高考英语一轮复习基础知识基本能力双清.07阅读理解之主旨大意题解读(教师版)-2023年

2023年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清

阅读理解之主旨大意题解读

【题型解读】

主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、

中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中

心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心

论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：

⑴Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themaintopic/subjectofihepassageis.

(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...

(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(7)What'sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.

(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心

思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。

▲主旨大意题的分类

1.从考杳对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种

①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综

②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻

我或总结。

2.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种

①主题类（内容），考查文章或段落的主旨大意：

②H的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；

③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

♦设问特点：

1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。

2.正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。

3.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。

4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。

♦常考问题：

（1）中心思想类

Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis...

Thepassageismainlyabout...

Thepassagemainlydiscusses...

Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith...?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

（2）标题类

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

Thebesttitlefbrthepassagewouldbe...

（3）目的类

Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto...

Thepassageismeantto

Inwnling（hispassage,（heauthormainlyintendsto

文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思

想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小

段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要

表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。”主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方

法。

但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，

尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主

题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。

因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时，一

般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：

1.中心主题句出现在文首

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见

的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对

全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。

【典例示例】

(2()18,新课标卷I)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimesthere

hasbeenlesscomingandalolmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,lightlyknit

(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Soniclanguageexpertsbelievethat

10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetween

them.

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecame

moresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateand

thespreadofuniversalcompulsoiyeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfew

decades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish.Spanishand

Chineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Alpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.The

generalruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshave

lots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround20()Languages:theAmericasabout1,00().Africa24(M);

andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themedian

number(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6.000.whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeople

thanthat.

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoexlinc【ion(；肖亡)，withonlyafewelderly

speakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).Lipan

ApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneof:heseseemsto

havemuchchanceofsurvival.

31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?

A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B.Peopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguages

C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。

【答案】C

【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,

butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几

千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。

2.主题句出现在文尾

在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，

即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。

【典例示例】

ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas——she

pretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonher

handsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.

DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasinthe

Mist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonsler(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedto

showanewidea:therealmonsterisman,while(hegorillais(obeadmired.

Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthe

wild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandby

thecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.

Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwo

photossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.t4Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳类动物)saidthewordsbelow

it."hisbeinedestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitfbrourowngood,"Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.The

wordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,Mbutthenwenton:'Itisthemostdestructive（破坏，性的）onearth.

Wemustretrainitfbritsowngood.''

56.Thetextmainlytalksabout.

A.DianeFosseyB.thegorillasinRwanda

C.theprotectionofthegorillasD.thefilmGorillasintheMist

【答案】C

【解析】文章第一段谈到DianeFossey对大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段

谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传的措施。前面三段都是为最后一段做铺垫

的，从最后一段的“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitfbrourowngood.”可知，最主要的目的还是要

人们保护大猩猩。

3.首尾呼应的写作方法

为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，

前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

【典例示例】

Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyuseditto（rainforwar.

TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.

Thegoalisanet.Therearctenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaball

intothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheball

atahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthe

lacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AlonelimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodaytisslillpopularwilhCanadians.

1.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada

【答案】D

【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。

4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句

阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析•，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。

分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳

形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

【典例示例】

[2019•全国卷H,C]

MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherselfquietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaits

forhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBcchtcPs“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,

she'snotalone.

Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfast

aloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimearcweeatingtogetheranymore,74

percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.

“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,

whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooften

worksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.She

returnstoworkfeelingenergized.lkToday,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,“shesaid.

Justtwoscatsover,AndrewMazolcny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecan

sitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavea

littleinteraciion(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,“hesaid."It'sachance

forself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.^^

Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefelt

awkwardaboutaskingforatabicforone,butthosedaysarcover.Now,wchaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompany

atthetable.44Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,MsaidLaurieDemerit,whose

companyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.

B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.

C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.

D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.

【语篇解读】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛

围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。

31.A

【解析】.主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工

作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。

5.主题句出现在文章的中间

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步

的解释、支撑或发展。

【典例示例】

TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedates

eachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetter

attendedbylocals.

Duringiheopeningceremonies,after(heofficialgreetingsfrom(hegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattend

(hefestivalbegin(omarchsmartlybefore(heviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthe

sands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplay(heirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowing

another,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderful

traditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.

Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhair

isthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.

•••

67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whalhappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

【答案】A

【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕

式上的活动。答案选A。

【解答攻略】

一、文章大意题

文章大意题主要是测试考生对•篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。

它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高

度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

1.主题句法

解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。

(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句

全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何•篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因

此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便

容易抓住文章的中心。

3.逆向思维法

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会

有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。

注意：

1.正确选项特征：涵盖性强，覆盖全文

2.错误选项特征

(1)以偏概全，主次不分

(2)无中生有，曲解文意

【典型例题】(2020•全国卷II阅读B)

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelp

childrenwithmath—relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityof

Chicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbelterspatialskills.Puzzleplay

wasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfbrdiflerencesinparents'income,

educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child—parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeand

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat

54monthsofage.

“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot»ontasksthatassessedtheir

abilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,“Levinesaidinaslatemenl.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfof(hechildrenin

(hestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmore

frequently»andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplay

withmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremore

activeduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.

B.Ascientificstudy.

C.Awomanpsychologist.

D.Ateachingprogram.

【分析】

・第一步读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子

来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益：高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男

孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。

•第二步利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers,expert,study,findings等词，主要介绍的是

一项科学研究。

二、段落大意题

段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基4内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段

落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。

做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用

这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。

【典型例题】（2020•全国卷I阅读D）

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshave

foundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasof（he

cityexperiencedlesscrimc.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplaces

weredecoratedwithhouseplants.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.

B.Abigfallincrimerates.

C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.

D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.

【分析】

•第一步首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.是本段的主旨，后通过

列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。

・第二步析选项，网酌判断：

对不同植物的一项新研究。原文中提到对绿色植物的研究，以偏概全

A

但不是该段的主旨。断章取义

犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降来证明的是绿色植物的好以偏概全

B

处，故混淆主次。断章取义

来自不同工作场所的员工。虽涉及工作场所的员工，但是以以偏概全

C

偏概全，不是本段的主题。生搬硬套

绿色植物的好处,本段主旨就是列举两项科学研究来说明绿涵盖性强，

D

色植物对人类的好处C该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括覆盖全段

・第三步比对选项得出答案。

三、标题归纳题

该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。

注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强（不改变原文的意义和感情色彩）；覆盖性强（能概括全文并体现文章的主旨）。

要首先找出文章的主题句，然后杈据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重及性强的关

键诃或者概括全文。

1.利用4大技巧解题

关键词法反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词

主题句法根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题

分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定

穿珠连串法

标题

逆向法根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项

2.结合3大特点解题

N概括性H准确而乂简短)

好标题

3大特点针对性H标题外延正好与文堂内容相符

L［醒H性H能引发读者的阅读丽

3.排除3种错误选项

r概括范围窄.只含某个细节

排除种

3--概括范国太宽，超出文章内容

错误选项

L含文章中未提到的或找不到的信息

（典型例题】（2020•浙江7月卷阅读。

Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyour

brainstaysharpasyouage»astudypublishedWednesdayin(hejournalNeurologysuggests.

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkersv/howereover

age75andassessedthevolunteers5memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then,foreightyears,the

scientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.

Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating（刺激），demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthe

tests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive（认知）functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentally

challengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfbrtheparticipants,overallhealthstatus.

“T上isworksjustlikephysicalexercise,“saysFranciscaThen>wholedthestudy."Afteralongrun,youmayfeel

likeyou'reinpain,youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork—sure>youwillfeeltired,but

itcanhelpyourbrainslayhealthy.^^

It'snotjustcorporatejobs>orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit,Thenpointsout.Awaiter'sjob,for

example*thatrequiresmultitasking,teamworkanddecision-makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh-

levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh-levelplanningandcoordinating（协调），“she

says."Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.M

Ofcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons—includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesor

geneticfactors.Stilbcontinuingtochallengeyourselfmeniallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.

30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkills

B.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobs

C.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharp

D.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge

【分析】

•第一步找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总一分”结构，文章开头提出主旨"Challengingworkthat

requireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyou

age”。

・第二步根据正误选项特征，斟的判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；D选项以偏概全；主次不分；选

项C”棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。

・第三步比对选项得出答案。

二能力强化

1

（2022•河南•模拟预测）Scientificresearchonyogahasfoundthatyogapracticecanhelpwithproblemssuch

asbackpain,depressionandanxiety.Still,yogastudiestendtobeofunevenquality,oftenrelyingonself-reported

surveydata.However,a2019reviewpaperfocusedonamoreobjectivemeasure:brainscans.Thoughfarfrom

defmiiive,（hefindingsshow（hatthepracticemayimprovebrainhealth,andtheyindicateawaytobringyogaand

sciencemoreconvincinglytogether.

Thereview,ledbyNehaGothe,directoroftheExercisePsychologyLab,examined11papersthatused

varioustypesofbrainscanstoassesstheimpactofyogapracticeonthebrain.Gothcandhercolleagueslimited

theirreviewtostudiesinwhichallthreemajorelementsofyogawereincluded:thephysicalposes,breathing

exercises,andmeditationormindfulness.Threepatternsemergedwithsomeconsistency:yogapracticecouldbe

linkedtoincreasedgraymattervolume（体积）inthehippocampus,akeystructureformemory;increasedvolumein

certainregionsoftheprefrontalcortex,thescatofhighcr-ordcr-cognition（认知）；andgreaterconnectivityacrossthe

defaultmodenetwork.Thisnetworkplaysaroleinprocessingmemoriesandemotions.

JessicaDainoiseaux,aco-authorofthereviewpaper,focusesherresearchonaging-relatedchangesin（he

brain,andshenotesthatthestructuresthatseemtobestrengthenedbyyogaarconesthattendtoshrinkwithaging.

Thegreatervolumeslinkedtoyogaaresimilartothoseseeninstudiesofaerobic（有氧的）exercise.Thisraisesa

question:Istherereallyanythingspecialaboutyogaorisitjustanotherbrain-preservingworkout?

Atthispointit'shardtosay.Cleareranswerswillcomev/ithbetterstudiesthatbuildonthesmaller

experiments.Gothe,forexample,recentlyreceivedgovernmentfundsforastudythatwillassign168oldadultsto

sixmonthsofclassesofyoga,aerobicexercise,orstretchingandstrengthening."It'sexactlythekindoftrialwe

need,“saysGothe.

1.Whatdoweknowaboutthe2019reviewpaperonyoga?

A.Itisfarfromobjective.B.Itiscenteredonbrainscans.

C.Itprovestobeoflowquality.D.Itrelicsonsclf-reportcddata.

2.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Threemajorelementsofyoga.B.Thekeystructureformemory.

C.ThefindingofthereviewbyGothe.D.Theemotionprocessingnetwork.

3.WhatdoesGothcplantodointhefuture?

A.Takeaerobicexercise.B.Applyforgovernmentfunds.

C.Assignoldpeopletojobs.D.Carryoutsmallerexperiments.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Yogabackinfashion.B.Agecanaffectbrainpower

C.BraintrialsonthewayD.Yogamayboostbrainhealth

【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，瑜伽练习可以帮助解决背痛、抑郁和焦虑等问题。使用

一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描，表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"However,a2019reviewpaperfocusedonamoreobjectivemeasure:brain

scans.（然而，2019年的一篇综述论文关注的是一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描。户可知，focusedonamore

objectivemeasure:brainscans.,与B项内容中Itiscenteredonbrainscans.（它以脑部扫描为中心：＞）意义〜致。

故选B项。

2.主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“Thereview,ledbyNehaGothe,directoroftheExercisePsychologyLab,

examined11papersthatusedvarioustypesofbrainscanstoassesstheimpactofyogapracticeonthebrain.（这项

研究由运动心理学实验室主任内哈・戈特牵头，研究了11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的

论文。）“可知，Gothe和他的团队研究了之前的11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的论文，

接下来整个段落展开陈述他们的研究发现。故选C项。

3.细节理解题。根据最后一段第二三句"Cleareranswerswillcomewithbetterstudiesthatbuildonthesmaller

experiments.Gothe,forexample,recentlyreceivedgovernmentfundsforastudythatwillassign168oldadultsto

sixmonthsofclassesofyoga,aerobicexercise,orstretchingands【rengihening.（基于小型实验的更好的研究将带

来更清晰的答案。例如，Goihe最近获得了一项政府资助的研究•该研究将安排168名老年人参加为期6个

月的瑜伽、有氧运动或伸展和强化课程。）''可知，在接下来的时间里Gothe将在政府资助下进行基于小型实

验的研究，有可能会更清晰准确的I可答倒数第二段末的问题。故选D项。

4.主旨大意题。根据第一段的三四句"However,a2019reviewpaperfocusedonamoreobjectivemeasure:brain

scans.Thoughfarfromdefinitive,（hefindingsshowthatthepracticemayimprovebrainhealth,and（heyindicatea

waytobringyogaandsciencemoreconvincinglytogether.（…尽管还远未确定,但研究结果表明，这种练习可

能改善大脑健康，而且它们表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。）可知，研究发现瑜

伽练习可以促进大脑健康“，接下来全文张开叙述使用脑部扫描进行的研究过程。故选D项。

2

（2022•河南•一*模）“Humanactivityhaswipedouttwo-thirdsoftheworld'swildlifesince1970,“CNN

reportedonSeptember10,2020.Laterthatmonth,theGuardianreportedthat"40percentoftheworld'splant

speciesareatriskofextinction”.StanfordbiologistPaulEhrlichandhiscolleaguesarguedthatutheongoingsixth

massextinctionmaybethemostseriousenvironmentalthreattothepersistenceofcivilization^^.Aroundthesame

time,theDailyMailwarnedthat“humancivilizationstandsa90percentchanceofcollapsewithindecadesdueto

deforestation”.

Thesehorriblecalculationsandprojectionscomefromauthoritative-soundingreportsissuedhyinternational

agencies,conservationgroups,andpeer-reviewedscientificjournals.Butisthefutureofwildnatureandhuman

civilizationreallysopoor?

Datafromuncontroversialmainstreamsourcesstronglyindicatethatbothhumanityandthenaturalworldare

likelytobeflourishingratherthancollapsingattheendofthiscentury.Humanityisbecominganurbanspecies,

andthat'sgoodfortheenvironment,sinceurbandwellersgenerallyuselesselectricity,producelessglobe-warming

carbondioxide,andhavesmallerlandfootprintsthanpeoplelivinginthecountryside.By2100.itisestimatedthat

85percentofpeoplewillbecitydwellers,whichwouldleaveonly1.2billionstilllivinginthecountryside.That

meansmorespaceforthewildlifeandlesspollutionfromtheagriculture.

Theglobaltree-coveringareaincreasedby865,000squaremilesbetween1982and2016.Theresearchers

foundthatgainsinforestareainthemild,subtropicalandnorthernclimaticzonesarcoffsettingdeclinesinthe

tropics.TheMarylandresearchersowemuchofthatincreaseto“naturalafforestationonabandonedagricultural

land”.“Furthermore,forestsinmountainousregionsarcexpandingasclimatewarmingenablestreestogrowat

higheraltitudes,''theyadded.

Humanitydoesfacebigenvironmentalchallengesinthecomingcentury.Butthescientificandeconomic

evidenceshowsthatmostofthetrendsarepositiveorcanbeturnedinpositivedirectionbyhumanwisdom.Rather

thananageo