大学英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷37

大学英语四级(阅读)模拟试卷37

一、阅读(常规阅读理解)(本题共3。题，每题

分,共30分。)

GPSTheGlobalPositioningSystemisaspace-basedtriangulationsystemusingsatellites

andcomputerstomeasurepositionsanywhereonearth.Itisfirstandforemostadefense

systemdevelopedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense,andisreferredtoasthe

"NavigationSatelliteTimingandRangingGlobalPositioningSystem"orNAVSTAR

GPS.Theuniquenessofthisnavigationalsystemisthatitavoidsthelimitationsofother

land-basedsystemssuchaslimitedgeographiccoverage,lackofcontinuous24-hour

coverage,andthelimitedaccuraciesofotherrelatednavigationalinstruments.Thehigh

accuraciesobtainablewiththeGlobalPositioningSystemalsomakeitaprecisionsurvey

instrument.GPSComponents:theSpaceSegment,theControlSegment,andtheUser

Segment.SpaceSegmentTheSpaceSegmentofthesystemconsistsoftheGPSsatellites.

Thesespacevehicles(SVs)sendradiosignalsfromspace.TheGPSOperational

Constellationconsistsof24satellitesthatorbit(heearthin12hours.Thereareoften

morethan24operationalsatellitesasnewonesarelaunchedtoreplaceoldersatellites.

Thesatelliteorbitsrepeatalmost(hesamegroundtrack(astheearthturnsbeneaththem)

onceeachday.Theorbitaltitudeissuchthat(hesatellitesrepeatthesame(rackandarea

overanypointapproximatelyeach24hours(4minutesearliereachday).Therearesix

orbitalplanes(withfourSVsineach),equallyspaced(60degreesapart),andinclinedal

aboutfifty-fivedegreeswithrespecttotheequatorial(赤道的)plane.Thisconstellation

providestheuserwithbetweenfiveandeightSVsvisiblefromanypointon(heearth.

ControlSegmentTheControlSegmentconsistsofasystemof(rackingstationslocated

aroundtheworld.TheMasterControlfacilityislocatedatSchrieverAirForceBase

(formerlyFalconAFB)inColorado.Thesemonilorstationsmeasuresignalsfromthe

SVswhichareincorporatedintoorbitalmodelsforeachsatellites.Themodelscompute

preciseorbitaldataandSVclockcorrectionsforeachsatellite.TheMasterControl

stationuploadsorbitaldataandclockdatatotheSVs.TheSVsthensendsubsetsofthe

orbitalephemeris(星历表)datatoGPSreceiversoverradiosignals.UserSegmentThe

GPSUserSegmentconsistsoftheGPSreceiversandtheusercommunity.GPSreceivers

changeSVsignalsintoposition,speed,andtimeestimates.Foursatellitesarerequiredto

computethefourdimensionsofX,Y,Z(position)andTime.GPSreceiversareusedfor

navigation,positioning,timedistribution,andotherresearch.Navigationinthree

dimensionsistheprimaryfunctionofGPS.Navigationreceiversaremadeforaircraft,

ships,groundvehicles,andfcrhandcarryingbyindividuals.Precisepositioningis

possibleusingGPSreceiversatreferencelocationsprovidingcorrectionsandrelative

positioningdataforremotereceivers.Suneying,geodeticcontrol,andplatetectonic

studiesamexamples.Timeandfrequencydistribution,basedonthepreciseclockson

hoardtheSVsandcontrolledbythemonitorstations,isanotheruseforGPS.

Astronomicalobservaiories,(elecommunicationsfacilities,andlaboratorystandardscan

besettoprecisetimesignalsorcontrolledtoaccuratefrequenciesbyspecialpurpose

GPSreceivers.ResearchprojectshaveusedGPSsignalstomeasureatmospheric

parameters.GPSAccuracyAtpresentthesystemconsistsof24satellitesatanaltitudeof

about20,000kmhavinganorbitalinclinationof55degrees.Theorbitsarealmost

circularandittakes12hoursforasatellitetocompleteapassaroundtheEarth.GPS

signalsarebroadcastfromaclusterof24ormoreearthorbitingsatellites.Becausethe

GPSsignalsarederivedfromtheatomicfrequencystandardsonboardeachsatellite,(hey

arewidelyusedasareferencefortimesynchronizationandfrequencyadjustment.The

realtimepositioningaccuracyofasinglereceiverisnormallyupto100melers

horizontallyand150metersvertically.However,variousmethodshavebeendeveloped

whichenablemuchhigheraccuracy(centimeterlevel).GPSReceiversTherearea

varietyofdifferenttypesofGPSreceiversonthemarketforcommercialandpublicuse.

Pricesrangefrom$500-S30.000,reflectingtheaccuracyandcapabilitiesofthe

instruments.Forthegeneraloutdoorsman,agoodGPSreceivershouldhave8satellite

trackingcapabilityandbecapableofreceivingtheGPSsatellitesignalsthroughforest

coveringinnorthernOntarioshieldarea;fortheprofessionaluser,aminimum8satellite

trackingcapability,highmemorycapacity,differentialGPScapability,andresistanceto

signalweakeningunderforestcoveringisessential;fortheprofessionalsurveyor

requiringhighlevelprecisionandaccuracycapability,theyshouldassesstheprojector

applicationforwhichthetechnologyistobeusedwiththehelpofanunbiased

consultant,inordertodeterminethemostcosteffectiveandappropriateinstrument.

NavigationalUnitsSmallhandheldunitsatrelativelylowcostallowboatersandhikers

(oknowtheirpositionwithinafewhundredmeters.Thisaccuracyissufficientfor

recreationaluse.MappingAhandheldorsimilarunitatmid-rangepricethatislinkedto

afixedbroadcastbasestation.Theseunitsallowutilitycompanies,municipalitiesand

otherstolocatevariousitems(telephonepoles,walerlines,vaives)withapositional

toleranceofseveralmeters.ThisissuitableforsomeGeographicalInformationSystems

(GIS)mappingpurposes.GPSandPolicingGPStechnologyoffersnumerousbenefitsto

lawenforcementagenciesofalltypes.Forsomeagencies,thenavigationalcapabilities

offeredbyGPSenhanceefficiencyandsafety.Thesenavigationalapplicationscanbe

usedtosupportavarietyofpolicingandcriminaljusticefunctions.Otheragenciesuse

GPSpositioningtechnologiestocarryoutspecialoperationsortoprovideenhanced

personnelsafety.Forexample,usingcomputerizedmapsoftheirrightsgivenbylaw,

cooperatedwithGPS,aviationpersonnelcandeterminelocation,speedandtime.The

positioningcapabilitiesofferedbyGPSmayalsocontributetothesuccessofspecialized

lawenforcementoperationssuchasincontrollingvehicles.Onesuchprogramoperated

inMinneapolisledtoa60%reductioninautotheftafteronlyonemonth.Theautomatic

vehiclelocationsystemscannotonlyprovideefficiencyofresponseandhelpensure

officersafety,butalsoprovideofficerwithaccurateinformationconcerningthebest

responseroutetoanincident.What'smore,theycanprovideofficersinformationthat

allowstheclosestpatrolofficerstobedispatchedtoaparticularincident.Advanced

TransportationManagementSystems(ATMS)areheavilydependantuponGPS

technologytoprovidedataabouttheroadsystem.GPSallowsforlawenforcement

personneltoclearroadwayblockagestoensurethesafetyofmotorist.Mostpeople

associatelawenforcementwiththeprevention,reduction,andprosecutionofcriminal

activity.Infact,alargeponionoflocallawenforcementresourcesareinvolvedin

facilitatingthemovementofpeopleandvehiclesinasafemanner.Inconclusion,large-

volumecommercialapplicationssuchascellularphones,personalcommunication

systems,andin-vchiclcnavigationsystemswillfuelcontinueddevelopmentofthese

technologies.WhatwasultimatelythedomainoftheDepartmentofDefenseisrapidly

becomingavailableforbusiness,private,andgeneralgovernmentuse.Policingand

publicsafetyingeneral,willbenefitfromthesemarketforces.Itisclearthattherearea

numberofGPSapplicationsforpolicing.

1、ThecomponentsofGPSinclude.

A^(heSpaceSegment,theControlSegment,NavigationalUnits

B、theSpaceSegment,theControlSegment,GPSReceivers

C、theSpaceSegment,theControlSegment,theUserSegment

D、theSpaceSegment,theUserSegment,GPSReceivers

标准答案：C

知识点解析：原文第2段提到，全球定位系统的组成部分包括空间部分、监控部分

和用户部分，故答案为C。

2、GPSsatellitessendradiosignals.

A、fromspace

B、tospace

C、fromtheearth

D^toothersatellites

标准答案：A

知识点解析：原文该段第2句中的主语Thesespacevehicles指的就是上一句中的

GPSsatellites,因此本题答案为A。

3、WhatkindofdatadoesNavigation,theprimaryfunctionofGPS,involve?

A、Dataoftwodimensions.

B、Dataofthreedimensions.

C、Dataoffourdimensions.

D^Dataofonedimension.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第2段首句提到导航是三维的，所以本题答案为B。

4、Thehighestpositioningaccuracyofareceivercannowreach.

A^meter-level

B、kilomctcr-Icvcl

C、centimeter-level

D^millimeter-level

标准答案：C

知识点解析：原文该段最后一句表明准确度已经可以达到厘米水平，所以本题答案

为C™

5、GISmappingmaybedonewithahandheldorsimilarunital.

A^high-rangeprice

B、medium-rangeprice

C、low-rangeprice

D、unaffordableprice

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题的关键是明白该部分最后一句中的This一词指的是本段开头的

Ahandheldorsimilarunitatmid-rangeprice,因此本题答案为Bo

6、WiththehelpofGPS,aviationpersonnelcanfindout.

A^location,speedandtime

B、time,speedandheight

C、location,timeandheight

D^location,timeandwindspeed

标准答案：A

知识点解析：原文指出.航空人员使用法律权利允许的电子地图.加上全球定位系

统，就能确定位置、速度和时间，所以本题答案为A。

7^ThankstotheGPSsystem,theautotheftrateinMinneapolishadbeenreduced

by•

A、fiftypercentinamonth

B、seventypercentinamonth

C、sixtypercentinamonth

D、fortypercentinamonth

标准答案：C

知识点解析：原文该句开头的Onesuchprogram指的就是全文的主题：GPS

program,因此答案为C。

8、Limitedgeographiccoverage,lackofcontinuous24-hourcoverage,andthelimited

accuraciesofotherrelatednavigationalinstrumentsarcthedisadvantagesof.

标准答案:otherland-basedsystems

知识点解析：空白处应为名词词组。题目中的disadvantages与原文中的limitations

为同义词，因此答案就在原文该词之后。

9、ThepricesofvariousGPSreceiversaredeterminedby.

标准答案:the/theiraccuracyandcapabilities

知识点解析：空白处应为名词词组。原文该段第2句中的分词结构reflecting表明

了各种接收器价格不同的原因，因此reflecting•词后的名词词组就是答案。

10、TheaccuracyofahandheldGPSunitatrelativelylowpriceisgoodenoughfor

标准答案；recreationaluse

知识点解析：圈空白处应为名词词组。原文该段第2句的Thisaccuracy指的就是第

1句中的相对低成本的小型手提式设备的准确度，题目中的goodenough是对

sufficient的同义改写，因此本题答案就在for之后。

Adultswhohadbeenfedplentyoffruitwhentheywerechildrenarelesslikelytosuffer

fromcertaintypesofcancer,BritishscientistssaidonWednesday.Amedicalstudyof

[11]4,000menandwomenshowedthatthemorefruitstheadultshadeatenwhenthey

were[12]thelesslikelytheyweretosufferfromlung,bowelandbreastcancer."This

studyshowsthatchildhoodfrnitconsumptionmayhavealongterm[13]effecton

cancerriskinadulthood,"Dr.MariaMaynardoftheMedicalResearchCouncilin

Londonsaid.Alloftheadultsinthestudyhadfilledinafood[14]duringthe1930sfor

aresearchstudylookinginto(heeatinghabitsoffamiliesin[15]andurbanareasof

EnglandandScotland.Maynardandhercolleaguesstudiedthemedicalrecordsofthe

groupuptoJuly2000,bywhichtime483casesofcancerhadbeen[16].Inadditionto

fewercasesofcancer,ahighconsumptionoffruitwas[17]withalowerdeathrate

fromallcauses.Fruitsareloadedwithantioxidants,vitaminsandothernutrients,which

canhelp(opreventgenetic[18]thatcanleadtothedevelopmentofcancer.The

scientistsalsostudiedthe[19]ofvitaminsC,Eandbetacaroteneoncancerbutthey

didnotfindany[20]thatindividualantioxidantswereasprotectiveasfruit.A.impact

B.efficiencyC.associatedD.insertE.protectiveF.furthermoreG.decentH.diagnosed

I.damageJ.youngK.inventoryL.ruralM.nearlyN.evidenceO.grab

ih[11]'

标准答案：M

知识点解析：本句of后面已出现名词结构menandwomen,所以此处应为副词，

修饰4000这个数字，因此答案为nearIyo

12、[12]

标准答案：J

知识点解析：此处可为名词、形容词或动词现在分词，作were的表语。根据第1

段所提到的whentheywerechildren,可知该词与children语义相关，词库中最合适

的只有youngo

13、[13]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：此处应为形容词，修饰名词effect。该句是对上一句的补充说明，表

明年轻时多吃水果对健康有长期好的作用，因此该形容词应表示积极意义，只有

protective适合。

14、[14]

标准答案：K

知识点解析：此处应为名词。根据动词词组fillin(填写)，可以推断该词指表格之

类，因此答案是invenlory。foodinventory意为“食物清单

15、[15]

标准答案：L

知识点解析：此处应为形容词，与urban并列修饰areas一词，而且在语义上与

urban相反,因此答案是rural。

16、[16]

标准答案：H

知识点解析：此处应为动词过去分词，与hadbeen构成被动语态。根据句中的

medicalrecords及casesofcancer。可以推断该动词应为diagnosed.,

17、[17]

标准答案：C

知识点解析：此处应为动词过去分词或形容词，而且可与with搭配。上文提到大

量食用水果对健康的影响，可以推断该句表明吃水果与降低死亡率也有关，因此

associated为本题答案。beassociatedwith意为“与...有关

18、[18]

标准答案：I

知识点解析：此处应为名词。根据prevent及其后的定语从句“可导致癌症的发

展”，可知这个名词表示消极意义，词库中的名词只有damage合适。

19、[19]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：此处应为名词。从also一词可知科学家除了如上文所说研究了水果

对健康的影响外。也研究了如维生素C、E等对健康的影响，因此impact一词为本

题答案。

20、[20]

标准答案：N

知识点解析：此处应为名词。从该句but一词可以知道科学家研究了维生素C等对

健康的影响.但不能证明这些单一抗氧化剂的效果是否与水果一样好，因此此处应

为一个表示“证明、证据''的单词，即evidence。

InAmericaalone,tippingisnowa$16billion-a-yearindustryConsumersacting

rationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhavetoforagivenservice.Sowhydothey?

Theconventionalwisdomistliattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce

uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservice,thebiggerthetip.Apaper

analyzingdatafrom2,547groupsdiningat20differentrestaurantsshowsthatthe

relationshipbetweenlargertipsandbetterscn'iccwasveryweak.Customerswhorateda

mealas"excellent"stilltippedanywherebetween8%and37%ofthemealprice.Tipping

isbetterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmerica,thecustomhasbecome

established;itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.InaNewYork

restaurant,failingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefromthewaiter.Hairdressers

canexpecttoget15-20%,themanwhodeliversyourgroceriesS2.InEurope,tippingis

lesscommon;inmanyrestaurants,freetippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservice

charge.InmanyAsiancountries,tippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.Howto

accountforthesenationaldifferences?Looknofurtherthanpsychology.Accordingto

MichaelLynn,theCornellpaper'sco-author,countriesinwhichpeoplearcmore

outgoing,sociableorneurotic(神经质的)(endtotipmore.Tippingrelievesanxiety

aboutbeingservedbystrangers."And,"saysMr.Lynn,"inAmerica,wherepeopleare

outgoingandexpressive,tippingisaboutsocialapproval.Ifyoutipbadly,peoplethink

lessofyou.Tippingwellisachancetoshowoff."Icelanders,bycontrast,donotusually

(ip-ameasureoftheirintroversion(内向)andlackofneuroses,nodoubt.Whilesuch

explanationsmaybecrude,thehard(ruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoes

notbenefitthecustomer.Nor,inthecaseofrestaurants,doesitactuallyencouragethe

waiter,orhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Thecryofmean

tippersthatservicepeopleshould"justbepaidadecentwage"mayactuallymake

economicsense.

21、From(hepassagewecanunderstandthatAmericans.

A、arereluctanttogivetips,buttheystilldoso

B、liketogive(ipstoservicepeople(ohelpthemfinancially

C、arewillingtogivetipsbecausetheylovethepractice

D^aregivingfewerandfewertips

标准答案：A

知识/解析：推理判断题。原文第1段讲人们其实不该支付小费，但美国人每年仍

要付16billion作为小费.在第3段及第4段分析原因时指出：付小费主要是文化

而非经济原因，以及在美国这个习惯已经固定下来了。可见，美国人付小费多少有

几分不得已。

22Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat.

A^tipsarevoluntaryinAmerica

B、tippingisrareinmanyAsiancountries

C、peopledon^tipinEurope

D、tippingisnowpopularinIceland

标准答案：B

知识点解析：齐实细节题.本题考查该段最后一句中catchcn的理解-通过对比说

明小费在不同的地区有不同的看法，可以推断出亚洲国家对小费持否定态度，

catchon意为“流行，风行”，由此可判断选项B为正确答案。选项A和C与第3段

中的表述不符，选项D在第4段出现，且表达的意义与第4段最后一句相反。

23、BasedonMichaelLynn'stheory,whichofthefollowingistrue?

A^Nervouspeopledonotusuallytip.

B、Americanpeopleareanxious.

C、Icelandersdon'tliketoshowoff.

D^Peoplewillignoreyouifyoutipbadly.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推理判断题。本题考查强对比处。根据第4段中林恩的理论，付小费

是一种表现自己的方式，而冰岛人通常不付小费，说明他们性格内向，故推断C

为正确答案。选项A与原文意思相反，选项B亳无根据。选项D与原文有出入，

其中的ignore不等同于第4段中的thinklessof。

24>MichaelLynnismostprobably.

A、aneconomist

B、awriter

C、apsychologist

D^asociologist

标准答案；C

知识点解析：推理判断题。本文第4段指出要从心理学的角度解释付小费在各国的

区别，然后引用了MichaelLynn的理论，由此可见，他最有可能是一个心理学

家，研究消费心理。本题最具干扰性的是选项A.付小费对很多人来说是一种经济

行为，但作者在第3段首句即指出付小费最好用文化而不是经济学来解释，可见本

文的重点不在于“经济”，所以.MichaelLynn是经济学家的可能性就降低了。

25、Whatdoestheauthorthinkabouttherelationshipbetweenserviceandtip?

A、Biggertipsbringaboutbetterservice.

B、Goodserviceshouldberewardedwithtips.

C、Tipsareeffectiveinimprovingservice.

Tipscannothelppromptbetterservice.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：观点态度题。最后一段表达了作者的观点，在首句即指出付小费达不

到预期效果，因此D为正确答案。选项A和B其实是对第1段最后两句的近义替

换，但都是人们传统的观念和想法，并非作者的观点。选项C的意思明显与最后

一段首句相反。

It's10pm.Youmaynotknowwhereyourchildis,butthechipdoes.Thechipwillalso

knowifyourchildhasfallenandneedsimmediatehelp.Oncedoctorsarrive,thechip

willalsobeabletotellthemwhichdrugsarcnotsuitableforlittleJohnnyorJanie.Atthe

hospital,thechipwilltelldoctorshisorhercompletemedicalhistory.Andofcourse,

whenyouarrivetopickupyourchild,settlingthehospitalbillwithyourhealthinsurance

policywillbeasimplematterofwavingyourownchip-theoneembeddedinyour

hand.Tosome,(hismaysoundunbelievable.Butthetechnologyfbrsuchchipsisno

longer(hesluffofscienceficiion.Anditmaysoonoffermanyotherbenefitsbesides

locatinglostchildrenorelderlypatients.Itcouldbeusedascreditcardsandpeoplewon'l

havetocarrywalletsanymore.Ontheotherhand,somearealreadywonderingwhatthis

sortoftechnologymaydotothesenseofpersonalprivacyandliberty."Anytechnology

ofthiskindcouldresultinabuseofpersonalprivacy,"saysLeeTien,seniorstaffattorney

fbrtheElectronicFrontierFoundation."Ifakidcanbetracked,doyouwantotherpeople

tobeabletotrackyourkid?It'sadouble-edgedsword."AppliedDigitalSolutions,Inc.in

PalmBeach,Florida,saysilliasrccunllyappliedtotheFoodandDrugAdniinisliatioiifor

permissiontobegintestingitsdeviceinhumans.Aboutthesizeofagrainofrice,the

microchipcanbeencoded(编码)withbitsofinformationandembeddedinhumans

underalayerofskin.Whenscannedbyanearbyreader,(heembeddedchipgives(he

data.Mostembeddedchipdesignsareso-calledpassivechips,whichgiveinformation

onlywhenscannedbyanearbyreader.Butactivechips—suchasth