2026年自考英语语言学专项试题及答案

2026年自考英语语言学专项试题及答案PartIMultipleChoice（每题1分，共30分）Directions:Choosetheoneoptionthatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.1.Thesmallestunitofmeaninginalanguageiscalleda______.A.phoneme  B.morpheme  C.allophone  D.syllable2.WhichofthefollowingbestexemplifiesaboundmorphemeinEnglish?A.cat  B.run  C.–ed  D.book3.Inthesentence“Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously,”theviolationisprimarily______.A.syntactic  B.semantic  C.pragmatic  D.morphological4.TheGreatVowelShiftmainlyaffectedEnglish______.A.consonants  B.syntax  C.longvowels  D.intonation5.Thecooperativeprinciplewasfirstproposedby______.A.Saussure  B.Chomsky  C.Grice  D.Halliday6.WhichfeaturedistinguisheshumanlanguagefromanimalcommunicationsystemsaccordingtoHockett?A.Interchangeability  B.Displacement  C.Feedback  D.Specialization7.Theprocessbywhich[t]becomesaflap[ɾ]inAmericanEnglish“water”isaninstanceof______.A.assimilation  B.deletion  C.lenition  D.epenthesis8.InGovernmentandBindingtheory,theemptycategoryPROisfoundin______.A.finiteclauses  B.subjectpositionofinfinitives  C.objectposition  D.relativeclauses9.Theterm“iconicity”referstoarelationshipbetweenformandmeaningthatis______.A.arbitrary  B.conventional  C.motivated  D.opaque10.WhichpairillustratesaminimalpairinEnglish?A.[sɪn]–[sɪŋ]  B.[lænd]–[lʌnd]  C.[piː]–[peɪ]  D.[ræt]–[ræt]11.TheLatinroot“-dict-”in“predict”isanexampleof______.A.afreemorpheme  B.aboundroot  C.aninflectionalsuffix  D.aclitic12.InOptimalityTheory,thewinningcandidateistheonethat______.A.violatesnoconstraints  B.violatesonlymarkednessconstraints  C.bestsatisfiestheconstrainthierarchy  D.ismostfrequentincorpora13.Thesentence“Johniseasytoplease”exhibits______.A.raising  B.control  C.passivization  D.topicalization14.Theterm“register”ismostcloselyassociatedwith______.A.phonetics  B.pragmatics  C.sociolinguistics  D.historicallinguistics15.Whichprocesschanges/n/to[m]in“input”?A.nasalplaceassimilation  B.vowelreduction  C.flapping  D.glottalization16.Intheword“unbelievability,”thenumberofmorphemesis______.A.3  B.4  C.5  D.617.Theobservationthat“Johnseemsishappy”isungrammaticalsupportsthe______.17.Theobservationthat“Johnseemsishappy”isungrammaticalsupportsthe______.A.thetacriterion  B.casefilter  C.bindingtheory  D.extendedprojectionprinciple18.ThevowelinEnglish“bird”isphoneticallydescribedas______.A.highfrontlax  B.midcentralrounded  C.midcentralunrounded  D.lowbacktense19.Whichscaleisusedintheanalysisofimplicatureslike“somebutnotall”?A.Hornscale  B.Guttmanscale  C.Likertscale  D.Richterscale20.ThechangefromOldEnglish[x]toModernEnglish/f/in“cough”isanexampleof______.A.metathesis  B.fortition  C.spirantization  D.debuccalization21.Inlexicalsemantics,therelationbetween“chair”and“furniture”is______.A.synonymy  B.hyponymy  C.antonymy  D.homophony22.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthat______.A.codasaremaximized  B.onsetsaremaximized  C.nucleiareminimized  D.morasarecounted23.Thesentence“Whodidyoumeett?”involves______.A.wh-in-situ  B.wh-movement  C.topicalization  D.left-dislocation24.Theterm“schwa”refersto______.A.ahighvowel  B.amidcentralvowel C.aglottalstop  D.avoicedfricative25.Insecond-languageacquisition,the“criticalperiod”hypothesisismostcloselylinkedto______.A.phonology  B.morphology  C.pragmatics  D.discourse26.Theprocessofcreating“brunch”from“breakfast”and“lunch”is______.A.clipping  B.blending  C.back-formation  D.acronymy27.Thesentence“Everystudentthinksheissmart”canexhibit______.A.boundvariableanaphora  B.sloppyidentity  C.donkeyanaphora  D.cataphora28.Thefeature[+voice]distinguishes/p/from/b/intermsof______.A.manner  B.place  C.voicing  D.aspiration29.TheobservationthatFrench/r/isuvularwhereasSpanish/r/isalveolarillustrates______.A.allophonicvariation  B.phonemiccontrast  C.dialectaldifference  D.freevariation30.Incorpuslinguistics,theterm“type-tokenratio”measures______.A.syntacticcomplexity  B.lexicaldiversity  C.phonotacticprobability  D.morphologicalrichnessPartIIBlankFilling（每空1分，共10分）Supplythetechnicaltermthatbestfitseachdescription.31.Thepositionfromwhichamovedelementisextractediscalledits______.32.Thediacritic[̃]aboveavowelindicates______.33.TheLatintermfor“languageofthehome”is______.34.Theconstraintthateverysentencemusthaveasubjectisknownasthe______.35.Thephenomenonwhere“cup”becomes[kʰʌp̚]withanunreleasedfinalstopiscalled______.36.Thescale“<all,most,many,some,few>”isanexampleofa______scale.37.Theprocessbywhich“pease”wasreanalyzedas“pea”iscalled______.38.Theminimalunitofphonologicalstructurethatcanbearstressisthe______.39.Thepragmaticactofperforminganapologyisa______act.40.Theobservationthathighvowelstendtobeshorterthanlowvowelsillustrates______.PartIIITrueorFalse（每题1分，共10分）WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.41.TheEnglishpluralmorpheme/-z/hasthreeallomorphsconditionedbyvoicing.42.InSPEnotation,[+high,–low,–back]refersto[i].43.Thesentence“HimselfsawJohn”violatesPrincipleAofBindingTheory.44.Theword“often”mustalwaysbepronouncedwith/t/informalspeech.45.TheOldEnglishword“stan”became“stone”viavowelraising.46.InOptimalityTheory,faithfulnessconstraintsfavoroutputformsthatareidenticaltotheinput.47.Theimplicature“some→notall”iscancellable.48.Thevowelin“bit”isphonemicallythesameinalldialectsofEnglish.49.Theprocessofpalatalizationchanged/k/to/tʃ/in“church.”50.Theterm“sociolect”referstovariationaccordingtosocialclass.PartIVShortAnswer（每题5分，共20分）Answerconciselybutcompletely.51.Statetwoargumentsforthepsychologicalrealityofphonemes.52.Explainwhy“Johniseagertoplease”isdifferentfrom“Johniseasytoplease”intermsoftheta-roleassignment.53.Provideonepieceofevidencethatsyntacticmovementissyntacticratherthanphonological.54.DescribehowtheGriceanmaximofmannercanbeviolatedtocreateirony.PartVTranscription&Phonology（共10分）55.ProvideanarrowphonetictranscriptionofthefollowingsentenceasspokeninGeneralAmericanEnglish,markingstressandintonation:“Didyoureallyseetenblueboats?”56.Inthedatabelow,thepluralsuffixsurfacesas[s],[z],or[ɨz].Statetherulethatdeterminesthechoiceofallomorph;includeatleastthreeexamplesforeachallomorph.Data:cats,dogs,judges,lips,ribs,wishes,myths,names,churches.PartVIMorphologicalAnalysis（共10分）57.Dividethefollowingwordsintomorphemesandlabeleachmorphemeasfree/boundandinflectional/derivational:undeniableness,prewash,dogs’,reader-friendly,antioxidizing.PartVIISyntaxTree（共10分）58.Drawafullylabeledtreeforthesentence“Thestudentsoflinguisticswillneverabandontheirfavoritetheory.”UseIP/CPframeworkandindicateallmovementswitharrows.PartVIIICalculations（共10分）59.Acorpuscontains500000tokensand45000types.a.Computethetype-tokenratio(TTR).b.Ifthecorpusisdoubledbyexactrepetition,whatbecomesthenewTTR?c.ExplainwhyTTRissensitivetocorpussize.60.GiventhefollowingfrequencycountsforEnglishobstruentsinword-initialposition:/p/8420 /b/5310 /t/9200 /d/6100 /k/7800 /g/4500Computetherelativefrequencyofvoicedvs.voicelessstopsanddiscussimplicationsformarkedness.PartIXEssay（共20分）61.DiscussthestatusofUniversalGrammarintheeraoflargelanguagemodels.Inyouransweraddress:(i)povertyofthestimulusarguments;(ii)parametricvariation;(iii)neuralnetworklearnability;(iv)atleasttwoempiricalphenomenathatremainproblematicforpurelydata-drivenapproaches.Length:300–400words.———————————答案与解析———————————PartI1B 2C 3B 4C 5C 6B 7C 8B 9C 10A 11B 12C 13A 14C 15A 16C 17B 18C 19A 20C 21B 22B 23B 24B 25A 26B 27A 28C 29C 30BPartII31trace 32nasalization 33vernacular 34ExtendedProjectionPrinciple(EPP) 35unreleasedstop 36Horn 37back-formation 38foot 39perlocutionary 40intrinsicvoweldurationPartIII41T(/-z/→[s]aftervoiceless,[z]aftervoiced,[ɨz]aftersibilant)42T(featurescorrectlyspecify[i])43T(PrincipleArequiresanaphorinsameclauseasantecedent)44F(glottalizationorelisionof/t/iscommon)45F(thechangeinvolveddiphthongization,notraising)46T(faithfulnesspenalizesdeletion/insertion)47T(implicaturecanbeexplicitlycancelled:“some,infactall”)48F(dialectalsplitssuchas/ɪ/vs./i/inSouthernUS)49T(palatalizationbeforefrontvowels)50T(sociolect=social-classvariety)PartIV51(i)Minimalpairsshowcategoricalperception;(ii)Slipsofthetonguepreservephonemicstructure(e.g.“pigvat”for“bigpat”).52In“eager,”Johnbearstheagentroleofplease;in“easy,”Johnisthetheme,impliedobjectofplease.Thetagridsdiffer:adjectivesselectdifferentargumentstructures.53In“WhichbookdidJohnwonderwhenMaryreadt,”theunacceptabilityofextractingfrombothwh-islandsshowssyntactic,notphonological,constraints(islandeffectsremainunderellipsis).54Saying“Oh,brilliant”aftersomeonespillscoffeeviolatesmanner(bebrief,orderly)tosignaltheoppositemeaning,creatingironyviaflouting.PartV55Narrowtranscription:[ˈdɪdʒjəˈɹɪɹliˈsiːˈtʰɛnˈbluːˈboʊts↗]Stressondid,rea-,see,ten,blue,boats;finalrisingintonationforyes–noquestion.56Rule:/-z/→[s]aftervoicelessnon-sibilantobstruent:cats/kæts/,lips/lɪps/,myths/mɪθs//-z/→[z]aftervoicednon-sibilant:dogs/dɒgz/,ribs/rɪbz/,names/neɪmz//-z/→[ɨz]aftersibilant/affricate:judges/dʒʌdʒɨz/,wishes/wɪʃɨz/,churches/tʃɜrtʃɨz/Process:voicingassimilation+epenthesistoavoidcluster.PartVI57un(bound,derivational,prefix)+deny(free,root)+-able(bound,derivational,suffix)+-ness(bound,derivational,suffix)pre(bound,derivational)+wash(free,root)dog(free,root)+-s(bound,inflectional,pluralpossessive)reader(free,compoundroot)+(bound,derivational,suffixoid)+friendly(free,root)anti(bound,derivational)+oxid(bound,root)+-iz(e)(bound,derivational)+-ing(bound,inflectional,participial)PartVII58Tree(textualrepresentation)CP├──C’│├──C[+Q]│└──IP│├──I’││├──I[+finite,+past]││└──VP││├──V’│││├──Vabandon│││└──DPtheirfavoritetheory(movedfromobjectpositionofV)││└──DPthestudentsoflinguistics(base-generatedinSpec-VP,raisedtoSpec-IP)└──(wh-featureinCfordeclarative)Movementarrows:DP“thestudents…”movesfromSpec-VPtoSpec-IPtosatisfy