高考英语二轮复习甘肃高考英语七选五专项训练作业含答案

七选五

Takinggoodnotesisatime-savingskillthatwillhelpyoutobecomeabetterstudentin

severalways.1.Second,yournotesareexcellentmaterialstorefertowhenyouare

studyingforatest.Third,note-takingoffersvarietytoyourstudytimeandhelpsyoutoholdyour

interest.

Youwillwanttotakenotesduringclassroomdiscussionsandwhilereadingatextbookor

doingresearchforareport.2.Wheneverorhoweveryoutakenotes,keepinmindthat

note-takingisaselectiveprocess.3.Thefollowingmethodsmayworkbestforyou.

•Readthetextquicklytofindthemainfactsandideasinit.

•Carefiillyreadthetextandwatchforwordsthatcanshowmainpointsandsupportingfacts.

•Writeyournotesinyourownwords.

♦4.

•Noteanyquestionsorideasyoumayhaveaboutwhatwassaidorwritten.

Asyoutakenotes,youmaywanttouseyourownshorthand（速记）.Whenyoudo,besure

thatyouunderstandyoursymbolsandthatyouusethemall（hetime.5

A.First,thesimpleactofwritingsomethingdownmakesiteasierforyoutounderstandand

rememberit.

B.Therearethreepracticalnote-takingmethods.

C.Youmustwriteyournotesonseparatepaper.

D.Otherwise,youmayno!beabletoreadyournoteslater.

E.Youwillalsowanttodevelopyourownmethodfortakingnotes.

F.Thatmeansyoumustfirstdecidewhatisimportantenoughtoincludeinyournotes.

Usewords,notcompletesentences.

Youdream.Youmakegoals.Youworkhard.Youexpectresults.But,alotoftimesthose

expectationsarcnotmet.Youdon,tachieveyourgoals.Youmaylosehope.Herearcsomethings

todowhenyouaren'thopelulaboutanythinginyourlife:

6.

Improveyourskillsetsorlearnnewones.Spendyourtimeinformingproductivehabits,

whichmakeyousticktoascheduleandteachyoupersistence（执着）.Andthissortof

determinationhelpsyoutomoveaheadinyourlifealthoughyoumightfacemanydifficultiesin

yourway.

Don'ttrytocontroleverything.

Oneofthereasonswhywebecomehopelessisthatweseethingsnotgoingourway.Alotof

thingsinfluenceyourlifear.dyoucan'tcontroleverything.7.Worryingaboutthingsyou

can'tcontrolisn'tgoingtohelp.Focusonwhatyoucancontrolorimproveandforgetaboutthe

rest.

Avoidcomingtoaconclusiontoosoon.

Wearesometimestooquicktojudgeasituationbeforeitevenunfolds（展现）completely.

Waitbeforeforminganopinionaboutacertainsituation.Becausewcalwaysoverthinkthingsand

worryunnecessarily.Andthethingisn'tasbadasourmindmakesitbe.8.

Completelythinkthroughyoursituation.

Whenyou'reupsetaboutacertainsituationnotgoingyourway,takeoutapenandpaper.

9.Writingyourthoughtsdownwillgiveyouaclearidea.Besides,itwillgiveyouthetime

（orethinkandmakeacorrectdecision.

Allowyourselftoopenuptoendlesspossibilities.

10.Whenyoubelievethatagoodthingiscomingyourway,youprepareyourselffbr

itandworkaccordingly.Itpushesyouinthedirectionofmorehardwork.

A.Letitgo

B.Raiseyourownabilities

C.Ifyouhavemadeupyourmind,sticktoit

D.Thenlistthethingsyoucanandcan'tcontrol

E.Hopeisanamazingfeelingthatliftsyourlife

F.Thedesiretocontroleverysituationonlymakesyoutired

G.Ybujustneedtotakeastepbackandreflectonyourthoughts

Studieshaveshownthattocultivate（培养）gratitudecanincreaseanindividual'shappiness,

reduceone'ssadness,andgivestrengthtoaperson.Thosewhoconsciouslyexpressandcultivate

gratitudehavebeenreportedtohavemuchhigherself-esteem（自尊）comparedtothosewhodo

not.Theyarealsomorewillingtohelpothers.11

Wonderinghowyouyourselfcancultivategratitudemoreandmoreeverysingleday?Below

aresomewonderful（ipstofollow.

Aboardonthewallisagreatboost,especiallyinworkenvironments.12Remember

thatitisveryimportanttoacknowledgewhattoappreciate,especiallywhenyoudon'treallyfeel

grateful.Itcanchangeyourmoodforthebetterrightaway.

13Anotherwaytocultivategratitudeinyourlite,whetheralhomeorin（he

workplace,isgratitudecards.Givethemtoyourcolleaguesoryourclients.Youcanshowyour

appreciationbysayingwhatyou'reactuallygratefulforonthecards.

Giveheart-feltthanks.It'snotyourcasualthankyou,likesaying44hinwithoutreallythinking

aboutit.We'retalkingaboutgoodquality,deeplygrateful,heartfeltthanks.Whensomeonegoes

outoftheirwaytodosomethingreallyimportantforyou,youshouldmakethemknowhow

gratefulyouaretothem.14Ifpossible,doitinperson.Thiswillhaveabiggerimpactif

Acharacteristicofhealthyfamilyrelationshipisthattheyspendtimedoingenjoyable

activitiestogether.19Often,theseactivitiesbecomefamilytraditions,suchassharing

mealstogether,havingfamilyoutingseveryweekendorplayingsportstogether.

2().Familymembersaccept(hattheyeachhavetheirownpersonalities,qualities

andinterests.Everyoneplaysanimportantroleinthefamily.Whenthereisconflictbetween

familymembers,itissolvedinapositiveandhealthymanner.Familymembersalsoacknowledge

eachother'sachievementsandshowappreciationfbrothermembers.

A.Therefore,membersdonotfeeltheyareontheirown

B.Familymembersshareeverythingtheyhavewitheachother

C.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthateachfamilymemberisindividual

D.Respectisanimportantcharacteristicofhealthyfamilyrelationships

E.Itprovidesmemberswiththesupportandencouragementthattheyneed

F.Familymemberstendtoselectactivitiesthathelpthefamilytogrowcloser

G.Familywithhealthyrelationshipengageinpositiveandmeaningfulcommunication

Guideoncreatingatravelbudget(预算)

Ifyouareplanningtotravelforthefirsttime,budgetisoneofthemostimportantpartsof

planning.Youneedtobudgethowmuchyouwillspendonyourtravelandevenyourgroceries

whiletraveling.21

Savefortransportation.

Youshouldalsohaveabudgetfbryour(ransporlalionbackandforthincludingairfare,taxi,

bus,etc.Ifyoudonothaveanyideaabouthowmuchthetransportationis,trydoingalittle

researchandseehowmuchitcosts.

Budgetforhotels.

22seehowmuchtheroomrate（房费）isandhewlongwillyoubestaying（here,（hen

setanextrabudgetforthat.Trytoavoidmistakeswhenbookingahotel.

Budgetforfood.

Ofcourseneverforgetthefood.23Thinkifyouwillbeeatingmoreatthehoteloryou

willbeeatingatrestaurants.Butifyouwanttostickwithhealthyfoodsthenyoucancheckthe

menuofandusecoupons（优惠券）togel（hecheapestdeal.

24

Ifyouaregoingtosomeparks,therearealwaysfeesforthat.Ifyoualreadyhaveaplanfor

somedestinations,checkhewmuchtheirfeesareandsetanextrabudgetforthat.

Budgetforemergencymoney.

25Theycanalsoserveasanextramoneybecausewecannotreallysaywhenarewe

goingtospendonwhat.

A.Budgetforpresent

B.Budgetfbrentertainment

C.Thisisalsoanimpoilartpartofbudgeting.

D.Whetheryouarestudyingalahoteloraresort,

E.Hereisaguideonhowyoucanproperlybudgeteverything.

F.Insteadofeatingalrestaurants,tryloeatfreshfoodmadeathome.

G.Thiswillbeusedincaseofanemergencyinwhichyouneedmoney.

Youhavebeentoldmerethanoncetogaingreaterconfidenceandbelieveyourbestdays

maystilllieahead.NowItellyousomesecretsofimprovingconfidence.

Whenyoulookgood,youfeelgood.Sotakeprideinyourappearance.Makeitapointto

practicegoodhygiene(卫生)，andgeldressedeachmorninglikeyouaregoingtowork.

26Thenyou'llfindthatyouropinionofyourselfbecomesmorepositive.

Activitieslikelearningtopaintorplayaninstrument,studyingaforeignlanguage,andtaking

dancelessonsorwritingclasseshelpinspirethenaturaldesiretolearnandmasteranewskill.

27Butitshowsyoucanstillaccomplishnewthingsandfindenjoymentinthem.This

alsoremindsyouthatit'sokaytomakemistakes,soyoucanimproveandgrow,whichhelpsbuild

self-confidence.

28Findafitnesschallengethatyouneedtoovercome,createaplan,andthenwork

(omeet(hatgoal.Anyformofexerciseisbeneficialforbothphysicalandmentalhealth.Regular

exercisealsohelpsyoubuildconfidence,whilesettingacha'lengewithmini-goalsalongtheway

letsyouexperiencethewonderfulfeelingofaccomplishment.

It'snoteasytogooutandinteractwithpeopleasyouage.29Lackofconfidence

canmakesocializingachallenge,soitisagoodideatovolunteer.Choosesomethingyouenjoy

(hatalsoprovidespersonalinteractionandgivesyouachancetouseyouravailableskills.

Helpfromyourfriendsandteachersallowsyoutoworkthroughbarriersthataffect

confidence.Neverbeafraidtoseekhelpwhenyouneedit.3()

A.Facenewchallengesbravely.

B.Challengeyourselfphysically.

C.Beingabeginneragainistough.

D.Makeeffortstoimproveyourappearance.

E.It'salwaysagoodthingtohelpeachother.

F.Ybuwillimproveyourconfidenceinstantly.

G.Andthisisevenharderwhenyoufeellessconfident.

HowtoMakeFriends

Friendshipisaveryimportanthumanrelationshipandeveryoneneedsgoodfriends.Good

friendshiphasmanybenefits.Itofferscompanionship,improvesself-worthandpromotesgood

health.Therearetimesinourlivessuchaswhenwehaverecentlymovedintoanewtown,or

changedourjobsorschools.Suchchangesoftenleavesuswithoutafriend31.Butfor

manyofustheprocessisdifficultandrequirescourage.Belowaresomehelpfulsuggestionson

howtomakeandkeepfriends.

1.Associatewithothers.

Thefirststeptomakingfriendsisassociatingwithotherpeople.Youcangotopublicplaces

tomeetnewpeople.Besides,youwillneedtomakeyourselfknownbybecominganactive

memberofsuchplaces.

2.Startaconversation

Startingaconversationisthesecondmostimportantstepinmakingnewfriends.32

Youcanalwaysstarttheconversation.Beingabletomakesmalltalkisaveryusefulskillin

relatingwithotherpeople.

3.33

Choosingfriendswithcommoninterestsisimportantinbuildingfriendshipastheseinterests

wouldalwaysbringyouandyourfriendtogether.Hangingoutwillalwaysbeapleasant

experience.

4.Letitgrow.

Itisagoodthingtostayintouch.However,trynottopressyournewfriendwithcalls,

messagesorvisitsasthiswouldlikelywearhimorheroutandfinallyyoumayloseyourfriend.

34.Thebestfriendshipsaretheonesthatgrownaturally.

5.Enjoyyourfriendship.

Thebestwaytoenjoyyourfriendshipistoallowyourfriendstobethemselves.35

Trynoltochangethemfromwhotheyaretowhatyouwantthemtobe.Becomethekindoffriend

youwillwantyourfriendtobetoyou.

A.Makingnewfriendsconieseasyforsomepeople.

B.Becheerful.

C.Forafriendshiptodevelopyouneedtostayintouch.

D.Donotwaittobespokento.

E.Dothingstogether.

F.Trynottofindfaultwithyourfriends.

G.Soyouwillneedtogiveyourfriendtimetoreacttoyou.

CommunicationTips

Herearesomesuggestionsaboutmakingyourtalkwithyourparentsturnoutforthebest.

Behonest.

Ifyou'realwayshonest,yourparentswillbelikelytobelievewhatyousay.Ifyousometimes

hidethetruth,parentswillhaveahardertimetobelievewhatyoutellthem.36

Bebraveandstarttalking.

It'seasytosay"Hi,Mum”or“Dad,canyoupassthepotatocs?^^37Let'sfaceit.

Youwillfeelembarrassed（尴尬的）whentalkingaboutsomethingpersonal,butyourparentsknow

youquitewell.Theywereyourageonce,too!Sodon'tletalittleembarrassmentstopyou.Il'sOK

togoaheadandsharewhat'sonyourmind.

38

Ifyouhaveadisagreement,canyouconsiderthingsfromyourparents?pointsofview?If

youcan,tellingyourparentsyouunderstandtheirviewsandfeelingshelpsthembewillingto

understandyours,too.

Trynottoargue.

Usingafriendlyandrespectfullonemakesyourparentsmorelikelytolistentoyouandlake

whatyousayseriously.39

Whatifitdoesn,twork?Ifyoustillcan'ttalktoyourparents,seekotheradults'

help.40Thenfollowallthetipsabovetomakeyoucommunicatewith（hatpersonwell.

A.Explainyoursituation.

B.Trytounderstandthem.

C.Ifyoulie,they'llfindithardtotrustyou.

D.Parentsarethemostimportantpeopleinyourlife.

E.Butitcanbehardertostarttalkingaboutpersonaltopics.

F.Italsomakesitmorelikelythattheylltalktoyouinthesameway.

G.Findarelativeorateacherwhowilllistento,understandandcareaboutyou.

HowloBeaGoodFriend

It'simportanttohavefriendsatdifferenttimesofourlives.Theymayserveadifferent

purposeaswegetolder,buttheyarestillimportanttous.41Luckily,herearesometrue

elemenls（要素）ofbeingagoodfriend.

Honesty

Whenthingscomeupinlifethatmaynothavebeenthebestchoice,youhavetobeableto

tellyourfriendsaboutit.Theyshouldofferthesameinreturn.Ifyouweresupposedtogoout

withafriendandsomethingcomesupthatyouwouldpreferdoing,behonestandtellyourfriend.

Agoodfriendwillunderstandandwantyoutotakeadvantageoftheopportunity（机

会）42.

Support

43.Youmayhaveasignificant（重要的）otherwhoispartofyoursupportsystem,

butsometimesyouneedagoodfriendwhoknowsyouwellandwhoknowsthethingstosayand

not.Goodfriendswhoarepartofyoursupportsystemalsoneedtobehonest.Youhavetoknow

thattheywillbethereforyou.

44

Sometimeswedon'tneedtohearadviceorstories.Weneedsomeonewhowilllistentous.

Anactivelistenerwhoistheretolistencanbethebestmedicine.Aswetalkthroughfeelings,we

maycometoourownrealizationsaboutwhathasbeensaid.Wcdon'talwaysneedtohear

someoneelse'stalkonwhaihashappened.45

A.Agoodlistener

B.Followingafriend'sadvice

C.Thentryyourbesttoachieveyourdream

D.Itmaybehardertomakeandkeepfriendsovertime

E.Wcneedaclosefriendwhoiswillingtolistenwithhisheart

F.Whenyouareataloss,it'simportanttohavesomeonetotumto

G.Ifyoulietothefriendandhelaterfindsoutaboutit,itmayhurtthefriendship

Areyouanangrybird?Whenyou,reangry,yourbodybecomestense.46Hereare

someothersimpletrickstochilloutandthinkwhenyougelangry.

47Thinklikeadetectiveandtrackdowncluesaboutthekindsofsituations,people,

andeventsthatsetoffyouranger.Onceyou'reawareofthem,trytoavoidthemifpossible.Even

ifyoucan'tgetawayfromthem,atleastyou'llhavemoretunctoprepareforthemsotheydon't

affectyousonegatively.Youcanalsothinkofthesituation4sanopportunitytopracticenot

gettingmad.

Goforawalk.Whenyougetreallyangry,walkawayfromthesource.A5-niinutewalk

outsideoranothercalmingactivitylikeyogacanbebothgreatstrategiesfordealingwithanger.If

yourangerarisesfromthetrafficjamyou'restuckin,turnuptheradioandsingatthetopofyour

voice.48

Writeletters.49Soifyou'retryingtocalmdownfast,grabyourJournalandwriteit

allout.Youcansimplywriteyourownfeelingsortrywritingalettertothepersonwhoupsetsyou.

Youneverhavetosenditandjustwritingitwillhelpyoufeelbetter.

Talkaboutyouranger.It?snotJustwritingthathelpsrelieveaimer.50Thetrickisnot

tounloadyourangeronthepersonmakingyouupsetbuttoreleaseyourpressurebytalkingwitha

neutral（中立的）friend,familymember,orspecialistAneutralobsenercanbringreasonable

judgmenttothesituation.Youcaneventrytalkingoutloudtoyourselfaboutit.

Nowthatyou'velearnedhowtokeepyourangerincheck,trysomeoftheselittlechanges

thatwillmakeyouahappierperson.

A.Controlyourtemper.

B.Understandyouranger.

C.Expressingitorallycanalsocalmyoudowngreatly.

D.Writingoutyourfeelingsreallydoeshelpyoufeelbetter.

E.Theideaistocreateamentalorphysicalescapefromthesituation.

F.Deepbreathingisjustoneofthewaysyoucaninstantlyturnabadmoodaround.

G.Exercisecanhelppeoplelowertheirlevelsofangerandothernegativeemotions.

AmazingBenefitsofListeningtoMusicduringMeditation（冥想）

Therearemanybenefitsoflisteningtomusicduringmeditation.Ifyouhaven'ttriedityet,

youshould!Itisnotonlyrelaxingbutalsobeneficialforyourmentalhealth.51

ReduceStress

52Stressisoneofthemostcommonissuesirtoday'sworld.Ifyourworkloadis

verydemanding,itisverynaturalforyoutofeelstressed-outoften.Whenyoulistentopleasant

andsoftmusicduringmeditation,youwillfeelcalmerandremovestressfromyourlife.

BalanceYourEmotions

Maintaininganemotionalbalanceisveryimportant.Listeningtomusicwhilemeditatingcan

helpyoubalanceyouremotions.53Theyarebetterindealingwithemotions.Infact,

theycanimprovetheirrelationshipsandhealwoundsquickerthanthosewhodon'ttakethis

beautifulpractice.

InspireYou

Whenyoulistentomusicwhilemeditating,youfeelinspired.Thisbringsaboutagood

feeling,andyoucanrelaxandenjoyyourself.54Thisisagreatsourceofinspirationfor

someonewhohaslosthopeinlife.Youcanalsorecommendittosomeonewhoisstrugglingwith

hopelessness.

Wonderful,wasn'tit?55Yourbody,mind,andsoulwillconnectwitheachother.

Notonlythat,yourqualityoflifewillimprovetoo.Rightfromthemomentyoustartmeditating

withthehelpofmusic,youwillnoticechanges.

A.Herearesomeof(hebenefits.

B.Youwillalsofeelgreataboutyourself.

C.Allyourpresentationswillbedonewithease.

D.Meditationcanhelpyoulivealifefreeofanxiety.

E.Oneofitsbenefitsisareductioninthelevelsofstressandanxiety.

F.Thejourneythroughmusicandmeditationissomethingweshouldalltry.

G.Peoplewhomeditatewhileregularlylisteningtomusiccanbalancetheirlives.

Howtodealwithyourhomework

Writeitdown.56Alwaysbesuretowritedownallthehomeworksoyouwon't

forgetanything.

Createahomeworkstation.Findsomewherecomfortableandquiettodoyourhomework.

57Itwilltaketwiceaslongtogetthehomeworkdone.Shutoffyourcellphone,logoff

(退出)yourcomputer(unlessyouneeditfbryourhomework)andclosethedoor.

Dohomeworkasearlyaspossible.Don'tleavehomeworktothelastminute.58

Theearlieryoustartyourhomework,thesooneryouwillfinish!Doallyourhomeworkasearlyas

youcan,soyoudon'thaveapileof(一堆)homeworkthenextday.

59Thinkabouthowlongitwill(akeyoutocompletehomeworkforeachsubject.

Forexample:English—tenminutes,science一tenminutes,math—fortyminutes,history—twenty

minutes.

Treatyourself.Youcaneasilygettiredbysittingthroughanhourortwoofhomework

withoutstopping.Onceyoufinishhomeworkforasubject,takeasmallbreak.Justmakesureit's

short(nomorethan15minutes).DonotturnontheTV,oryou'llnevergobackandfinishyour

homework.60

A.Useyourtimewisely.

B.Startassoonasyougethome.

C.Startwithyourhardesthomework.

D.NeverdoyourhomeworkinfrontoftheTV.

E.Youcantakeawalkorfindsomethingtoeat.

F.Aftershortbreaks,returntofinishtherestofyourhomework.

G.Keepahomeworknotebookwhereyourecordallyourhomework.

Self-confidencereferstoyourbeliefinyourskills,qualities,andabilitytosucceed.Having

confidenceinyourselfisnotonlyimportanttoyourhealthandwell-being——itcanalsoaffecthow

youareconsideredbyothers.Peoplewhoreleaseconfidencetendtoheseenasmorecapableand

trustworthy.61Fortunately,therearethingsyoucandotoshowconfidenceinany

situation.

FocusonYourStrengths

Whenyouarcinasituationwhereyouwanttoappearconfident,itcanbehelpfultofocuson

theskillsandabilitiesyoufeelmostconfidentabout.62Thenfocusonhighlightingor

projectingthatquality.

TalkYourselfUp

Positiveself-talk,ontheotherhand,hasbeenshowntobestronglyassociatedwithsuccess.

63startworkingonrefrainingyourthoughtstobemorepositiveandoptimistic.For

example,youmightworkonremindingyourselfthattherearepositivesidestoeverysituation.

Talkingtoyourselfpositivelyisagreatwaytoboostyoursenseofself-efficacy（自我效能）sothat

youfeelbetterabletosucceedanddealwithwhateveryouarefacing.

64

Lookingtoconfidentpeopleyouadmire,readinginspirationalstatements,orrepeatinga

motivatingmantra（祷告）canalsobeawaytoboostyourconfidencewhenyouneedit.Thekeyis

（ochooserealisticrolemodelsorstatementsthatreflectachievablegoals.

AvoidMakingComparisons

Whilefindingsourcesofpositiveinspirationcanhelpyoushowconfidence,itisimportantto

avoidcomparingyourselftootherpeopleunfavorably.

Whenyoumakesuchcomparisons,dobearthisinyourmind:65itcanultimately

makeyoufeelworseaboutyourself.

A.LookforInspiration.

B.TakeonNewChallenges.

C.Ifyoutendtoengageinnegativeself-talk,

D.Choosesomethingyouknowyouarcgoodat.

E.However,noteveryonefeelsconfidentintheirabilities.

F.Whileyoumightbetcrriptcdtosimplyavoidthesituations,

G.Whetheryouarelookingat（heirperformance,appearance,orotherqualities,

Foodislife;itgivesusthenourishment（营养）weneedtostayaliveandbehealthy.

66

BrianWansink,aprofessorattheUniversityofIllinois,sayswealsoeatcertainfoods

becausetheymakeusfeelgood,andremindusofhappymemories.Wansinkcallsthiskindof

foodcomfortfood.Forsomepeople,icecreamisacomfortfood.Forothers,abowlofnoodhs

soupmakesthemfeelgood.

67ProfessorWansinkbelievesthatweconnectfoodwithimportanttimes,feelings,

andpeopleinourlives."WhenIwasachild,mymothermadeadelicioussoup;Ilovedit.

68Andithelpsmefeelbetter,MsaysoneofWansink'scoworkers.

Domenandwomenchoosedifferentcomfortfoods?Wansink'sresearchattheUniversityof

Illinoissays“yes”.Inhisstudy,thefavoritecomfortfoodforbothmenandwomenwasicecream.

Afterthis,menusuallypreferredhot,savory（香的）foodslikesoupornoodles.69Men

andwomenliketoealcomfortfoodswhentheyarehappy,butwomeneatthesefoodsmorewhen

theyaresadorworried.

70About40percentofthecomfortfoodsinWansink'sstudywerehealthymain

dishesorsoupsandvegetables.Itshows,saysWansink,thatacomfortfoodcantastegoodandbe

goodforyou.

A.Notallcomfortfoodisjunkfood.

B.Wherecanwebuythissortoffood?

C.Sweetfoodsarealsotheirpreference.

D.Howdoesafoodbecomeacomfortfood?

E.Usually,weeatbecausewearehungryorneedenergy.

F.Womenlikesweetthingssuchaschocolateandcookies.

G.Now.IoftenhavethiskindoffoodwhenIamtiredorworried.

Manystudentsstudybyreadingtheirnotesandtextbooksoverandoveragain.Butstudies

showtherearcmoreeffectivewaystohelpyoustudysmarter.

71Manystudentsknowwhattheyareexpectedtodo.Yetmanyoftenfailtoplan

ahead.Sotheyneedfirsttosetareachabletarget.Breakitintopiecesandmakethemhappenone

byone.Itmayseemstrangeatfirst.Butaftertwoweeksormore,itbecomesanormalthing.

Don'tjustreread.72Rereadingislikelookingattheanswertoapuzzle,rather

thandoingityourself.Itlookslikeitmakessense.Butuntilyoutryityourselfyoudon'treally

knowifyouunderstandit.

Findexamples.Abstractconceptscanbehardtounderstand.Ittendstobefareasiertoform

amentalimageifyouhaveaconcreteexampleofsomething.73Onitsown,that

conceptmightbehardtoremember.Butifyouthinkaboutalemonorvinegar,itbecomeseasier!

Digdeeper.It'shardtoremembercountlessfactsandfiguresifyoudon'tpushfurther.Ask

whythingsareacertainway.Howdidtheycomeabout?Whydotheymatter?Psychologistscall

（hiselaboration（深究）.It'stakingclassmaterialandaskingmanyhowandwhyquestionsaboutit.

74

Practicemore.Musicianspracticetheirinstruments.Athletespracticesportsskills.

75Inastudy,studentstookpracticetestsoverseveralweeks.Onthefinaltest,（hey

scoredmorethanafulllettergradebetter,onaverage,thandidstudentswhostudied（hewaythey

normallyhad.

Asateen,CynthiaNebelstudiedbyreadinghertextbooks,worksheetsandnotebooks.44Over

andoverandoveragain/'recallsthispsychologistatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tenn.

Now,sheadds,“weknowthat'soneofthemostcommonbadstudyskillsthatstudentshave.”

A.Makeabudgetandsaveic.

B.Makeaplanandsticktoit.

C.Thesameshouldgoforlearning.

D.However,notallcanapplytostudents.

E.Inotherwords,don'tjustacceptfactsatfacevalue.

F.Sadly,readingbooksandnotesrepeatedlyiscommonformanystudents.

G.Forinstance,sourfoodsusuallytastethatwaybecausetheycontainanacid.

Blackboxrecordersarsusedtostoredataaboutaplaneanditsoperatingenvironmentinthe

eventofacrash.Therearetwotypesofblackbox:theCVRorCockpitVoiceRecorder,andthe

FDRorFlightDataRecorder.76Andwhencombined,theinformationcanbeusedto

buildupapictureofwhathappenedduringacrash.

TheCockpitVoiceRecorderpicksupsoundfrominsidethecockpit（机舱），includingthe

pilotheadsetmicrophonesandthoseofanyothercockpitstaff.77It'susedtorecordany

othersound,eventhenoiseofswitchesanddials.Theyusedtobetaperecordersbutareflash

drivesnow.Theserecordsaioundtwohoursofinformationatatime,recordingoverandreplacing

olderaudio.TheCVRallowslistenerstofindoutwhatthecockpitstaffweredoingintheeventof

thecrash.78

TheFlightDataRecorder,ontheotherh