentsisveryrare.B.Accidentsareimpossibletoavoid.C.Painfulexperiencesshouldbeforgotten.D.Peoplereactdifferentlytothesameevent.13.A.Mostscientistsbelievechanceplaysnoroleinlife.B.Scientistsagreethatalleventsaredecidedinadvance.CScientistshavecompletelyexplainedhowchanceworks.D.Scientistsholddifferentopinionsaboutwhetherchanceexists.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Byreflectingsunlight.B.Bydirectingrainwateraway.C.Byusingchemicalcoatings.D.Byabsorbinglargeamountsofwater.15.A.Theywereeasiertodecorate.B.Theywerelighterthanstraw.C.Theywerecheapertotransport.D.Theywerestrongandwaterproof.16.A.Thedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanarchitecture.B.Thehistoricalreasonswhythatchedroofsdisappeared.C.Atraditionalroofingmethodandhowitismadeandvalued.D.Theprocessandmaterialsusedinmodernroofconstruction.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Howaudiobooksareproduced.B.Whypeoplepreferaudiobookswhilecommuting.C.Whetheraudiobooksshouldreplaceprintedbooks.D.Whetherlisteningtoaudiobookscanbeconsideredreading.18.A.Theyimprovespellingandvisualmemory.B.Theyaremainlyusedforacademiclearning.C.Theyallowlistenerstoenjoystoriesandideas.D.Theyrequiremoreattentionthanprintedbooks.19.A.Theyareoftentooexpensive.BListenersmaymissdetailsmoreeasily.C.Theydependtoomuchontechnology.D.Theyarelesspopularthanprintedbooks.20.A.Listeningshouldnotbecalledreading.B.Audiobooksarebetterthanprintedbooks.C.Printedbooksshouldbeusedinschoolsonly.D.Thevalueofaudiobooksdependsonthepurpose.SectionC(10%)Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.drownedB.carefullyC.tissueD.capturedE.releaseF.steadilyG.presentH.blockI.extremelyJ.courseK.slightlyTheVillainintheAtmosphereThevillainintheatmosphereiscarbondioxide.Itdoesnotseemtobeavillain.Itisnotverypoisonousanditis____21____intheatmosphereinsosmallaquantity—only0.034percent—thatitdoesusnoharm.What’smore,thatsmallquantityofcarbondioxideintheairisessentialtolife.Plantsabsorbcarbondioxideandconvertitintotheirown____22____,whichservesasthebasicfoodsupplyforallofanimallife(includinghumanbeings,ofcourse).Intheprocessthey____23____oxygen,whichisalsonecessaryforallanimallife.Buthereiswhatthisapparentlyharmlessandcertainlyessentialgasisdoingtous:Thesealevelisrisingveryslowlyfromyeartoyear.Inalllikelihood,itwillcontinuetoriseanddosoatagreaterrateinthe____24____ofthenexthundredyears.Eventuallytheseawillreachtwohundredfeetaboveitspresentlevel,andwillbesplashingagainstthewindowsalongthetwentiethfloorsofManhattan’sskyscrapers.NaturallytheManhattanstreetswillbedeepunderwater.Florida,too,willbegone,aswillmuchoftheBritishIsles,thecrowdedNilevalley,andthelow-lyingareasofChina,India,andRussia.Manycitieswillbe____25____,andmuchofthemostproductivefarminglandoftheworldwillbelost.Asthefoodsupplydrops,starvationwillbewidespread.Andallbecauseofcarbondioxide.Buthowdoesthatcomeabout?Whatistheconnection?Itbeginswithsunlight.Sunlighttravelsthroughmilesofatmospheretoreachtheearth’ssurface,whereitis____26____.Inthisway,theearthiswarmed.Atnight,theearthcoolsbyradiatingheatintospaceintheformofinfraredradiation.Astheearthgainsheatbydayandlosesitatnight,itmaintainsabalance.However,carbondioxidetendsto____27____suchradiation.Thisiscalledthe“greenhouseeffect”ofcarbondioxide.Wecanbethankfulthatcarbondioxideiskeepinguscomfortablywarm,buttheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisgoingup____28____andthatiswherethevillainycomesin.In1958,whenthecarbondioxideoftheatmospherefirstbegantobemeasured____29____,itmadeuponly0.0316percentoftheatmosphere.Eachyearsince,theconcentrationhasmovedupwardsanditnowstandsat0.0340percent.Itisestimatedthatby2020theconcentrationwillbeabout0.0660percent.Thismeansthatinthecomingdecades,theearth’saveragetemperaturewillgoup_____30_____.Winterswillgrowabitmilderontheaverageandsummersabithotter.Littlebylittle,theglacierswillretreat,andthepolaricecapswillbegintomelt.Itisthemeltingoftheicecapsthatistheworstchangeanditisthisthatdemonstratesthevillainyofcarbondioxide.Somethinglike90percentoftheiceintheworldistobefoundinthehugeAntarcticaicecap,andanother8percentisintheGreenlandicecap.Iftheseicecapsbegintomelt,thesealevelwillrise,withtheresultthatIhavealreadydescribed.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionA(15%)Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.YuBoyaandZhongZiqiTheChinesecallaclose,sympatheticfriendZHIYIN(knowingthesound)or“onewhotruly____31____thetuneplayedbyanother.”Thisisanallusion(典故)toalegendabouttwofriendsnamedYuBoyaandZhongZiqi.YuBoya____32____thefamedmusicianwholivedintheStateofChuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BCE).Hedemonstratedagreat____33____talentatanearlyageandlaterbecameastudentofagreatmasterzhengplayernamedChengLian.ZhengisatraditionalChinesestringedinstrumentofthezither(一种扁形弦乐器)family.EventhoughheexcelledatallthetechniquesMasterChengcouldteachhimYuBoyawasstill____34____,becausehefeltunabletoexpresshisfeelingswhenheplayed.Seeingthis,ChengLianofferedtotakehimtohisownmaster,wholivedonanislandintheEastChinaSea.Oncethere,ChengLianaskedYuBoyatowaitforhismaster;hepromisedtopickupYuBoyawhenhewasdone.Dayspassed;____35____,neitherChengLiannorhismasterappeared.NowYuBoya’sonly____36____werethebirdssingingintheforest.Theirsongs,againstthebackdropofthepoundingwaves,soundedas____37____ashefelt.Thisstruckachordinhisheart;withasigh,YuBoyabegantopluckhiszheng,anditproducedthesoul-stirringmusichehadbeenseekingallalong.Infact,thiswasjustwhatMasterChengLianhadplanned.Later,peopleobservedthatYuBoyaplayedsowellthatevenhorseseatingattheirtroughs(饲料槽)would____38____theirheadsandlisten.Nevertheless,hestillwasnotsatisfiedbecausehefeltthatnoonereallyunderstoodthebeautifulmusichecouldplay.Oneday,YuBoyawastravellingonariverboatwhenitbeganraining.Hehadtoseek____39____atthefootofamountain.Watchingthedownpourasitbeatontheheavingwatersoftheriver,YuBoyafelttheurgetoplayatune____40____.Hewasabsorbedintheemotionsthathismelodiousmusichadcreatedwhenastringonhiszhengsuddenlybroke.YuBoyaliftedhisheadandcaughtsightofawoodchoppersittingonthebank.Theman,ZhongZiqibyname,hadbeenlisteningtoYu’smusicso____41____thathewasevenunawareoftherain.Deeplytouched,YuBoyainvitedZhongZiqitohisboatsohecouldsharehismusicwithhim.AssoonasYuBoyafinishedatunehehadnamedinhisownmind“HighMountains,”ZhongZiqitoldhim,unawareofYuBoya’sunstatedtitleforthesong,thatthemelodypaintedapictureofunbroken____42____inhismind.Then,afterYuBoyaperformedanothertuneheintendedtocall“FlowingWaters,”ZhongZiqicommentedthatitseemedasifhehadheardthetorrent(急流)oftheYangziRiverwhilelisteningtothesong.Seeinghiszhiyininfrontofhim,YuBoya’sjoywasboundless.____43____,theybecamefriends.Beforeparting,theyagreedtomeetagaininthenearfuture.Afewyearslater,YuBoyadecidedtopayZhongZiqiavisit.Unfortunately,whenhearrivedathishome,helearnedthatZhongZiqihadalreadypassedaway.YuBoyawasfilledwith____44____,feelingthatnooneinthisworldwouldeverappreciatehismusiclikeZhongZiqi.Rushingtohisfriend’stomb,YuBoyakneltdownandstartedplayinghiszheng.Then,risingslowly,he____45____ittotheground.Afterthatday,notasingletuneevercameoutofYuBoya’sskillfulhandsagain.Thisancienttaleraisesprofoundquestionsforourmodernage.Intoday’sworldofsocialmediaandinstantcommunication,wherewecanconnectwithmillionsatthetouchofascreen,doestheconceptofzhiyinstillexist?Hastechnologyfundamentallychangedthenatureofhumanunderstandingandconnection?Perhapstherealquestioniswhetherwearewillingtocultivatethepatience,empathy,anddepthofengagementnecessarytobecomesomeone’szhiyin,ortorecognizeourownwhenweencounterthem.31.A.listens B.calls C.enjoys D.appreciates32.A.objectsto B.refersto C.appliesto D.pointsto33.A.political B.artistic C.musical D.athletic34.A.unsettled B.unsatisfied C.unconcerned D.unexpected35.A.therefore B.however C.moreover D.instead36.A.observers B.companions C.associates D.witnesses37.A.gloomy B.cheerful C.superb D.victorious38.A.lower B.raise C.turn D.nod39.A.refuge B.shelter C.cover D.comfort40.A.incomparison B.incontrast C.inresponse D.insequence41.A.half-heartedly B.absent-mindedly C.attentively D.passively42.A.moonlitvalleys B.sanddunes C.toweringcliffs D.mountainranges43.A.Constantly B.Hopefully C.Apparently D.Instantly44.A.sorrow B.disappointment C.envy D.guilt45.A.put B.smashed C.pulled D.leftSectionB(30%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthem,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Mr.Bingleyhadsoonmadehimselfacquaintedwithalltheprincipalpeopleintheroom;hewaslivelyandunreserved,dancedeverydance,andtalkedofgivingonehimselfatNetherfield.Suchfriendlyqualitiesmustspeakforthemselves.Whatacontrastbetweenhimandhisfriend!Mr.DarcydancedonlyoncewithMrs.HurstandoncewithMissBingley,declinedbeingintroducedtoanyotherlady,andspenttherestoftheeveninginwalkingabouttheroom,speakingoccasionallytooneofhisownparty.Hischaracterwasdecided.AmongthemostviolentagainsthimwasMrs.Bennet,whosedislikeofhisgeneralbehaviorwassharpenedintoparticularangerbyhishavingslightedoneofherdaughters.ElizabethBennethadbeenobliged,bythescarcityofgentlemen,tositdownfortwodances;andduringpartofthattimeMr.DarcyhadstoodnearenoughforhertooverhearaconversationbetweenhimandMr.Bingley,whocamefromthedanceforafewminutestopresshisfriendtojoinit.“Come,Darcy,”saidhe,“Imusthaveyoudance.Ihatetoseeyoustandingaboutbyyourselfinthisstupidmanner.Youhadmuchbetterdance.”“Icertainlyshallnot.YouknowhowIhateit,unlessIamparticularlyfamiliarwithmypartner.Atsuchanassemblyasthisitwouldbeinsupportable.Yoursistersareengaged,andthereisnotanotherwomanintheroomwhomitwouldnotbeapunishmentformetostandupwith.”“Uponmyhonor,InevermetwithsomanypleasantgirlsinmylifeasIhavethisevening;andthereareseveralofthemuncommonlypretty.”“Youaredancingwiththeonlyhandsomegirlintheroom,”saidMr.Darcy,lookingattheeldestMissBennet.“Oh!SheisthemostbeautifulcreatureIeverbeheld!Butthereisoneofhersisterssittingdownjustbehindyou,whoisverypretty,andIdaresayveryagreeable.Doletmeaskmypartnertointroduceyou.”“Whichdoyoumean?”Andturninground,helookedforamomentatElizabeth,tillcatchinghereye,hewithdrewhisownandcoldlysaid,“Sheistolerable,butnothandsomeenoughtotemptme.”46.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Acomparisonbetweentwogentlemen’ssocialbehaviorataball.B.Mr.Darcy’sgradualacceptanceofthelocalcommunity.C.ThereasonsbehindMr.Bingley’spopularityatNetherfield.D.Mrs.Bennet’seffortstointroduceherdaughterstoeligiblemen.47.WhydoesMr.Darcyrefusetodanceattheassembly?A.Heconsidersitbeneathhimtodancewithunfamiliarpartners.B.Hehasalreadyfulfilledhissocialobligationsfortheevening.C.Hefindstheassemblytoocrowdedtoenjoydancing.D.Heiswaitingforamoresuitablepartnertoarrive.48.Basedontheentirepassage,whyisMrs.BennetsooffendedbyMr.Darcy?A.Hepubliclyrefusestobeintroducedtoheroranyotherlady.B.Hemakesadismissivecommentonherdaughter’sappearance.C.HerefusestodancewithanygirldespiteMrBingley’spersuasion.D.Heignoresherrepeatedattemptstoengageherinconversations.49.WhatcanbeinferredaboutMr.Darcy’scharacterfromthepassage?A.Hevaluessocialstatusbutiswillingtocompromiseforclosefriends.B.Heisshyinsocialsituationsbutpolitewhendirectlyaddressed.C.Heisproudandisselectiveabouthiscompanions.D.Hejudgespeople’sworthprimarilybytheirphysicalappearance.(B)TheRoleofTechnologyintheEvolutionofCommunicationForaslongashumanshavebeenonthisplanet,wehaveinventedvariousformsofcommunication—fromsmokesignalsandmessengerpigeonstotelephonesandemail—theseformshaveconstantlychangedthewayweinteractwitheachother.◎TheTelephoneIn1849,thetelephonewasinventedandwithin50yearsitwasanessentialitemforhomesandoffices,butwiredconnectionsaffectedtheflexibilityandprivacyofthedevice.Then,camethemobilephone.In1973,Motorolacreatedamobilephonewhichkick-startedachainofdevelopmentsthattransformedthecommunicationlandscapeforever.Earlysmartphoneswereprimarilyaimedattheenterprisemarket,bridgingthegapbetweentelephonesandPersonalDigitalAssistants(PDAs),buttheywerebulkyandhadshortbatterylife.By1996,NokialaunchedphoneswithQWERTYkeyboards.By2010,themajorityofAndroidphonesweretouchscreen-only.In2007,SteveJobsintroducedthefirstiPhonetotheworld,andApplepavedthewayfortheaestheticdesignofmodernsmartphones.BeforetheiPhoneemerged,“flipphones”andphoneswithsplitkeyboardsandscreenswerethenorm.Ayearlater,acentralapplicationstorewithaninitial500downloadable“apps”waslaunched.Currently,thereareover2millionappsavailableintheAppleAppStore.◎TheInternetSincethemid-1990s,theInternethashadarevolutionaryimpactoncommunication,includingtheriseofnear-instantcommunicationbye-mail,instantmessaging,two-wayinteractivevideocalls,discussionforums,blogs,andsocialnetworking.TheInternethasmadecommunicationeasierandfaster,allowingustostayintouchwithothersregardlessoftimeandlocation.Ithasacceleratedthepaceofbusinessandexpandedpossibilitieswithintheenterprisespace.Ithasallowedpeopletofindtheirvoicesandself-expressionthroughsocialmedia.TheInternethasconnectedanddivideduslikenothingbefore.◎E-mailAsabyproductoftheWorldWideWeb,e-mailwasintroducedtotheworldin1991,thoughithadbeeninuseformanyyearsbeforethat.Ithasdramaticallychangedourlives,forbetterorworsedependingonpersonalperspective.Thefirstusersofsuchmessagingplatformsweretheeducationsystemandthemilitary,whousede-mailtoexchangeinformation.In2018,globalemailusersexceeded3.8billion,anumberthatexceedshalfoftheworld’spopulation.By2022,it’sexpectedthatwewillbesending333billionpersonalandbusinessemailseachday.◎5G5G,the5th-generationmobilenetwork,featuresmuchfasterdatauploadanddownloadspeeds,widercoverage,andmorestableconnections.Theseadvantagesbringaboutsignificantimprovementsincommunication.Instantaneouscommunicationbecomesareality,andthosepatchy,annoyingvideocallshavebecomeathingofthepast.5G’stransmissionspeedis100to1,000timestheaveragetransmissionspeedof4Gcurrentlyusedbysmartphones.TheConsumerTechnologyAssociationpointsoutthatatsuchspeeds,atwo-hourmoviecanbedownloadedinjust3.6seconds,comparedto6minuteson4Gand26hourson3G.5G’simpactwillextendfarbeyondsmartphones,enablingmillionsofdevicestoconnectsimultaneously.Lookingahead,thereisalreadybuzzabout6G.Althoughitisstillinbasicresearchandaround15to20yearsaway,itisworthnotingfromaninnovationperspective.6Gwillbuildtheframeworkoftheinterconnectedworldweaspireto,wherecommunicationspeedandconsistencywillreachunprecedentedlevels50.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstiPhone________.A.wasdesignedprimarilyfortheenterprisemarketB.wasreleasedtogetherwithanapplicationstoreC.setanewstandardforsmartphonedesignD.replacedflipphonesasthemainstreamproductimmediately51.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutemailisTRUE?A.Itwasfirstmadeavailabletothepublicin1991.B.Itwasinitiallydevelopedforcommercialpurposes.C.Ithasbeenusedbyoverhalfoftheglobalpopulation.D.Itsdailyusageisexpectedtodeclineby2022.52.Basedonthepassage,whichofthefollowingis6Gexpectedtoachieveratherthan5G?A.Enablingmillionsofdevicestoconnectatthesametime.B.Downloadingafull-lengthmovieinamatterofseconds.C.Establishingthefoundationforafullyconnectedworld.D.Providingmorestableconnectionsthanpreviousgenerations.(C)Haveyoueverfeltoutofplaceatapartyorprofoundlymisunderstoodbyacolleague,friend,orpartner?ThisfeelingofbeingunabletocommunicateyourintendedinformationiswhatpsychologistCarlJungreferredtowhenhesaidthatlonelinesscomesnotfrombeingalone,butfrombeing“unabletocommunicatethethingsthatseemimportanttoyou.”Whilesuchafailuretoconnectissometimesowedtopoorsocialskills,therearealsootherreasons.Thespecificexperience—offeelingseparateandaloneinone’sthoughtsandexperiencesdespitehavingthecapacitytosharethem—isknownasepistemicloneliness.Psychologistsdefineepistemiclonelinessastheinabilitytoshare“therichermentalaspects”ofone’slife.Toputitanotherway,itstrikeswhenaperson’suniquecognitiveworld—formedbytheirspecificabilitiesanddeepintellectualinterests—findsnoechoinothers.Thisistheprofoundfrustrationofbeingmentally“alldressedupbutwithnowheretogo”.Amusiciancomposinganewpiece,aneducatorpolishingtheirteachingphilosophy,oraresearcheranalyzinggroundbreakingdataallriskthislonelinesswhentheirintellectualexcitementismetwithdisinterestfromthosearoundthem.Thefrustrationofsuchintellectualdivorceisprofound,yetagenuineconnectionispossible.Forinstance,myconversationwithanEnglishprofessorprovedtoberesonantandmeaningful.ThispublishedpoetandpianistandIdiscussedtheideaofmakingcomplexideasandexperiencessomethingmoreeasilyunderstoodbyourstudents,clients,andreaders.Becausewebuiltbridgestomeetoneanotherviasharedexperiencesandbackgrounds,cognitiveisolationwasnotexperiencedthatevening.Thisisnottosaythatbeingcognitivelyconnectedwithothersistheonlyfixtothistypeofloneliness.Everyonehasthoughts,stories,andexperiencestoshare,andasbothanonprofessionalandahelpingprofessional,Iamhappytohearthem.Butnoteveryoneinourlivesiswillingorabletosharetheirthoughtsinresponsetoours.Therefore,alike-mindedother,orsomeonewho“gets”itor“gets”us,goesalongwaytowardeliminatingthisspecifickindofloneliness.Jung’sinsightpointsthewayforward:wemustseekoutthosemomentswherewecanspeakaboutwhatmattersmosttousand,indoingso,beseenandknownforwhoweare.Ultimately,dancingindialogueiskey.Havingafellowknowerwhoiswillingtomeetyouhalfwayandwhoknowssomeofthesteps,orisinterestedinlearningafewnewones,canreducethistypeofloneliness.53.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestdescribes“epistemicloneliness”?A.Thefrustrationoffailingtoexpresscomplexthoughtsclearly.B.Theinabilitytoshareintellectuallifewithreceptiveaudience.C.Theobjectiveconditionofhavingnoonetocommunicatewith.D.Theemotionaldistresscausedbyalackofsharedsocialidentity.54.WhydoestheauthormentiontheconversationwiththeEnglishprofessor?A.Tocontrastacademicdialoguewitheverydayconversation.B.Toadvocateforstructuredsolutionstointellectualisolation.C.Tohighlightthescarcityofgenuineintellectualconnections.D.Toillustratehowsharedbackgroundseasessocialloneliness.55.Themetaphorof“dancingindialogue”isusedtosuggestthatmeaningfulcommunication__________.A.isamutuallyresponsiveandadaptiveexchangeB.dependsmoreononeparty’sexpressiveskillsC.functionslikeaperformanceforpassiveaudiencesD.benefitsfromestablishedconversationalpatterns56.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage?A.Tocontrastsocialisolationwithpsychologicalloneliness.B.ToanalyzethephilosophicaloriginsofCarlJung’stheories.C.Todefineatypeoflonelinessandexplorewaystoaddressit.D.Topromotetheprofessionalmethodsofpsychologicalconsulting.(D)Inthelate1990s,myfatherspenthisevenings,weekendsandholidaysdrillingmybestfriendandmefortheSAT.Myfatherwasbornblackinthe1930sinthesegregatedSouthandbecamethefirstmemberofhisfamilytogotocollege,letalonegraduateschool.Thosewereleanyearsformyfamily.Wejustmanagedtorentasmallhouseonthewhitesideofourdefactosegregatedsuburb.Mybestfriend,whowasblackandPuertoRicanandattendedparochialschoolwithme,commutedfromalessaffluentandmoreethnicallydiverseneighborhood.Iscoredhigheronthetest,thoughmybestfrienddidwellenoughtoattendaselectivefour-yearcollege,whereheflourished.Bothofusworkedhard,hadsomeadvantagesandwereabletosucceeddespitebeingmembersofahistoricallyoppresseddemographic.IthoughtofthoselonghoursstudyingwhenIheardonThursdaythattheCollegeBoard,thecompanythatadministerstheSAT,wasappendingan“adversityindex”toaptitudescores—essentiallyahandicaptostandardize“privilege.”The“overalldisadvantagelevel”willappearonan“environmentalcontextdashboard.”Itusesdemographicandcensusdatatoprofilehighschoolstudentsalongascale,from1to100,ofrelativepoverty,opportunityandachievementontheSATinrelationtotheirclassmates.Ascorenorthof50indicatesadversity;belowthatthresholdliesprivilege.Collegeswillseethisnumber,butstudentswillnot.Thoughthereareanearinfinitudeofwaystoexperiencechallengesinlife,theadversityindexwillrestrictitselftojustthreecategories:neighborhoodenvironment(includingfactorslikecrimeandpovertyratesandhousingvalues);familyenvironment(theincome,educationandmarriagestatusofparentsinaneighborhoodandwhethertheyspeakEnglish);andhighschoolenvironment(aspectslikethefree-lunchrateandrigorofthecurriculum).Discardinghighschoolenvironmentandrace,bythesemetrics,mybestfriendwouldalmostcertainlyhavereceivedanadversitybumprelativetomebecausehishomewasinapoorerneighborhood.Likemanyofhisneighbors,hisparentsatthetimeweren’tmarriedandhismotheroftenspokeSpanishathome.(EnglishasaSecondLanguagehouseholdsareconsideredanindicatorofadversity.)Thatmyfamilylived,albeitprecariously,onthewhitesideoftownwouldhavebeenafurtherdemerit.Yetwhatconstitutesprivilegeanddisadvantagecanbecounter-intuitive:ThereisnometrictotakeintoaccountthecasualracismthatIhadtonavigateinmyneighborhood,adifficultyfriendsofmineonthemoresociallycohesiv