刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记

英国文学简史完全版AConciseHistoryofBritishLiteratureChapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriodI.Introduction1.ThehistoricalbackgroundBeforetheGermanicinvasionDuringtheGermanicinvasionimmigration;Christianity;heptarchy.socialclassesstructure:hide-hundred;eoldermen（lord）–thane-middleclass（freemen）-lowerclass（slaveorbondmen:theow）;socialorganization:clanitaryOrganization;Churchfunction:spirit,civilservice,education;economy:coins,trade,slavery;feastsandfestival:Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.2.TheOverviewofthecultureThemixtureofpaganandChristianspirit.Literature:a.poetry:twotypes;b.prose:twofigures.II.Beowulf.Ageneralintroduction.Thecontent.Theliteraryfeatures.theuseofalliterationtheuseofmetaphorsandunderstatementsthemixtureofpaganandChristianelementsIII.TheOldEnglishProseWhatisprose?figuresTheBedeAlfredtheGreatChapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAgesI.IntroductionTheHistoricalBackground.Theyear1066:NormanConquest.Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.Normannoblesandserfs;restorationofthechurch.Thethecrusadeandknights.dominanceofFrenchandLatin;The12ththecentralizedgovernment;kingsandthechurch（HenryIIandThomas）;The13thThelegendofRobinHood;MagnaCarta（1215）;thebeginningoftheParliamentEnglishandLatin:officiallanguages（theend）The14ththeHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons—conflictbetweentheParliamentandKings;theriseoftowns.thechangeofChurch.theroleofwomen.theHundredWar—starting.thedevelopmentofthetrade:London.theBlackDeath.thePeasants'Revolt—1381.ThetranslationofBiblebyThe15thThePeasantsRevolt（1453）TheofRosesbetweenLancastersandtheprinting-press—WilliamCaxton.thestartingofMonarchy（1485）TheOverviewofLiterature.thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofandBrittany—greatmythsoftheMiddleAges.GeoffryeofMonmouth—HistoriaRegumBritanniae—KingRomandeBrut.Theromance.thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:Langland,Gawinpoet,SirGawinandGreenKnight.ageneralintroduction.theplot.WilliamLangland.LifePiersthePlowmanChaucerLifeLiteraryCareer:threeperiodsFrenchperiodItalianperiodmasterperiodTheCanterburyTheFramework;TheGeneralPrologue;TheHisContribution.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes.HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.PopularBallads.ThomasMaloryandEnglishProseThebeginningofEnglishDrama.MiraclePlays.MiracleplayormysteryplayisaformofmedievaldramathatcamefromdramatizationoftheliturgyoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Itdevelopedfromthe10thtothe16threachingitsheightinthe15thThesimplelyriccharacteroftheearlytextswasenlargedbytheadditionofdialogueanddramaticaction.Eventuallytheperformancewasmovedtothechurchyardandthemarketplace.MoralityPlays.Amoralityplayisaplayenforcingamoraltruthorlessonbymeansofthespeechandactionofcharacterswhicharepersonifiedabstractions–figuresrepresentingvicesandvirtues,qualitiesofthehumanmind,orabstractconceptionsingeneral.3.Interlude.Theinterlude,whichgrewoutofthemorality,wasintended,asitsnameimplies,tobeusedmoreasafillerthanasthemnpartofanentertnment.Asitsbestitwasshort,witty,simpleinplot,suitedforthediversionofguestsatabanquet,orfortherelaxationoftheaudiencebetweenthedivisionsofaseriousplay.Itwasessentiallyanindoorsperformance,andgenerallyofanaristocraticnature.Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenssanceI.AHistoricalBackgroundII.TheOverviewoftheLiterature（1485-1660）Printingpress—readership—growthofmiddleclass—trade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationofpower-intellectuallife-exploration-newimpetusanddirectionofliterature.Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityandreformededucation.Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.1.poetryThefirsttendencybySidneyandSpenser:ornate,florid,highlyfiguredstyle.ThesecondtendencybyDonne:metaphysicalstyle—complexityandingenuity.ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:reaction——Classicallypureandrestrnedstyle.ThefourthtendencybyMilton:centralChristianandBiblicaltradition.Dramathenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.thedramastandshighestinpopularestimation:Marlowe–Shakespeare–Jonson.ProsetranslationofBible;More;Bacon.EnglishSirThomasandHenryHoward（courtlymakers）introducingsonnets.Howard:introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblankverse.SirPhilipSidney—poet,critic,prosewriterLife:Englishgentleman;brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;courtier.worksArcadia:pastoralromance;Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to PenelopeDvereux—platonicdevotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving tocreativeness—building ofanarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.DefenseofPoesy:anapologyforimaginativeliterature—beginning ofliterarycriticism.EdmundSpenser（1） life:Cambridge-Sidney'sfriend-“Areopagus”–Ireland-WestminsterAbbey.worksTheShepherdsCalendar:thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenssance.AmorettiandEpithalamion:sonnetsequenceFaerieQueene:lThegeneralend——Aromanticandallegoricalepic—stepstovirtue.l12booksand12virtues: Holiness,temperance,justiceandcourtesy.lTwo-levelfunction:partofthestoryandpartofallegory（symbolicmeaning）lManyallusionstoclassicalwriters.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and RenssanceNeoclassicism—aChristianhumanist.SpenserianStanza.EnglishProseThomasMoreLife:“Renssanceman”,scholar,statesman,theorist,prosediplomat,patronofartslearnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;studieslawatLincolnInn;LordChancellor;beheaded.Utopia:thefirstEnglishsciencefiction.WritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecond—placeofnowhere.Aphilosophicalmariner（RaphaelHythloday）tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversaland-Utopia.Thepartoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandnooneownsanything.thenatureofthebook:attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.thebookandtheRepublic:anattempttodescribetheRepublicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenssancesecularism.theUtopiathesignificance.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.FrancisBacon:writer,philosopherandstatesmanlife:Cambridge-humanisminParis–knighted-LordChancellor–bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.philosophicalideas:advancementofscience—people:servants andinterpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts andobservations:experimental.“Essays”:57.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereader tomakethefinaldecisions.（arguments）EnglishDramaAgeneralEverymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.twoinfluences.theclassics:classicalinformandEnglishincontent;nativeorpopulardrama.theUniversityChristopherMarlowe:greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.Life:firstinterestedinclassicalpoetry—thenindrama.MajorworksTamburlne;TheJewofMalta;TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.Thesignificanceofhisplays.WilliamShakespeareLife1564,Stratford-on-Avon;GrammarSchool;QueenvisittoCastle;marriagetoAnneHathaway;London,theGlobeTheatre:smallpartandproprietor;the1stFolio,Quarto;Retired,son—Hamnet;H.1616.DramaticcareerMajorplays-men-centered.RomeoandJuliet——tragicloveandfateTheMerchantofGoodoverevil.Anti-Semitism.HenryNationalunity.Falstaff.JuliusCaesarRepublicanismvs.dictatorship.HamletRevengeGood/evil.OthelloDiaboliccharacterjealousygapbetweenappearanceandreality.KingLearFilialingratitudeMacbethAmbitionvs.fate.AntonyandCleopatra.Passionvs.reasonTheReconciliation;realityandillusion.3.Non-dramaticpoetryandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.Sonnets:theme:fr,true,kind.twomajorparts:ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebirth;aladyindarkcomplexion.theform:threequatrnsandacouplet.therhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.BenJonsonlife:poet,dramatist,aLatinandGreekscholar,the“literaryking”（SonsofBen）contribution:theideaof“humour”.anadvocateofclassicaldramaand aforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.MajorplaysEveryoneinHisHumour—“humour”;threeunities.theFoxChapter4EnglishLiteratureofthe17thCenturyI.AHistoricalBackgroundTheOverviewoftheLiterature（1640-1688）TherevolutionperiodThemetaphysicalpoets;TheCavalierpoets.Milton:theliteraryandphilosophicalheritageoftheRenssancemergedwithProtestantpoliticalandmoralconvictionTherestorationperiod.TherestorationofCharlesIIusheredinaliteraturecharacterizedbyreason,moderation,goodtaste,deftmanagement,andsimplicity.（schoolofBenJonson）TheidealsofimpartialinvestigationandscientificexperimentationpromotedbythenewlyfoundedRoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge（1662）wereinfluentialinthedevelopmentofclearandsimpleproseasaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.（3）Thegreatphilosophicalandpoliticaltreatisesofthetimeemphasizerationalism.Therestorationdrama.TheAgeofDryden.III.JohnMiltonLife:educatedatCambridge—visitingthecontinent—involvedintotherevolution—persecuted—writingepics.LiteraryThe1stperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimeheistobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans,althoughhisPuritanismisnotabsent.L'AllegreandILPenseroso（1632）arehisearlymasterpieces,inwhichwefindMiltonatrueoffspringoftheRenssance,ascholarofexquisitetasteandrareculture.NextcameComus,amasque.ThegreatestofearlycreationswasLycidas,apastoralelegyonthedeathofacollegemate,EdwardKing.Thesecondperiodisfrom1641to1654,whenthePuritanwasinsuchcompleteascendancythathewrotealmostnoIn1641,hebeganalongperiodofpamphleteeringforthepuritancause.Forsome15years,thePuritaninhimaloneruledhiswriting.HesacrificedhispoeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritanswerefighting.Thethirdperiodisfrom1655to1671,whenhumanistandPuritanhavebeenfusedintoanexaltedentity.Thisperiodisthegreatestinhisliterarylife,epicsandsomefamoussonnets.ThethreelongpoemsarethefruitofthelongcontestwithinMiltonofRenssancetraditionandhisPuritanfth.TheyformthegreatestaccomplishmentsofanyEnglishpoetexceptShakespeare.InMiltonalone,itwouldseem,PuritanismcouldnotextinguishtheloverofIntheseworkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedinmagnificence.MajorParadiseLosttheplot.characters.theme:justifythewaysofGodtoman.ParadiseRegned.SamsonAgonistes.FeaturesofMilton'sworks.MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpolitics,andwhoisbothagreatpoetandanimportantproseThetwomostessentialthingstoberememberedabouthimarehisPuritanismandhisrepublicanism.MiltonwrotemanydifferenttypesofHeisespeciallyagreatmasterofblankverse.HelearnedmuchfromShakespeareandfirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstylenotedforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhislife-longclassicalandbiblicalMiltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.JohnBunyanlife:puritanage;poorfamily;parliamentaryarmy;Baptistpreacher;prison,writingthebook.ThePilgrimProgressTheallegoryindreamform.theplot.thetheme.MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets.MetaphysicalPoetsTheterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtodesignatetheworksofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Pressuredbytheharsh,uncomfortableandcuriousage,themetaphysicalpoetssoughttoshattermythsandreplacethemwithnewphilosophies,newsciences,newwordsandnewpoetry.TheytriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionofElizabethanlovepoetry,andfavouredinpoetryforamorecolloquiallanguageandtone,atightnessofexpressionandthesingle-mindedworkingoutofathemeorargument.CavalierPoetsTheothergroupprevlinginthisperiodwasthatofCavalierpoets.Theywereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideoftheking,andcalledthemselves“sons”ofBenJonson.TheCavalierpoetswrotelightpolishedandelegant,amorousandbutoftensuperficial.Mostoftheirverseswereshortsongs,prettymadrigals,lovefanciescharacterizedbylightnessofheartandofmorals.CavalierpoemshavethelimpidityoftheElizabethanlyricwithoutitsimaginativeflights.TheyarelighterandneaterbutlessfreshthantheElizabethan's.JohnDryden.Life:therepresentativeofclassicismintheRestoration.poet,dramatist,critic,prosewriter,satirist.changeableinattitude.Literarycareer—fourdecades.PoetLaureateHisinfluences.Heestablishedtheheroiccoupletasthefashionforsatiric,didactic,anddescriptiveHedevelopedadirectandconciseprosestyle.Hedevelopedtheartofliterarycriticisminhisessaysandinthenumerousprefacestohispoems.Chapter5EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCenturyI.IntroductionTheHistoricalBackground.TheliteraryTheEnlightenment.TheriseofEnglishnovels.Whentheliteraryhistorianseekstoassigntoeachageitsfavouriteformofliterature,hefindsnodifficultyindealingwithourowntime.AstheMiddleAgesdelightedinlongromanticnarrativepoems,theElizabethansindrama,theEnglishmanofthereignsofAnneandtheearlyGeorgesindidacticandsatiricalverse,sothepublicofourdayisenamoredofthenovel.Almostalltypesofliteraryproductioncontinuetoappear,butwhetherwejudgefromthelistsofpublishers,thestatisticsofpubliclibraries,orgeneralconversation,wefindabundantevidenceoftheenormouspreponderanceofthiskindofliteraryentertnmentinpopular）Neo-classicism:arevivalintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balance,andharmonyinliterature.JohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeweremajorexponentsoftheneo-classicalschool.Satiricliterature.SentimentalismNeo-classicism.（ageneraldescription）AlexanderPopeLife:a.Catholicillhealth;taughthimselfbyreadingandtranslating;d.friendofAddison,SteeleandSwift.threegroupsofpoems:e.AnEssayonCriticism（manifestoofneo-classicism）;f.TheRapeofLock;g.Translationoftwoepics.Hiscontribution:h.theheroiccouplet—finish,elegance,wit,pointedness;i.satire.weakness:lackofimagination.AddisonandSteeleRichardSteele:poet,playwright,essayist,publisherofnewspaper.JosephAddison:studiesatOxford,secretaryofstate,createdaliteraryperiodical“Spectator”（withSteele,1711）SpectatorClub.Thesignificanceoftheiressays.Theirwritingsin“Theand“TheSpectator”provideanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe18thIntheirhands,theEnglishessaycompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharactersketchingandstorytelling,theyusheredinthedawnofthemodernnovel.SamuelJohnson—poet,critic,essayist,lexicographer,Life:a.studiesatOxford;b.madealivingbywritingandtranslating;c.thegreatchamofliterature.works:poem（TheofHumanWishes,criticism（TheLivesofgreatPoets）;preface.Thechampionofneoclassicalideas.III.LiteratureofSatire:JonathanSwift.1.Life:borninIreland;studiesatTrinityCollege;workedasasecretary;thechiefeditorofTheExaminer;theDeanofSt.Patrick'sinDublin.TheBattleofBooks,AofaAModestProposal,Gulliver'sTravels.Gulliver'sTravels.PartI.Satire—theWhigandtheTories,AnglicanChurchandCatholicChurch.PartII.Satire—thelegalsystem;condemnationofwar.PartIII.Satire—ridiculousscientificexperiment.PartIV.Satire—mankind.EnglishNovelsofRealistictradition.TheRiseofnovels.Earlyforms:folktale–fables–myths–epic–poetry–romances–fabliaux–novelle-imaginativenatureoftheirmaterial.（imaginativenarrative）Theriseofthenovela.picaresquenovelinSpnandEngland（16thcentury）:OforrelatingtoagenreofprosefictionthatoriginatedinSpnanddepictsinrealisticdetltheadventuresofaroguishhero,oftenwithsatiricorhumorouseffects.Sidney:Arcadia.AddisonandSteele:TheSpectator.（plotandcharacterizationandrealism）novelanddrama（17thecentury）Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, journalist.）Life:a.businesscareer;b.writingcareer;erestedinpolitics.RobinsonCusoe.thethesignificanceofthecharacter.thefeaturesofhisnovels.thestyleoflanguage.HenryFielding—novelist.Life:a.unsuccessfuldramaticcareer;b.legalcareer;writingcareer.works.a.theplot;b.characters:Tom,Blifil,Sophia;c.significance.thetheoryofrealism.thestyleoflanguage.WritersofSentimentalism.IntroductionSamuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is concernedwiththemoralsofothers.）Life:a.printerbookseller;b.letterwriter.Pamela,Rewarded.a.thestoryb.thesignificancePamelawasanewthingintheseways:a）Itdiscardedthe“improbableandmarvelous”accomplishmentsoftheformerheroicromances,andpicturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.b）Itsintensionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertnmentbutalsomoralinstruction.c）Itdescribednotonlythesayingsanddoingsofcharactersbuttheiralsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeelings.Itwas,infact,thefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.OliverGoldsmith—poetandnovelist.Life:a.borninIreland;b.asingerandtale-teller,alifeofvagabondage;c.bookseller;d.theLiteraryClub;e.amiserablelife;f. themostlovablecharacterinEnglishliterature.Theofa.story;b.thesignicance.EnglishDramaofthe18thcenturyThedeclineofthedramaRichardBrinsleySheridenlife.works:Rivals,TheSchoolforScandals.significanceofhisplays.TheRivalsandTheSchoolforScandalaregenerallyregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardandastrueclassicsinEnglishInhisplays,moralityistheconstanttheme.HeismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshlyatthesocialvicesoftheSheridan'sgreatnessalsoliesinhistheatricalart.Heseemstohaveinheritedfromhisparentsanaturalabilityandinbornknowledgeaboutthetheatre.Hisplaysaretheproductofadramaticgeniusaswellasofawell-versedtheatricalman.Hisplotsarewell-organized,hischaracters,eithermajororminor,areallsharplydrawn,andhismanipulationofsuchdevicesasdisguise,mistakenidentityanddramaticironyisdialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealsomakeacharacteristicofhisplays.Chapter6EnglishLiteratureoftheRomanticAgeI.IntroductionHistoricalBackgroundLiteraryOverview:RomanticismCharacteristicsofRomanticism:ThespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsThecreationofaworldofimaginationThereturntonatureformaterialSympathywiththehumbleandglorificationofthecommonplaceEmphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgeniusThereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterarymodelsTheinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalromancesAsenseofmelancholyandlonelinessTherebelliousII.Pre-RomanticsRobertBurnsLife:FrenchRevolutionFeaturesofpoetryBurnsischieflyrememberedforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialect.Hispoemsareusuallydevoidofartificialornamentandhaveagreatcharmofsimplicity.Hispoemsareespeciallyappreciatedfortheirmusicaleffect.Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemsarenotedforhispassionateloveforfreedomandfierysentimentsofhatredagnsttyranny.SignificanceofhispoetryHispoetrymarksanepochinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TheysuggestedthatthespiritoftheRomanticrevivalwasembodiedinthisobscureploughman.Love,humour,pathos,theresponsetonature–allthepoeticqualitiesthattouchthehumanheartareinhispoems,whichmarkedthesunriseofanotherday–thedayofRomanticism.WilliamBlakelife:FrenchRevolutionworks.lSongsofInnocencelSongsofExperiencefeaturessympathywiththeFrenchRevolutionhatredfor18thcenturyconformityandsocialinstitutionattitudeofrevoltagnstauthoritystrongprotestagnstrestrictivecodeshisinfluenceBlakeisoftenregardedasasymbolistandmystic,andhehasexertedagreatinfluenceontwentiethcenturywriters.Hispeculiaritiesofthoughtandimaginativevisionhaveinmanywaysprovedfarmorecongenialtothe20thcenturythantheyweretothe19th.RomanticPoetsofthefirstgenerationIntroductionWilliam representative poet, chief spokesman RomanticpoetryLife:a.lovenature;b.Cambridge;c.tourtoFrance;d.Frenchrevolution;e.Dorathy;f. TheLakeDistrict;g.friendofh.conservativeafterrevolution.works:theBallads（preface）:significanceThePrelude:abiographicalpoem.theotherpoemsFeaturesofhisa.ThemeAconstantthemeofhispoetrywasthegrowthofthehumanspiritthroughthenaturaldescriptionwithexpressionsofinwardstatesofmind.b.characteristicsofstyle.Hispoemsarecharacterizedbyasympathywiththepoor,simplepeasants,andapassionateloveofnature.SamuelColeridge:poetandcriticLife:a.Cambridge;b.friendwithSoutheyandWordsworth;c.takingopium.works.lThefallofRobespierrelTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerlKublaKhanlBiographiaLiterariaBiographiaLiteraria.HiscriticismHewasoneofthefirstcriticstogiveclosecriticalattentiontolanguage.Inbothpoetryandcriticism,hisworkisoutstanding,butitistypicalofhimthathiscriticalworkisveryscatteredanddisorganized.RomanticPoetsoftheSecondGeneration.IntroductionGeorgeGordonByronLife:a.Cambridge,publishedpoemsandreviews;b.atourofEuropeandtheEast;c.leftEngland;d.friendwithShelley;e.workedinGreece:nationalhero;f. radicalandsympatheticwithFrenchRevolution.lDonJuanlWhenlSheinBeautyByronicHero.ByronintroducedintoEnglishpoetryanewstyleofcharacter,whichasoftenbeenreferredtoas“ByronicHero”of“satanicspirit”.PeopleimaginedthattheysawsomethingofByronhimselfinthesestrangefiguresofrebels,pirates,anddesperateadventurers.Poeticstyle:loose,fluentandvividPercyByssheShelley:poetandcriticLife:a.aristocraticb.rebelliousheart;c.Oxford;d.IrishnationalliberationMovement;e.discipleofWilliamGodwin;f. marriagewithHarriet,andMarry;g.leftEnglandandwanderedinEUrope,diedinItaly;h.radicalandsympatheticwiththeFrenchrevolution;i. FriendwithByronworks:twotypes–violentreformerandwandererCharacteristicsofa.pursuitofabettersociety;b.radianbeauty;c.superbartistry:imagination.DefenseofJohnKeats.Life:a.fromapoorfamily;b.CockneySchool;c.friendwithByronandShelley;d.attackedbytheconservativesanddiedinItaly.works.Characteristicsofa.lovedbeauty;b.seekingrefugeinanidealisticworldofillusionsanddreams.NovelistsoftheRomanticAge.Scott.NovelistandpoetLife:a.Scotland;b.universityofEdindurgh;c.poemtonovel;d.unsuccessfulpublishingfirm;e.greatcontribution:historicalnovel.threegroupsofnovelsFeaturesofhisnovels.hisinfluence.JaneAustenLife:a.countryclergyman;b.uneventfullife,domesticduties;works.featuresofherwritings.Austen'snovelsarebritenedbytheirwittyconversationandomnipresenthumour.Herstoriesareskillfullywoventogether;herplotsneverleavethepathofrealism,andhavealwaysbeensensible.Herlanguageshineswithanexquisitetouchoflivelygracefulness,elegantandrefined,butnevershowy.Sheherselfcomparedherworktoafineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.Thecomparisonistrue.Theivorysurfaceissmallenough,buttheladywhomadethedrawingsofhumanlifeonitwasarealartist.rationalism,neoclassicism,romanticismandrealism.VI.FamiliarEssays.IntroductionCharlesLamb:essayistandcriticlife:a.poorfamily;b.friendofColeridge;c.sisterMary;d.workedintheEastIndiaHouse;e.amiserablelife;f. amanofmildcharacter.g.aRomanticistofthecity.works:EssaysofElia.Threegroups.Features.ThemoststrikingfeatureofhisessaysishisLambwasespeciallyfondofoldwriters.Hisessaysareintenselypersonal.HewasaromanticistChapter7EnglishLiteratureoftheVictorianAgeI.IntroductionHistoricalBackgroundAnageofexpansionTheconditionsoftheworkersandthechartistmovementReformsDarwin'stheoryofevolutionanditsinfluenceThewomenquestionLiteraryOverview:criticalrealism.InVictorianperiodappearedanewliterarytrendcalledcriticalrealism.Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe40sandintheearly50s.Itfounditsexpressionintheformofnovel.Thecriticalrealists,mostofwhomwerenovelists,describedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftrtsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.NovelsofCriticalRealists.CharlesDickens.Life:clerkfamily;amiserablechildhood;aclerk,areporter,awriter;amanofhardwork.worksofthreeperiods.optimizefrustrationpessimismFeaturesofhisworks.a.charactersketchesandexaggerationb.broadhumourandpenetratingsatirecplicatedandfascinatingplotd.thepowerofexposureWilliamMakepeaceThackerayLife:borninIndia;studiedinCambridge;workedasartistandillustratorandwork:TheFrThackerayandDickens–featuresJustlikeDickens,Thackerayisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturyEurope.Hepntslifeashehasseenit.hispreciseandthoroughobservation,richknowledgeofsociallifeandofthehumanheart,thepicturesinhisnovelsareaccurateandtruetolife.Thackerayisasatirist.Hissatireiscausticandhishumoursubtle.Besidesbeingarealistandsatirist,Thackerayisamoralist.Hismistoproduceamoralimpressioninallhisnovels