理工类英语学术论文写作教程 课件 Chapter 2 Writing the Introduction

Chapter2

WritingtheIntroduction理工类英语学术论文写作教程中国人民大学出版社Contents01Pre-assessment02ReadingandAnalyzing03LanguageStrategy04WritingSkills05GenerativeAIEmpowerment06Summary&Post-assessmentPre-assessmentPART01PartIPre-assessmentUsethechecklistbelowtoassessyourknowledgeandskillsinthischapter.1.Ihavereadalotofacademicpapers,andIthinkwritinganIntroductioniseasy.①StronglyDisagree ②Disagree ③Neutral ④Agree ⑤StronglyAgree2.IknowthepurposeofwritinganIntroductionsectionofaresearchpaper.①StronglyDisagree ②Disagree ③Neutral ④Agree ⑤StronglyAgree3.IknowthetypicalstructureoftheIntroductionsection.①StronglyDisagree ②Disagree③Neutral ④Agree ⑤StronglyAgree4.IknowthecorrecttensesthatshouldbeusedindifferentpartsoftheIntroduction.①StronglyDisagree ②Disagree ③Neutral ④Agree ⑤StronglyAgree5.IknowtheproperlengthoftheIntroductionsectionrelativetotheentirepaper.①StronglyDisagree ②Disagree ③Neutral ④Agree ⑤StronglyAgreePartIPre-assessment6.IknowhowtodecidetheproperamountofbackgroundinformationthatshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction.

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ReadingandAnalyzingPART02ContextSettingEstablishestheresearchbackgroundanditsbroadersignificance.EngagementCapturesthereader’sinterestandjustifiesthestudy’srelevancetothem.NoveltyPresentationHighlightsthenewmethods,results,orperspectivesofferedbythestudy.Answering“Why”Addressesthefundamentalquestionofwhytheresearchmatters.“TheIntroductionplaysacriticalroleinsettingthecontextforthestudyandengagingthereaders...Insimpleterms,theIntroductionservestoaddressthequestion‘Why’”PartIIWhatisthePurposeofanIntroduction?PartIIReadingandAnalyzingTable2.1

CARSModeloftheIntroductionSectionMovesDescriptionsImpliedQuestionsEstablisharesearchterritoryExplainthebackgroundcontextoftheresearchtopic,includingpreviousresearch.Whatistheresearchproblemortopic?Whyisthistopicimportant?Whathasbeenachievedbypreviousstudies?EstablishanicheExplainthatoneareaoftheresearchtopicismissinginformationorthatthecurrentresearchisinadequate.Whatisthelimitationofpreviousstudies?Whatisthechallengethatneedstobeaddressed?OccupythenicheExplainhowthecurrentresearch“fillsin”thatmissinginformationfromtheresearchtopic.Howwillthecurrentstudyaddresstheresearchgapthatyouhaveidentified?1.EstablishTerritoryDefinethebroadresearchareaandexplainitssignificance.Address:Whatisthetopic?Whyisitimportant?2.EstablishaNicheIdentifyagap,limitation,orunansweredquestioninexistingresearch.Address:Whatismissing?Whatistheproblem?3.OccupytheNichePositionyourstudyasthesolutiontofilltheidentifiedgap.Address:Howwillthisstudyaddresstheproblem?TheCARSModel:CreatingaResearchSpace“Tomakeitmoreconcreteandeasiertofollow,wecanfurtherdividetheabovethreemovesintofoursteps...”Step1ProvideBackgroundInformationStep2SummarizePreviousResearchesStep3IdentifytheLimitationsorGapsStep4DescribethePresentResearchTheFour-StepStructurePurpose&SignificanceExplainthesignificanceandcontextoftheresearcharea.Setthestageforthespecificstudy.KeyQuestionsAddressedWhatisthesignificanceofthetopic?Whatisthecurrentresearchfocus?Style&TenseUsePresentTensetodescribeestablishedfactsandknowledge.Maintainaformalacademictone.TextbookGuidance“Explainthesignificance...presentitscontextandhistoricaldevelopment,andintroducethecurrentresearchfocus.”Step1:ProvideBackgroundInformationCorePurposeOutlinetheresearchmap,identifykeytheories/models,andsummarizeprogress.KeyQuestionsWhatprogresshasbeenmade?Whatkeytheoriesarerelevant?GrammarFocusPresentPerfectTenseUsedtoshowactionscompletedwithrelevancetothepresentstateofknowledge.TextbookCitation“Outlinetheresearchmap,andidentifykeytheories,concepts,andmodelsrelatedtoyourresearch.”Step2:SummarizePreviousResearchesCorePurposeStatetheresearchproblem/hypothesisandestablishtherationalebyidentifyinglimitationsinpriorwork.KeyQuestionsWhatproblemdoesthisstudyaimtosolve?Whatistheexistingresearchgap?LanguageCuesUsecontrastwordstosignalshiftfromknowntounknown:however,but,lackof,despite.TextbookReference“Statetheresearchproblem,orpresenttheresearchhypothesis,andthenestablishtherationaleforconductingtheresearch.”Step3:IdentifyLimitationsorGapsPurposePresentthestudy’sobjectives,methods,keyresults(optional),andpaperstructure.KeyQuestionsAddressedWhataretheobjectives,methods,orresultsofthisstudy?Howisthepaperstructured?Tense&CitationUseSimpleFutureorPresentTense.Citation:“Presentresearchobjectives...andprovideanoutlineofthepresentpaper.”Step4:DescribethePresentResearchPartIIReadingandAnalyzingTable2.2

ModeloftheIntroductionSectionStepsDescriptionsImpliedQuestionsProvidebackgroundinformationExplainthesignificanceofthetopic/area,presentitscontextandhistoricaldevelopment,andintroducethecurrentresearchfocusWhatisthesignificanceoftheresearchtopicorarea?Whataresomeimportantresearchfocusesandhowhavetheybeenapproached?Whatisthescopeandresearchfocusofthecurrentstudy?SummarizepreviousresearchesOutlinetheresearchmap,andidentifykeytheories,concepts,andmodelsrelatedtoyourresearch.Whatprogresshasbeenmadeinthisspecificresearchfocus?Whatissomeimportantbackgroundknowledgethereadersneedtoknowinordertounderstandthecurrentstudy?IdentifythelimitationsorgapsStatetheresearchproblem,orpresenttheresearchhypothesis,andthenestablishtherationaleforconductingtheresearch.Whatproblem(s)doesthecurrentstudyaimtoaddress?Whatistheresearchhypothesis?DescribethepresentresearchPresentresearchobjectives/methods/results/conclusions,andprovideanoutlineofthepresentpaper.Whataretheobjectives/methods/results/conclusionsofthecurrentstudy?Howisthepaperstructured?Task1BelowaretwoIntroductionsectionspublishedininternationaljournals.Readtheintroductions,fillintheformandthendiscussthefollowingquestions(write0ifnoparagraphisdedicatedtoacertainstep).Dobothoftheexamplesincludeallofthefoursteps?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwoexamplesinstructureandcontent?Whatproblem(s)doeseachofthestudiesaddress?Orwhataretheresearchlimitationsorgapsthateachofthemaimstofill?Arespecificresearchfindingsmentionedintheexamples?Ifyes,howdothefindingscontributetotheresearchfield?Drawamindmapoftheexamples,usingkeywordstohighlighthowtheresearchquestionsareraised.StepsParagraphNumbers(Example1)ParagraphNumbers(Example2)Providebackgroundinformation①①Summarizepreviousresearches②③④Identifythelimitationsorgaps⑤⑥②③Describethepresentresearch⑦⑧④⑤⑥Example1:OpinionDynamicsBackground&Summary:Socialmediadynamics&reviewofpreviousmodels.IdentifiedGap:Issuesofpolarizationandechochambersincurrentmodels.PresentStudy:Proposesnudgestodepolarize&outlinespaperstructure.Example2:EVChargingInfrastructureBackground:ContextofEVsandsustainabilitygoals.IdentifiedGap:Barrierstoadoption,specificallylackofchargingstations.PresentStudy:Proposesanewapproachtooptimalchargingstationlocation.KeyObservation:Thefour-stepmodelisaflexibleguide;stepscanbereorderedorcombinedinreal-worldexamples.CaseStudy:AnalyzingSampleIntroductionsTask2AnalyzethefollowingpartsoftheIntroductionsection,andindicatethefunctionofeachgroupofsentences.1)Inthispaper,weaimtoidentifyandsuppressundesirablebiasestoimproveTransformerbasedbinarysimilarityanalysismodels.Inparticular,wefirstdetermineasetofinstructionsthatareimportanttoclassificationresults(regardingalltrainingsamples).Wethenuseprogramanalysistodetermineiftheseinstructionsindeedhavesemanticsimportance.Ifnot,theyarelikelyduetocompilerintroducedbiases.Wefurtherproposetoprecludetheseinstructionsbyremovingthemfromallthebinaryfunctionsandfinetuningthemodelwiththeupdateddataset.DescribethepresentresearchTask2AnalyzethefollowingpartsoftheIntroductionsection,andindicatethefunctionofeachgroupofsentences.2)Epigraphyisthestudyoftexts—inscriptions—writtendirectlyondurablematerials(stone,pottery,metal)byindividuals,groupsandinstitutionsoftheancientworld.Thousandsofinscriptionshavesurvivedtoourtime,butmanyhavebeendamagedoverthecenturiesandtheirtextsarenowfragmentary.Inscriptionsmayalsobemovedortraffickedfarfromtheiroriginallocation,andradiocarbondatingisunusableowingtotheinorganicnatureofmostinscribedsupports.Specialistepigraphersmustthenreconstructthemissingtext,aprocessknownastextrestoration,andestablishtheoriginalplaceanddateofwriting,tasksknownasgeographicalattributionandchronologicalattribution,respectively.ProvidebackgroundinformationTask2AnalyzethefollowingpartsoftheIntroductionsection,andindicatethefunctionofeachgroupofsentences.3)Detectionbasedononlyalimitednumberofattacksampleshotsisconsideredasafewshotintrusiondetectionproblem.Inrecentyears,few-shotlearninghasachievedconsiderableprogress[15]–[19].Severalalgorithmshaveutilizedtheconceptofmeta-learning[20],[21]toaddressthefew-shotlearningproblem.However,tothebestofourknowledge,thereiscurrentlynoeffectivemethodintroducedforfew-shotdetectionspecificallytoaddressnetworkintrusiondetection.SummarizepreviousresearchesIdentifythelimitationsorgapsTask2AnalyzethefollowingpartsoftheIntroductionsection,andindicatethefunctionofeachgroupofsentences.4)Theremainderofthispaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2providesadetailedreviewoftherelevantliterature.TheproblemunderstudyisdescribedinSection3.InSection4,themathematicalprogrammingmodelsforintegratedoptimizationareintroduced.Further,newstrategiestoacceleratethesolutiontimeofthecomputationallyexpensiveoptimizationmodelarepresented.InSection5,anextensivesetofpotentialscenariosisgenerated,anditscomputationalresultsarediscussed.Finally,Section6presentsconclusionsanddirectionsforfutureresearch.DescribethepresentresearchTask3ReadthroughtheIntroductionsectionsoftworesearcharticlesfromyourtargetjournals.Underlineorhighlightallthewordsorphrasesthatindicatethefunctionofeachofthefourstepsmentionedabove.LanguageStrategyPART03PartIIILanguageStrategyTable2.3

VerbTensesintheIntroductionMovesVerbTensesExamplesProvidebackgroundinformationPresentPerfectorPresentSimpleIntheeraofonlineshopping,severalcomponentsofe-commerceexperience,suchasmarketingandtransactionprocessing,havedramaticallytransformed.However,thedependencyondeliveryvansortrucksforthelast-mileoperationhasremainedunchangedfordecades.Thistraditionalprocessofdeliveringgoodsisnotefficientinthelong-runduetoincreasingtrafficcongestionandgrowingcustomerexpectations(Tuerk,2019;FehrandPeers,2019).Over70%oftheconsumersacrosstheglobearepricesensitiveandarereluctanttopayforfasterdelivery.(Joerssetal.,2016)SummarizepreviousresearchesPresentPerfectorPastSimpleResearchonemployingdronesindeliveryoperationshasgainedalotofattentioninrecentyears.Somestudiesconsidereddirectdronedeliveryfromdistributioncentersbyusinganetworkofrechargingstationstoovercometheflightrangelimitation.IdentifythelimitationsorgapsPresentPerfectorPresentSimpleHowever,tothebestofourknowledge,thereiscurrentlynoeffectivemethodintroducedforfew-shotdetectionspecificallytoaddressnetworkintrusiondetection.DescribethepresentresearchPresentSimpleInthispaper,weaimtoidentifyandsuppressundesirablebiasestoimproveTransformer-basedbinarysimilarityanalysismodels.Inparticular,wefirstdetermineasetofinstructionsthatareimportanttoclassificationresults(regardingalltrainingsamples).Wethenuseprogramanalysistodetermineiftheseinstructionsindeedhavesemanticsimportance.PartIIILanguageStrategyNominalizationOriginalVersionByanalyzingtheaboveliterature,wecanseethatcarbonemissionscontributegreatlytoglobalwarming.NominalizedVersionTheaboveanalysisofliteratureseemstoindicatethegreatcontributionofcarbonemissionstoglobalwarming.VS.Task5Pleaseunderlinethenominalizedexpressionsinthefollowingparagraphfromaresearchpaper,anddiscusshowtheymakethewritingstylemoreobjectiveandconcise.Thephenomenonofdigitalinnovationhascapturedtheattentionofscholarsandpractitionersalikeacrossmultipledisciplinessuchaseconomics,strategy,andmarketing.Theubiquityofdigitaltechnologyhasnotonlychangedthewaywestrategizeandorganizetocreateinnovation,butcarryingout“newcombinationsofdigitalandphysicalcomponentstoproducenovelproducts”haschangedthenatureofinnovationitself.Particularly,thereisaremarkableinterconnectednessbetweensocialactorsanddigitaltechnologiesinvolvedindigitalinnovations.Theassociatedemergenceofcomplexsociotechnicalsystemsrequiresresearchtoconsider“technicalartifactsaswellastheindividuals/collectivesthatdevelopandusetheartifactsinsocialcontexts”.Task5Pleaseunderlinethenominalizedexpressionsinthefollowingparagraphfromaresearchpaper,anddiscusshowtheymakethewritingstylemoreobjectiveandconcise.Thephenomenonofdigitalinnovationhascapturedtheattentionofscholarsandpractitionersalikeacrossmultipledisciplinessuchaseconomics,strategy,andmarketing.Theubiquityofdigitaltechnologyhasnotonlychangedthewaywestrategizeandorganizetocreateinnovation,butcarryingout“newcombinationsofdigitalandphysicalcomponentstoproducenovelproducts”haschangedthenatureofinnovationitself.Particularly,thereisaremarkableinterconnectednessbetweensocialactorsanddigitaltechnologiesinvolvedindigitalinnovations.Theassociatedemergenceofcomplexsociotechnicalsystemsrequiresresearchtoconsider“technicalartifactsaswellastheindividuals/collectivesthatdevelopandusetheartifactsinsocialcontexts”.Ubiquity:Derivedfromtheadjective“ubiquitous”,thisnounreferstothewidespreadpresenceofdigitaltechnology.Itismoreconcisethansaying"thefactthatdigitaltechnologyiseverywhere."Interconnectedness:Anounformedfromtheadjective“interconnected,”itreferstothestateofbeinginterconnected.Itismoreconciseandabstractthansaying“thestateinwhichthingsareconnected.”Emergence:Derivedfromtheverb“toemerge,”thisnounreferstotheactofcomingintovieworexistence.Itisconciseandallowsforamoreabstractdiscussionoftheprocess.PartIIILanguageStrategySignalWordsSignalwordsarealsocalledlinkingwordsorcohesivedevices.Theyarewordsorphrasesthatcanindicatetherelationshipbetweenideas,servingasconnectiveswithinaswellasbetweensentencesandparagraphstofacilitatetheflowofthoughtsandassistthereaderinunderstandingthetext.IntheIntroductionsection,signalwordsareusedtoensureaseamlessconnectionandeliminateanyabruptshiftsorgapsbetweenideas,suchassummarizinglimitationsofexistingresearch,orspecifyingresearchquestionsofthecurrentstudy.Task6Fillintheblanksinthefollowingparagraphswithappropriatesignalwords.Discusswhichsignalwordsareoftenusedtoindicateandfillintheresearchgap.1)Ithaslongbeendocumentedthatindividualsinanorganizationmayvoluntarilycarryouttasksthatarenotpartoftheirregularjobduties.①_______,individualsmaygoaboveandbeyondthecallofdutytohelpcoworkers,preventproblems,orvolunteertostaylatewhennotexpectedtodoso.Thisbehaviorisintendedtohelpothersintheorganizationortheorganizationitselfandisoftenreferredtoasorganizationalcitizenshipbehavior(OCB).②_______itisrecognizedthatOCBisimportantforanorganizationtoeffectivelyfunction,thereisadebateamongresearchersastohowOCBcanbeencouragedandrewarded.ThisdebateisfurthercomplicatedwhenconsideringtheroleofOCBinmultinationalcorporationspursuingglobaldiversity.MostOCBresearchhasfocusedonWesterncultures;③_______whethertheseresearchfindingscanbeextendedtootherculturesisnotclear,④_______suggestinganeedtoinvestigateOCBasitexistsinothercultures,particularlythosedescribedas“collectivist”.ForexampleAlthough/WhilehoweverthusTask6Fillintheblanksinthefollowingparagraphswithappropriatesignalwords.Discusswhichsignalwordsareoftenusedtoindicateandfillintheresearchgap.2)ShapeMemoryAlloys(SMA)areagroupofmetallicmaterialsthatcanreturntosomepreviouslydefinedshapeorsizewhensubjectedtotheappropriatetemperature.WhensomeSMAarecoldtheycanbedeformedatalowtemperature;①_______whenthematerialisheatedabovethetemperatureitundergoesachangeincrystalstructure,②_______causingittoreturntoitsoriginalshape.Somematerialsexhibitshapememoryonlywhenheated;otherscanundergoashapechangebothwhenheatedandwhencooled.③_______manyalloysareknowntohavetheabilityto“remember”theirshape,onlysomemayactuallyfindwidespreadcommercialuse.Ofparticularinterestarethosethatcanrecoversubstantialamountsofstrainorthatgeneratesignificantforceuponchangingshape.④_______,onecommonnickelandtitaniumSMA,Nitinol,hasthisabilityandisbeingusedinsurgicalimplants,clamps,miniaturevalvesandswitches,andotherdevices.

howeverthusAlthough/WhileForexampleTask6Fillintheblanksinthefollowingparagraphswithappropriatesignalwords.Discusswhichsignalwordsareoftenusedtoindicateandfillintheresearchgap.3)Aconsiderableamountofliteratureonsemanticcommunicationshasbeenpublished.①________Shannon’smasterpiecewaspublishedin1948,theShannonlimithasservedasguidanceincommunicationsystemdesignformorethansevendecades…②________wearewitnessingtremendoussuccessinimplementingAI-empoweredandsemantic-awaretechnologiesineachprotocollayer,asystematicframeworkisstillmissing.③________itiscriticaltoconceiveaninitialarchitecturetoembedsemanticintelligence(SI)acrossmultiplelayersfor6G.

SinceAlthoughThereforeTask6Fillintheblanksinthefollowingparagraphswithappropriatesignalwords.Discusswhichsignalwordsareoftenusedtoindicateandfillintheresearchgap.4)①_______thepotentialbenefits,droneshavetwomajortechnicalrestrictions:(i)limitedflightrangeordistanceand(ii)restrictedpayloadcapacity(Ottoetal.,2018).Thesetwodrawbacksimpedethepossibilityofadoptingastand-alonedroneshipmentasanalternativetotraditionaltruckdelivery.Nevertheless,adrone-truckcombinationcouldbeusedforefficientdelivery,whereatruckcarriesasetofdronesandcustomerorderstoacentrallocationthatiswithintheflightrange②_______thedronescantransportmultiplelow-weightorderssimultaneously(MoureloFerrandezetal.,2016;ChangandLee,2018).Thiswouldallowdronestoshipmoste-commerceordersastheyaretypicallywithinthepayloadcapacity.③_______,86%ofpackagesshippedbythee-commerceretailer,Amazon,weighlessthan3kg(6.5lb)(Guglielmo,2013),whichislessthanthedrone’scommonpayloadcapacity(Ottoetal.,2018).④_______,thenecessityofusingdronesindeliverylogisticsisevidentfromdifferentperspectives.⑤_______,mostattemptsbycompaniesandresearchstudiesfocusonusingjustasingledroneintandemwithatruck(Jeongetal.,2019;MurrayandChu,2015;Haetal.,2018).Hence,thecurrentchallengeistoeffectivelyoperatemultipledronesandatrucktoachievecheaperandquickerdelivery.

DespitesothatForinstanceThusHoweverWritingSkillsPART04PartIVWritingSkillsTheintroductionislikeapreviewtothefollowingsectionsofthepaper.Itservestoprovidebackgroundinformationtoenablethereaderstounderstandtheformulationoftheresearchquestionsofthepaper,thecontextinwhichtheyareraised,andthereasonsforthehypothesisorpredictions.Italmostalwaysbeginswithgeneralstatementsabouttheimportanceorsignificanceoftheresearcharea,beforegraduallynarrowingdowntothespecificresearchquestionsthatthepaperattemptstosolve.Writersmayalsodefineaparticularterm,oridentifyproblemsofwideinterestwhereresearchquestionsofthecurrentstudyaresituated.Thisprocessisoftencalled“claimingcentrality”.GeneralGuidelineApproximately1/10oftheentirepaper’slength.KeyPrincipleProvideonlyenoughbackgroundforthereadertounderstandthestudy’scontext.CommonPitfalltoAvoidOverlylongintroductionsmayindicatealackoforiginalityorunclearfocus.“TheIntroductionshouldoccupywithin1/10oftheentirepaper...Avoidtoolengthyintroductions.”HowLongShouldanIntroductionBe?Background&GeneralKnowledgeTense:PresentSimpleExample:“Socialmediaisabarometerofpublicopinion...”PreviousResearchSummaryTense:PresentPerfectExample:“Researchershavestudiedtheeffectsextensively...”Limitations&ResearchGapsTense:PresentSimpleExample:“However,thismodellacksreal-timeadaptability...”CurrentStudyAims&StructureTense:Future/PresentSimpleExample:“Thispaperwilldiscuss...”/“Section2outlines...”KeyTakeaway:Maintainconsistencywithineachsectiontoavoidconfusingthereader.TenseConsistencyinIntroductionsTask7BelowisarandomlistofparagraphsoftheIntroductionfromaresearcharticle.Pleaseidentifythefunctionofeachparagraphanddeterminethecorrectorderoftheparagraph.①Intuitively,classproxiesinverbalizersshouldencapsulateclass-levelsemanticfeatures,whichareexpressedimplicitlybyinstances.Toobtainthesesemanticrepresentativeswithfewdata,onepromisingapproachiscomputingcentralpointsofclassinstances,namelyprototypes,asapproximation.Tothisend,wemanagetoestimateprototypevectorsforeachclasstoserveasverbalizer.Summarizedfrominstances,prototypesaresupposedtoestablishconceptssimilarwithhuman-designedlabels.②ToverifytheeffectivenessofProtoVerb,weconductextensiveexperimentsontopicclassificationandentitytypingtasks.WestudytwodifferentsettingswhereProtoVerbcanwork:(1)Whenmanualverbalizersareavailable,ProtoVerbcanplayasanextraverbalizerintheinferencestage.ResultsshowthatProtoVerbconsistentlyimprovestheclassificationperformancewithlowcost,andevenuntunedPLMsbenefitlargely.(2)Considerarealisticsettingwhereonlyalimitednumberofsamplesareprovidedwithnomanualverbalizers,ProtoVerbalsoproducesverbalizersofhighquality.ExperimentalresultsdemonstratethatProtoVerbsignificantlyoutperformsexistingsearch-basedandsoftverbalizers.Task7BelowisarandomlistofparagraphsoftheIntroductionfromaresearcharticle.Pleaseidentifythefunctionofeachparagraphanddeterminethecorrectorderoftheparagraph.③Recently,prompt-basedtuning(SchickandSchütze,2021;Liuetal.,2021)hasrisentobeapowerfulwayforfew-shotlearningbybridgingthegapbetweenthepre-trainingstageanddownstreamtaskstage.Inprompt-basedtuning,theinputtextsarewrappedwithtaskspecifictemplatestore-formalizetheoriginaltaskasacloze-styletask.Forexample,intopicclassificationtask,wecanusetemplate“Thistopicisabout[MASK]”,wheretheplaceholderforinputsentencesis.ThePLMsareaskedtoinferthewordstofillin[MASK]andthewordsarefurthermappedtocorrespondinglabelsthroughaverbalizer(e.g.“sports”forlabel“Sports”).Verbalizersareofgreatimportanceinprompt-basedtuning(Gaoetal.,2021)sincetheyarethebridgesbetweenmodeloutputsandthefinalpredictions.Howtobuildeffectiveverbalizersforprompt-basedtuning—especiallyformany-classclassification,isacriticalissueinprompt-basedtuning.④Themassive-scalepre-trainedlanguagemodels(PLMs)(Hanetal.,2021a)havebeenproventobebackbonesforsolvingavarietyofNLPtasks(Kowsarietal.,2019;Rajpurkaretal.,2016).TofurtheradaptthesePLMstodownstreamtaskssuchasclassification,traditionalapproachesfinetunethelanguagemodelsthroughanextraclassifier(HowardandRuder,2018).However,whentask-specificdataislimited(Braggetal.,2021),trainingtheextraclassifiereffectivelyischallengingduetothegapbetweenpre-trainingtasks(e.g.,maskedlanguagemodeling)andfine-tuningtasks(e.g.,classificationandregression).ThisgapimpedesthefastadaptationofPLMstodownstreamtasks.Task7BelowisarandomlistofparagraphsoftheIntroductionfrom