英语四级试题格式

英语四级试题格式

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthetopic:TheImpactofSocialMediaonInterpersonalCommunication.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.WriteyouressayontheAnswerSheet.PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Theconceptofa"smartcity"isgainingtractionworldwide.It(1)______toanurbanareathatusesdifferenttypesofelectronicmethodsandsensorstocollectdata.Insightsgainedfromthatdataareusedto(2)______assets,resourcesandservicesefficiently;inreturn,thatdataisusedtoimproveoperationsacrossthecity.Thisincludesdatacollectedfromcitizens,devices,buildingsandassetsthatisthenprocessedand(3)______tomonitorandmanagetrafficandtransportationsystems,powerplants,watersupplynetworks,waste(4)______,crimedetection,informationsystems,schools,libraries,hospitals,andothercommunityservices.Thesmartcityconcept(5)______theintegrationofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT),andvariousphysicaldevicesconnectedtotheInternetofThings(IoT)networkto(6)______theefficiencyofcityoperationsandservicesandconnecttocitizens.Smartcitytechnologyallowscityofficialstointeractdirectlywithbothcommunityandcityinfrastructureandto(7)______whatishappeninginthecityandhowthecityisevolving.ICTisusedtoenhancequality,performanceandinteractivityofurbanservices,toreducecostsandresource(8)______,andtoimprovecontactbetweencitizensandgovernment.Smartcityapplicationsaredevelopedtomanageurbanflowsandallowforreal-time(9)______.Manycitieshavealreadyadoptedsuchtechnologies,thoughthedegreeofimplementationvaries.Theultimategoalistousetechnologytocreateamore(10)______,livable,andsustainableurbanenvironment.WordBank:A)optimizeB)responseC)consumptionD)analyzedE)refersF)managementG)involvesH)monitorI)sustainableJ)efficientK)decisionsL)boostM)disposalN)feedbackO)requiresSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.TheParadoxofChoice[A]Inmodernsociety,wearefacedwithanabundanceofchoicesinalmosteveryaspectoflife,fromthecerealweeatforbreakfasttothecareerpathwepursue.Conventionalwisdomsuggeststhatmorechoicesleadtogreaterfreedomandhappiness.However,psychologistBarrySchwartzchallengesthisnotioninhisbookTheParadoxofChoice,arguingthatanoverabundanceofoptionscanactuallyleadtoanxiety,decisionparalysis,anddecreasedsatisfaction.[B]Schwartzdistinguishesbetweentwotypesofdecision-makers:"maximizers"and"satisficers."Maximizersstrivetomaketheabsolutebestchoice,exhaustivelyresearchingalloptions.Satisficers,ontheotherhand,aimforachoicethatis"goodenough,"settingtheircriteriaandselectingthefirstoptionthatmeetsthem.Researchindicatesthatmaximizers,despiteoftenachievingobjectivelybetteroutcomes,tendtobelesshappy,morepronetoregret,andmorelikelytoexperiencedepressionthansatisficers.[C]Theprocessofmakingadecisionwithnumerousoptionscanbeoverwhelming.Whenfacedwith30typesofjamatagrocerystore,aconsumermightleaveempty-handed,paralyzedbythedifficultyofchoosing.Thisphenomenonisknownaschoiceoverload.Thecognitiveloadofevaluatingmanyalternativescanbeexhausting,leadingpeopletoavoidmakingadecisionaltogetherortomakealessoptimalchoiceduetomentalfatigue.[D]Furthermore,awidearrayofchoicesincreasesexpectations.Whenyoucanchoosefromhundredsofsmartphones,youexpecttheoneyoupicktobeperfect.Whenitinevitablyhasminorflaws,disappointmentisgreatercomparedtoascenariowithonlytwoorthreemodels,whereexpectationsarelower.Highexpectationssetthestageforregret,aspeopleeasilyimaginehowadifferentchoicemighthavebeenbetter.[E]Thecultureofmaximizingisfueledbysocialcomparison.Intheageofsocialmedia,it'seasierthanevertocompareourlives,possessions,andachievementswiththoseofothers.Seeingfriendswith"better"jobsorvacationscanmakeourownsatisfactorychoicesseeminadequate,fuelingregretandtheurgetokeepsearchingfortheelusive"best."[F]So,whatcanbedonetomitigatethenegativeeffectsofexcessivechoice?Schwartzsuggestsseveralstrategies.First,consciouslydecidetobea"satisficer"inmostareasoflife.Learntorecognizewhensomethingis"goodenough"andcommittoitwithoutlookingback.Second,setpersonalstandardsandlimitsbeforesearching.Forexample,decideonthefeaturesyouneedinanewlaptopandonlylookatmodelsthatmeetthosecriteria,ignoringtherest.[G]Anotherstrategyistomakedecisionsnon-reversiblewhenpossible.Theabilitytoreturnpurchasesorchangeplanseasilyinvitessecond-guessing.Finally,practicegratitude.Activelyappreciatingwhatyouhavechosenanditspositiveaspectscancounteractregretandsocialcomparison.Cultivatinggratitudehelpsfocusonthesufficiencyofourowndecisionsratherthanthehypotheticalsuperiorityofalternatives.[H]Inconclusion,whilechoiceisundoubtedlyvaluable,itsoverabundancecanbeasourceofdistress.Byunderstandingthepsychologicaltrapsofmaximizationandchoiceoverload,andbyadoptingstrategieslikesatisficingandgratitude,wecannavigateaworldofplentifuloptionswithgreatereaseandsatisfaction.11.Thecommonbeliefthatmorechoicesbringmorehappinessisquestionedbyapsychologist.12.Maximizersoftenendupfeelinglesscontentevenwhentheygetbetterresults.13.Toomanyoptionscansometimespreventaconsumerfrombuyinganything.14.Higherexpectationsresultingfromnumerouschoicescanleadtogreaterdisappointment.15.Socialmediaplatformsexacerbatethetendencytocompareourchoiceswithothers'.16.Oneeffectiveapproachistobecontentwithoptionsthatmeetpredeterminedstandards.17.Makingafinaldecisionthatcannotbechangedeasilycanreduceregret.18.Appreciatingwhatonehaschosenhelpscombatfeelingsofregret.19.Thenegativeeffectsofhavingtoomanychoicescanbealleviatedthroughspecificmethods.20.Theauthorconcludesthatweneedstrategiestocopewiththeoverwhelmingnumberofchoicesavailable.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thehumblebicycle,amarvelofsimpleengineering,isexperiencingaglobalrenaissance,notjustasamodeoftransportbutasatoolforurbantransformation.CitiesfromCopenhagentoBogotáareinvestingheavilyincyclinginfrastructure—dedicatedlanes,trafficsignalsforcyclists,andsecureparking—recognizingthemultitudeofbenefitsitbrings.Firstly,cyclingisazero-emissionmodeoftransport.Replacingcartripswithbikeridesdirectlyreducesgreenhousegasemissionsandairpollutants,contributingtocleanerairandpublichealth.Secondly,bicyclesareincrediblyspace-efficient.Acarrequiresroughly10squaremetersofparkingspaceandclogsroads,while10bicyclescanbeparkedinthesamearea,andmovingcycliststakeupfarlessroadspace.Thisefficiencycanalleviatetrafficcongestion,acripplingissueinmanymetropolises.Moreover,cyclingpromotesphysicalhealth.Regularcyclingreducestheriskofheartdisease,obesity,anddiabetes.Italsobenefitsmentalwell-beingbyreducingstress.Fromaneconomicperspective,cyclinginfrastructureisrelativelyinexpensivetobuildandmaintaincomparedtoroadsformotorvehicles.Italsoboostslocaleconomiesascyclistsaremorelikelytostopatsmallshopsthancardrivers.However,theshifttoabike-friendlycityfaceschallenges.Safetyconcernsareparamount,especiallyincitieswherecyclingcultureisnew.Withoutproperlanesseparatedfromfast-movingtraffic,potentialcyclistsaredeterred.Weathercanbeadeterrent,ascanlongdistancesinsprawlingcities.Furthermore,changingdeeplyingrainedcar-centrichabitsandcityplanningrequiressignificantpoliticalwillandpublicsupport.Despitethesehurdles,themomentumisgrowing.Electricbicycles(e-bikes)areexpandingtherangeandappealofcycling,makinghillsandlongercommutesmanageable.Asurbanpopulationsswellandtheclimatecrisisintensifies,thebicycle'sroleasasimple,sustainable,andsmartsolutionforurbanmobilityisbecomingincreasinglyundeniable.21.Whatisthemainreasonformanycitiestoinvestincyclinginfrastructure?A)Tofollowaglobalfashiontrend.B)Topromoteanewtypeofengineeringmarvel.C)Toharnessthemultiplebenefitsbicyclesoffer.D)Toreplaceallformsofpublictransportation.22.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasabenefitofcycling?A)Improvingairquality.B)Reducingtrafficcongestion.C)Loweringthecostofvehicleproduction.D)Enhancingpublicphysicalhealth.23.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheeconomicaspectofcyclinginfrastructure?A)Itistooexpensiveformostcitiestoafford.B)Itischeaperthanbuildingandmaintainingroadsforcars.C)Itharmslocalbusinessesbecausecyclistsspendless.D)Itrequiresconstantandcostlytechnologicalupgrades.24.Whatisamajorobstacletobecomingabike-friendlycity?A)Thelackofbicyclemanufacturers.B)Safetyissuesforcyclists.C)Thedecliningpopularityofe-bikes.D)Shortageofrawmaterialsforbikes.25.Howaree-bikescontributingtothecyclingrenaissance?A)Bymakingbicyclesmoreluxuriousandexpensive.B)Bysolvingtheproblemofadverseweatherconditions.C)Byovercomingchallengeslikehillyterrainandlongdistances.D)Byrequiringlessinfrastructuresupport.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theconceptof"deepwork,"coinedbycomputerscienceprofessorCalNewport,referstoprofessionalactivitiesperformedinastateofdistraction-freeconcentrationthatpushyourcognitivecapabilitiestotheirlimit.Theseeffortscreatenewvalue,improveyourskill,andarehardtoreplicate.Incontrast,"shallowwork"encompassesnon-cognitivelydemanding,logistical-styletasks,oftenperformedwhiledistracted.Thesetasks,likerespondingtoemailsorattendingroutinemeetings,whilenecessary,donotcreatemuchnewvalueandareeasytoreplicate.Newportarguesthatintoday'sknowledgeeconomy,theabilitytoperformdeepworkisbecomingincreasinglyrareatexactlythesametimeitisbecomingincreasinglyvaluable.Theconstantpingsofnotifications,thecultureofinstantcommunication,andtheexpectationofimmediateresponsesfragmentourattention,makingprolongedfocusachallenge.Consequently,thosewhocultivatetheskillofdeepworkandmakeitthecoreoftheirworkinglifewillthrive.Thebenefitsaresubstantial.Deepworkallowsforfastermasteryofcomplicatedinformationandsystems.Itenablestheproductionofhigherqualityworkinlesstime.Onanindividuallevel,engagingindeepworkcanbeasourceofgenuinesatisfaction,ashumansderivemeaningfromtheintenseengagementwithataskthatrequiresskill.Neurologically,focusedworkhelpsstrengthenneuralpathwaysrelatedtothetaskathand.Tocultivatedeepwork,Newportproposesseveralrules.Oneistoembraceboredomandquitsocialmedia,oratleastuseitdeliberatelyratherthanasadefaultleisureactivity,totrainthebrain'sfocusmuscle.Anotheristoscheduleeveryminuteofyourday,assigningblocksfordeepworkandprotectingthemfiercely.Healsorecommendsimplementingritualsandroutinestosignalthestartofdeepworksessions,suchascleaningyourdeskorusingaspecificnotebook.Thekeyistorecognizethatdeepworkisnotanoutdatedhabitbutacrucialskillforthe21stcentury.Bysystematicallydevelopingthecapacityforfocused,undistractedwork,individualscanachievemoreandproduceworkoflastingvalueinanincreasinglycompetitiveandnoisyworld.26.Whatistheprimarycharacteristicof"deepwork"?A)Itinvolvesmultitaskingwithvariousdigitaltools.B)Itisperformedwithintense,uninterruptedfocus.C)Itmainlyconsistsofansweringemailsandmessages.D)Itiseasytocopyorreplicatebyothers.27.WhydoesCalNewportbelievedeepworkisbecomingmorevaluable?A)Becauseitisatraditionalmethodthatisdisappearing.B)Becausemodernworkenvironmentsarefullofdistractionsthatmakedeepworkscarce.C)Becauseitisonlysuitableforcomputerscienceprofessionals.D)Becauseitrequiresexpensivetechnologyandsoftware.28.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasabenefitofdeepwork?A)Itincreasesthenumberofshallowworktasksonecanhandle.B)Itmakesiteasiertorespondtonotificationspromptly.C)Itleadstofasterlearningandhigherqualityoutput.D)Itreducestheneedforanyplanningorscheduling.29.WhatisonestrategyNewportsuggestsforcultivatingdeepwork?A)Constantlycheckingsocialmediatostayconnected.B)Leavingyourdailyschedulecompletelyopenandflexible.C)Planningyourdayindetailandallocatingtimeforfocusedwork.D)Workinginnoisyenvironmentstobuildconcentration.30.Whatistheauthor'soverallattitudetowardstheconceptofdeepwork?A)Skepticalanddismissive.B)Neutralandobservational.C)Supportiveandadvocating.D)Ambiguousanduncertain.PartIIITranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的传统艺术，已有数千年的历史。它不仅仅是书写汉字的一种方式，更是一种表达情感和个性的艺术形式。书法家通过控制毛笔的力度和速度，创造出具有美感和节奏感的线条。练习书法需要极大的耐心和专注，被认为是一种修身养性的方式。如今，尽管数字技术日益普及，书法仍然深受许多中国人喜爱，并在世界范围内吸引着越来越多的爱好者。---AnswerSheetPartIWriting(略)PartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA1.______2.______3.______4.______5.______6.______7.______8.______9.______10.______SectionB11.______12.______13.______14.______15.______16.______17.______18.______19.______20.______SectionC21.______22.______23.______24.______25.______26.______27.______28.______29.______30.______PartIIITranslation_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________