概念隐喻视角下《重返巴比伦》的语篇连贯功能研究

概念隐喻视角下《重返巴比伦》的语篇连贯功能研究摘要：本文选取菲兹拉杰德的小说《重返巴比伦》作为分析对象，系统分析概念隐喻如何构建语篇连贯。本文先从理论上探讨了概念隐喻构建语篇连贯的可行性。再详细分析概念隐喻的哲学基础、工作机制和特征后，得出其系统性和重叠蕴含可以帮助构建语篇连贯的结论。再从局部和整体入手，分析对话语篇的连贯性。研究发现，小说通过中心隐喻构建背景、人物、情节和主题4个要素实现整体连贯；说明隐喻的系统性和重叠蕴含为语篇连贯提供可能。关键词：概念隐喻；语篇连贯；重返巴比伦ResearchontheFunctionofDiscourseCoherenceoftheNovelBabylonRevisitedfromthePerspectiveofConceptualMetaphor.WangXinSchoolofInternationalStudiesMajor:EnglishGrade:2016Instructor:WangXinAbstract:ThispaperselectsFitzgerald'snovelBabylonRevisitedastheobjectofanalysis,andsystematicallyanalyzeshowconceptualmetaphorconstructstextualcoherence.Thispaperfirstdiscussesthefeasibilityofconstructingdiscoursecoherencefromconceptualmetaphor.Afteradetailedanalysisofthephilosophicalbasis,workingmechanismandcharacteristicsofconceptualmetaphor,itisconcludedthatitssystematicandoverlappingimplicationscanhelptoconstructdiscoursecoherence.Thenfromthelocalcoherenceandtheoverallcoherence,analyzethecoherenceofdialoguediscourse.Thestudyfindsthatthenovelrealizestheoverallcoherencethroughthecentralmetaphortoconstructthebackground,characters,plotandtheme.Thesystematicandcommonimplicationofmetaphorprovidesthepossibilityoftextualcoherence.KeyWords:conceptualmetaphor;textualcoherence;returntoBabylonContentsIntroduction1.1ResearchBackground1.2SignificanceoftheResearch1.3OrganizationoftheResearchChapter2LiteratureReview2.1AnOverviewofStudiesonDiscourseCoherenceAbroad2.2TheoreticalFrameworkChapter3TheRoleofConceptualMetaphorintheRealizationofDiscourseCoherenceinBabylonRevisited.3.1AnIntroductionofBabylonRevisited3.2Conceptualmetaphorfortheconstructionofoverallcoherence3.2.1Centralmetaphor:PARISISBABYLON.3.2.2theconstructionofthebackgroundofthecentralmetaphor.3.2.3theCentralmetaphorfortheconstructionofcharacters3.2.4Centralmetaphorfortheconstructionoftheplot3.2.5theCentralmetaphorfortheconstructionofthethemeChapter4Conclusion4.1Majorfindingsofthestudy4.2LimitationsandrecommendationsIntroduction1.1ResearchbackgroundThestudyofmetaphorhasalonghistoryhoweveritisnotanancientantiquebutanevergreentreeinthefieldoflinguistics.ItsoriginscanbetracedbacktoAristotle'sera,whenmetaphorwasregardedasarhetoricaldeviceandthestudywaslimitedtothefieldofrhetoric.Inthe1930s,RichardsandBlack'stheoryofinteractionbrokethelimits.Asfarasthetheoryofinteractionisconcerned,metaphorisaquestionofhumanthought,notasimplemeansofrhetoric.Theninthe1980s,thepublicationofLakoffandJohnson's"TheMetaphorWeLive"markedthe"cognitiveturn"ofmetaphoricalresearch(Steen54).Theyarguethat"fromourthoughtsandactions,ourgeneralconceptualsystemisessentiallyametaphor"(LakoffandJohnson,"TheMetaphor3WeLiveon").Metaphormappingisnotarbitrary,butbasedonourexperience.Thiscognitiveviewofmetaphoristhecoreofconceptualmetaphortheory,whichisconsideredtobecontemporarymetaphortheory.Withthedevelopmentofconceptualmetaphortheory,manylinguistshaveexpressedinterestintheroleofconceptualmetaphorintextualcoherence,includingGoatly,whobelievesthat"metaphorscanbeusedconsciouslyorsubconsciouslytoformthedevelopmentoftextasanorganizationalprinciple.Inrecentyears,someresearchworkondiscoursemetaphorhascometoincludemetaphor:FengXiaohu'sideologicalfoundationanddiscourseframework,andWeiJidong'stextualmetaphor.ThisstudywillbebasedontheConceptualmetaphortheory,withF.ScottFitzgerald'sBabylonRevisitedisanexampleoftheanalysisoftextualcoherenceinliterarymetaphors.Thepurposeofthestudywastodiscoverhowconceptualmetaphorsbuildcoherenceinliterarydiscourse.Toclarifythistopic,thisstudywillfirstdiscussitsfeasibilityintheory.Then,thedetailedandpartialcoherenceofScottFitzgerald'sBabylonRevisitedwillbeanalyzedindetailtoprovethediscoursecoherencefunctionofconceptualmetaphor.1.2SignificanceofresearchWiththedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics,researchersbegantostudytextualcoherencefromacognitiveperspective.Previously,systemicfunctionallinguisticsdominatedthefield.However,somescholarshaverecentlysuggestedthatcognitivelinguisticsmaybemoresuitableforexplainingtheessenceoftextualcoherence.Thispaperwilldemonstratethesignificanceofcognitiveperspectivesinthestudyofdiscoursecoherence,whichmayencourageresearcherstostudydiscoursecoherencefromacognitiveperspective.Asoneoftheimportanttheoriesincognitivelinguistics,conceptualmetaphortheoryiswidelyusedinvariousrelatedfields.Atleasttosomeextent,ithascertainreferencesignificanceforthedevelopmentoflinguisticsandthestudyofnovels.Firstofall,thetheoreticalsignificanceofthisresearchistoanalyzethetextualcoherencefunctionfromtheperspectiveofconceptualmetaphorofnovelsandtoexpandthescopeofapplicationofthistheory.Secondly,thepracticalsignificanceofthisresearchliesintheanalysisofthediscoursecoherencefunctionofconceptualmetaphorintheliterarytheorywithatheoreticalbasis:conceptualmetaphortheory.Finally,wealsoremindustopayattentiontotheconceptualmetaphorintheprocessofreadingnovelsandtobevaluabletoreaderswhoarereadingnovels,whichisconducivetobetterunderstandingandappreciationofwork.Thepurposeofthisstudyistofindouthowconceptualmetaphorsbuildcoherenceinliterarydiscourse.ThispapermainlystudieshowconceptualmetaphorcanhelpreaderstobetterunderstandthisnoveltosomeextentbyconstructingtheoverallcoherenceandpartialcoherenceofthenovelBabylonRevisitedthroughitssystematicandcoherentnature.1.3OrganizationofResearchThepaperisdividedintofourpart,themaincontentsofeachpartareasfollows:Thesecondchapterwillreviewtherelevantliteratureondiscoursecoherenceresearch.Inthissection,referencestotextualcoherenceathomeandabroadwillbementioned;andthelimitationsofpreviousstudiesandtheneedforsuchresearcharepointedout.Itwillprovethatconceptualmetaphorcancontributetothecoherenceofdiscourseintheory.Thisisthetheoreticalframeworkofthisarticle.Thethirdchapteriscaseanalyze,thepurposeistoprovethepointofviewinChapter2.F.ScottFitzgerald'sBabylonRevisitedwasusedastheobjectofanalysis.ToexplorethecoherenceofconceptualmetaphorinBabylonRevisited,thefirstistointroducethegeneralinformationofthenovelBabylonRevisitedandthensystematicallyanalyzehowconceptualmetaphorsconstructdiscoursecoherence.Fromtheperspectiveoflocalcoherenceandoverallcoherence,analyzethecoherenceofdialoguediscourse.Thestudyfoundthatthenovelconstructsthebackground,characters,plotandthemethroughthecentralmetaphortoachieveoverallcoherence;thesystematicandcommonimplicationofmetaphorprovidesthepossibilityoftextualcoherence.Thefourthchapterdrawstheconclusionsofthestudy.Thischapterwilldiscussthemainfindingsofthisstudy,thelimitationsandfuturerecommendationsforrelatedresearch.Chapter2LiteratureReviewDiscoursecoherencehasalwaysbeenaresearchhotspotintextlinguistics.Researchersappliedittodifferentdisciplinesandobtainedalotofresearchresults.Beforeturningtotheresearchtopic,itisnecessarytofirstreviewthedevelopmentofdiscoursecoherenceresearch.Thischapterwillsummarizethemainresearchresultsofcoherentdiscourseathomeandabroad,inordertohelptostudythebestmethodofdiscoursecoherence.2.1AnOverviewofStudiesonDiscourseCoherenceAbroadFitzgerald'sshortstoryBabylonRevisitedwascompletedin1935andcausedgreatrepercussionsintheliteraryandartcirclesandreaders.ItisknownasFitzgerald'smostexquisiteshortstoryandoneofthemostpopularnovelsinthecollection.ManyforeignscholarshavemainlyinterpretedthenovelBabylonRevisitedinliterature,andfewpeoplehavestudiedthecoherentfunctionoftext.Sincethe1960s,linguistshavetriedtoexplaindiscoursecoherencefromdifferentangles.HallidayandHasan(1976)andvanDijk(1977)discussdiscoursecoherencefromasemanticperspective,andWiddowson(1978)assignspragmaticcoherencetopragmaticconcepts.Inthe1980s,withtheriseofcognitivelinguistics,moreandmorelinguistsbegantostudydiscoursecoherencefromacognitiveperspective.Forexample,Stubbs(1983)andBeaugrandandDressler(1981)arguethatcoherenceisapsychologicaloperationprocess;Blakemore(1992)exploresthecoherentcognitivemodelbasedonrelevancetheory;LakoffandJohnson'sconceptualmetaphortheoryisadiscoursecoherencestudy.Provideanewperspective.ManyscholarsinChinahavestudiedthenovelBabylonRevisited.Forexample,KuiZeng(2015)analyzedandinterpretedthespiritofthenovelBabylonRevisitedandinterprettheselfbetweenhimselfandthesuperego;MeiliZhang(2011)UsingGrice's"cooperativeprinciple"anditsviolations,fromtheperspectiveoflinguistics,itanalyzesthemeaningofdialogueintheBabylonRevisited.Therefore,mostdomesticscholarsusethelinguistictheorytostudyBabylonRevisited,itismorecommontousetheprinciplesofcooperation,politeness,speechacttheoryandconversationalanalysis,anditisraretoexaminefromtheperspectiveofconceptualmetaphor.However,somedomesticscholarstrytodiscusstextualcoherencebasedonconceptualmetaphortheory.Forexample,WeiWang(2005)believesthatconceptualmetaphorachievescoherencethrough“psychologicalmodel”.XiaohuFeng(2004)exploresconceptualmetaphorstoconstructspecificpatternsoftextualcoherence,etc.Alargenumberoftheoreticalapplicationstudieshaveemerged.ThispaperwilluseLakoffandJohnson's(1980)conceptualmetaphortheoryasthetheoreticalframeworktoanalyzehowconceptualmetaphorcanachievethetextualcoherenceofFitzgerald'sshortstoryBabylonRevisited.Metaphorisonlyarhetoricalmeansinthetraditionalsense,andpeople'sresearchonmetaphorislimitedtovocabulary,phraseandsyntacticlevel.Inthe1980s,thebookMetaphorsWeLiveBy,co-authoredbyLakoffandJohnson,markedthetransformationofmetaphoricalresearchfromthelinguisticleveltothecognitivelevel.Metaphorisnotonlyrhetoricbutalsoawayofthinking.Theprocessofpeople'scognitionoftheworldisbasedonalargenumberofconceptualmetaphors.Novelsarethemainmediumofliterature.Itreflectstheperceptionofhumansthroughplots,charactersandtheenvironment.Thisarticletakesthenovelastheobjectofanalysisandprovesthatthecoherenceofthenovelcanberealizedthroughconceptualmetaphor.Thisconclusionisveryvaluableforreaderswhoarereadingnovelstobetterunderstandandappreciatethework.Inaddition,theresearchisalsoofgreatsignificancetoreadingteaching,whichcaninspireteacherstocultivatestudents'metaphoricalawarenessinreadingteaching.Insummary,thisresearchisnecessary.2.2TheoreticalFramework2.2.1DiscoursecoherenceWhenscholarstalkaboutcoherence,itisinevitabletomentioncohesion.Bothwordsarehottopicsindiscoursestudiesandareusuallypairedstudies.Therelationshipbetweencohesionandcoherencecanbecomparedtotherelationshipbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructure.Cohesion"focusonthecomponentsofthesurfacetext,thatis,theactualwordswehearorsee,areinterrelatedinasequence"(BeaugrandeandDressler3).However,“coherencerelatestothecomponentsofthetextworld,thatis,theconfigurationoftheconceptsandrelationshipsthatconstitutethesurfacetextaremutuallyaccessibleandrelevant”(DeBeaugrandeandDressler4).BrownandYule(1983)claimthatinadiscourse,“audience/readerswillmakeeveryefforttomakeacoherentinterpretation”,whichmeansthatcoherenceistheresultofcognitiveprocesses.Inthisrespect,coherenceplaysaroleinthedeepstructureofdiscourse.Inotherwords,coherencedefinesdiscourseratherthancohesion.Cohesiondoeshelptoorganizewords,butnotenough.Alotofevidencewillprovethatcoherentwordsdependnotonlyoncohesion.Thefactorsaffectingthecoherenceofdiscoursemainlyinclude:situationandculturalbackground,worldknowledge,pragmaticpresupposition,mentalmodel:scriptandframework.AccordingtoHallidayandHasan,theterm“situation”means“situational”embeddedtext,whichreferstoalladditionallanguagefactorsrelatedtolanguage(21).Inthiscase,thecontextualknowledgewillassisttheparticipantindeterminingwhethertheutteranceiscorrect.Dependingonthesituation,participantswillavoidinappropriatespeechtomaintainlanguagecoherence.ThefamousBritishanthropologistMalinowski(1923)believedthatculturalbackgroundalsohadanimpactonspeechacts,whichgreatlyencouragedlinguists.“Culturalbackground”referstothesocialandculturalenvironmentinwhichlanguageuserslive.Lackofknowledgeaboutculturalbackgroundsmayaffectdiscoursecoherence.Worldknowledgeisatermoftendiscussedindiscourselinguistics.“Knowledgeisjustwhereweknowit,whetheritisgeneralizedinformationdistilledfrommanyexperiences,oracommemorativerecordofauniqueexperience”(VanDickandKintsch312).Thatistosay,worldknowledgewillcovercommonsense,individualandindividualsocialandculturalexperienceandprofessionalknowledge.Worldknowledgeisclearlyessentialfordiscourseunderstanding.Pragmaticpresuppositionisthepremiseofdiscourse,whichreferstotheimplicitexperienceinknowledgeanddiscourse(XiaohuFeng82).Presetsareirrelevanttothelanguageform,butarecloselyrelatedtothecontext.Leech(1981)proposedpragmaticpresuppositionsrequiringparticipantstosharetheirknowledgeandexperience.Thesepracticalpremisesarenotexplicitlystatedinthediscoursebutimplicitinthediscourse,maintainingthecoherentdiscourseofthediscourse.Thementalmodelisformedfromtheknowledgestructureandschemafromeverydayexperience.Worldknowledgeisrepresentedbyamentalmodelintheformofafixedpatternfixedinthehumanbrain.Thesebehavior-relatedpatternsarecalled"scripts"andforsocialorsocialroles,theyare"framework"(XiaohuFeng88-87).Everythingconstitutesaknowledgestructure,andanexperience-basedmodelnormalizesregularbehaviorasa"script"thatiseasytostoreinthebrain.Scriptsandframeworksarethebasisofpresuppositionsandwillhelptocoherentwords.Asamentalmodel,scriptsandframeworkswillhelptoachievecoherence,especiallyindiscourse.2.2.2ConceptualMetaphorConceptualmetaphortheoryoriginatedfromcognitivelinguistics.Theamazingthingaboutconceptualmetaphorsisthatitrepresentsordinaryeverydaywaysoftalkingaboutotherthings,relationships,andsoon.Therefore,thephilosophicalfoundationofconceptualmetaphortheoryhasbeenadoptedbothathomeandabroad.Manyscholars,suchasLakoff&Johnson(1999),YinWang(2002),YuhongLiu(2006),YiSun(2010),XiuguiQin,QiGao(2017),etc.,havethesameviewthatthephilosophicalfoundationofconceptualmetaphortheoryexistsinthebody.InthephilosophyofChina,itcanalsobecalledembodiment.Intheirmostbasicsense,thought,meaningandthinkingarebasedontheexperienceofthebody,whichistheessenceofphilosophyintheflesh.Theworkingmechanismofconceptualmetaphoriscross-domainmapping,whichisdynamicandpartial,notfixedorholistic.Conceptualmetaphortheoryholdsthatmetaphoristhecognitiveprocessof“knowinganotherthingthroughonething”(Lakoff,Johnson1980:192).Metaphorisnotonlyamodificationoflanguageform,butitsessenceisacognitiveprocess,andthiscognitiveprocessisubiquitousinourdailylife.Lakoffdefinesconceptualmetaphorsas“cross-domainmappingbetweenconceptualsystems”(Lakoff1993:49),whichistheworkingmechanismofconceptualmetaphors.Metaphorshavemultipleexpressionsinlinguisticform,butAISBisthemostcommonformofexpression.Inthismetaphor,AandBrepresenttwoconcepts,belongingtodifferentconceptualdomains.TheworkingmechanismofconceptualmetaphoristomapthecontentpartofBconceptdomaintoAconceptualdomain,sothatAconceptualdomainalsohassomecharacteristicsofBconceptualdomain.ConceptualmetaphortheorydefinesAasthetargetdomain,Basthesourcedomain,andthesourcedomainreferstotheconceptualdomainfromwhichwederivemetaphoricalexpressions.However,thetargetdomainreferstothethingswetrytounderstandintheconceptualdomain.Thecontentintheconceptdomainiscalled"implication."XiaohuFengusesthe"if...then..."relationshiptodefine"implication"(XiaohuFeng2001:122)."Implication"canalsoconnecttwodifferentconceptualmetaphorstomaketwodifferentconceptualmetaphorscoherent.Therefore,theconceptualworkingmechanismmetaphorisbasedonmetaphormapping.Weshouldrelyonpeople'scognitiveandreasoningrelatedfactorstoeliminatesuchconflictsinordertoprovideareasonableexplanation.Therefore,thereisaworkingmechanismaboutconceptualmetaphors,thatis,adynamicmetaphoricalmechanismwithsourcedomains,targetdomains,topics,similaritiesandcontexts.Forthesakeofclarity,Figure3.3fromWangYin&LiHong(2003:10)isdescribedbelow.Conceptualmetaphorhasthefollowingcharacteristics.First,conceptualmetaphorsaresystematicandmanifestedattwolevels,namelylanguagelevelandconceptlevel.Fromtheperspectiveofmetaphoricalsystemic,therearetwosituations:systemicinconceptualmetaphorandmorethanjustaconceptualmetaphor.Second,metaphoricalimplicationisametaphorofconcept,oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofmetaphor.Sincetherichknowledgeofthesourceismappedtothetarget,wecallitmetaphoricalimplicationtorelateittomostofthemappingswehaveseensofar(Kovecses,2002:94).Inotherwords,thegoalcanbeinferredextensivelyfrommappingfromsourcetosource.ConceptualmetaphortheorydefinesAasthetargetdomain,Basthesourcedomain,andthecontentintheconceptualdomainiscalled"implication."XiaohuFengusesthe"if...then..."relationshiptodefine"implication"(XiaohuFeng2001:122)."Implication"canalsoconnecttwodifferentconceptualmetaphorstomaketwodifferentconceptualmetaphorscoherent.LakoffandJohnsonarguethat“whenwediscussaconcept,weuseanotherconceptthatismetaphoricallyunderstood,andthisprocessproducesmoreoverlappingmetaphors”(Lakoff,Johnson1980:192),herethe“overlappingmetaphor”"refersto"overlappingimplication","overlappingimplication"isthesourceoftheconnectionbetweentwodifferentconceptualmetaphors.Thesystematicnatureof"conceptualmetaphor"and"overlappingimplication"cantheoreticallyachievetextualcoherence,andmetaphoricalexpressionsCohesionisachievedonthesurfacestructureofthediscourse.Metaphoricalcoherencemeansthatdifferentmetaphoricalexpressionstogetherprovideacoherentunderstandingoftheconcept.AccordingtoLakoffandJohnsonin"TheMetaphorofOurLife"(1980:87-92),themetaphoricalcoherenceisdividedintothreegroups,namely,coherencewithinasinglemetaphor,andcoherenceintwoofasingleconceptaswellascomplexcoherenceacrossmetaphors.Thecoherenceofasinglemetaphorisrealizedthroughmetaphorandrepresentstheinherentsystemicnatureofmetaphor.Consistencybetweentwoaspectsofasingleconceptisanecessitythroughsharedoroverlappingmetaphors.Byestablishingintersections,wecanensurethatthecomplexcoherenceacrossmetaphorsisbasedonsharedmetaphorimplications.Basedontheaboveanalysisofthecharacteristicsofconceptualmetaphors,inthissectionwewilldiscusshowtheycanhelpachievetextualcoherence.Wewillfirststudyhowasingleconceptualmetaphorcanhelpbuildacoherentdiscourse.Accordingtotheresearchcoherenceofconceptualmetaphoranddiscourse,mostscholarsWenXuandYeWei,2003;XingweiMiaoandMeizhenLiao(2007)believethatthesystematicnatureofmetaphor,thecoherenceofmetaphorandthemetaphoricalimplicationplayanimportantroleintheestablishmentofdiscoursecoherence.Asingleconceptualmetaphorcanconstructacoherentdiscoursebecauseofthesystematicnatureofmetaphor.Variousaspectsofconceptualmetaphorcanbeextendedandincludedinacoherentmanner.Chapter3TheRoleofConceptualMetaphorintheRealizationofDiscourseCoherenceinBabylonRevisited.Inthelastchapter,wediscussedthepossibilityofconceptualmetaphorimplementation.Theoreticaltextualcoherence:conceptualmetaphorandoverlappingsystematicimplicationcontributetotextualcoherenceindeepstructures,whilemetaphoricalexpressionactsasacohesivedevicethatcontributestothecoherentstructureofsuperficialdiscourse.Inthischapter,thepaperattemptstoexplainitinaspecificdiscourse.TakeF.S.Fitzgerald'sfamousnovelBabylonRevisitedasanexample.Thereasonswechoseitasanexemplarydiscourseareasfollows:First,theResurrectionofBabylonisagoodmetaphoricalnovelthatfitsourresearchtheme.Second,thisisanarrativenovel.Afteranalysis,theauthorbelievesthatnarrativeisthemosttypicalofthevariousstyles.Narrativesareoftenembeddedinothertypes,suchasdescriptions,descriptionsandarguments,andthesetypesrarelyobscurenarratives.Inaddition,webelievethatcompletenarrativediscourseisthemostrepresentativeandcommonwritingstyle.Third,thenovelisametaphoricalmetaphoricdiscourse.However,mostconceptualmetaphorstudiesarenotintentionalorunintentional,butratherfocusonexplicitmetaphoricaldiscoursesorexamplesofmetaphoricaldiscourse,especiallyinproseandprose.ReturningtoBabylonisametaphoricaldiscourse,amacroscopicmetaphorthatisfullyorganizedthroughasinglemetaphor.Thewholediscussioniscoherentbasedonaconceptualmetaphor:ParisisBabylon.However,inadditiontothetitleoftheentirediscourse,eachpartofthestoryisimplicitlycombinedandformsacoherentdiscourse.Thisimplicitapproachisthefocusofthepaper.3.1AnIntroductionofBabylonRevisitedBabylonRevisitedistheworkofFitzgerald,knownasthe"ConfusedVoice",showingtheprosperityanddeclineoftheWesternworldfromthe1920stothe1930s.ThestorytookplaceinParisfrom1929to1933duringtheGreatDepression.TheprotagonistCharliewasa35-year-oldsettlerfromtheUnitedStates.ThestoryrevolvesaroundCharlie'sreturntoParistoretakeherdaughter'scustody.CharliereliedonstockspeculationtogainalotofwealthbeforetheGreatDepression,andtheeconomicbubblemadehimcorruptanddebauchery,andtheGreatDepressionmadehimnothingatnight.Thesuddenblowmadehimspiritsonthevergeofcollapse.Heindirectlykilledhiswife,losthisdaughter'scustody,andleftPariswithoutapenny.Nowheisrefreshing,quitdrinking,workinghard,anddeterminedtostartanewlife.Livingwithmydaughteristhekeytostartinganewlife,sohereturnedtoParisanddecidedtotakebackhisdaughter’scustody.Butjustashewasabouttosucceed,theappearanceofhisformerfriendsandfriendshaddisruptedhisplans,andhehadtowaitforthenextopportunitytoprovethathecouldberesponsibleforhisdaughter.Heknowsthathehastopayforthecrazylifeofthepast,buthedoesn'tknowhowmuchitwillcost.Charlieinthenovelistheepitomeofthejazzera,andthepastmadnessanddegenerationisinsharpcontrastwithhiscurrentsituation.Hispainwasasatireonthehedonismthatprevailedinsocietyatthetime.AlthoughCharlielearnedthelessonandtriedtostartanormallife,hecouldnotreallygetridofhispast.3.2Conceptualmetaphorfortheconstructionofoverallcoherence3.2.1Centralmetaphor:PARISISBABYLON.ThenovelofBabylonRevisitedtookplaceinParis,butthewordBabylonappearedonlyonceinthetitleofthenovel,andneverappearedinthetext.SoitcanbeinferredthatBabyloninthetitleisametaphor,referringtoParis.ThiscanleadtoacentralconceptualmetaphorPARISISBABYLON,aconceptualmetaphorthatleadsthewholenovel,whichiscalledacentralconceptualmetaphor.Beforethediscourseanalysis,oneofthemostimportantthingsistoclarifytheconceptofBABYLON,andtranslateBabylonintoBabylon.Historically,BabylonwasthecapitaloftheBabylonianstate.Atthattime,theeconomywasprosperousandcivilized,anditscitizenswereknownfortheirextravagantlifestyleandpursuitofmaterialism.TheheroofthestoryoftheBabelintheBibleistheBabylonian.ItissaidthattheBabylonianswerearrogant,becausetheywantedtopeepatthedwellingplaceofGod,andbuiltatower.Inordertopunishtheirgreedandarrogance,Godcreatedagreatcollapse,andBabylonbecamearuin.TheBiblealsopredictsthatBabylonwillneverberevived.Later,peopleused"Babylon"todescribethesinisterlandofextravaganceandmorality.BABYLONisthesourcedomainofthecentralconceptualmetaphor,andallrelevantimplicationswillbeprojectedontothetargetdomainPARIS.Becauseconceptualmetaphorsaresystematic,thecentralmetaphorPARISISBABYLONcangetmanyderivedconceptualmetaphors,suchas:PARISIANISBABYLONIANTHELIFESTYLEOFPARISIANISTHELIFESTYLEOFBABYLONIANTHEENDINGOFPARISIANISTHEENDINGOFBABYLONIANTHEFORMERGLORYOFPARISISTHEFORMERGLORYOFBABYLONTHECOLLAPSEOFPARISISTHECOLLAPSEOFBABYLON……Fortheconvenienceofresearch,thispaperclassifiesandsummarizestheabove-mentionedconceptualmetaphors,andsummarizesthethreetypesofmappings,namelyattributeclassmapping(seeTable1),relationshipclassmapping(seeTable2)andcognitiveclassmapping(seeTable3).IntherecessivemetaphoricaldiscourseBabylonRevisited,noexplicitmetaphoricalexpressioncanbefound.Therefore,thisstudycannotbeanalyzedfrommetaphoricalexpressionsasinmoststudies.Asweallknow,acompletenovelmusthavefourelements:background,characters,plotandtheme,sothisstudystarts