2026年上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷和答案

PAGE10NUMPAGES11（105115分GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.BlueEveryonewantstolivealong,healthylife,andsoit'snosurprisethatresearchersarelookingintowaystomakethathappen.Oneapproachistostudyareasinwhichpeoplehavelonger-than-averagelivesknownasbluezonesandsee1 thesecommunitiesdotopromotelonglife.DanBuettner'sbookTheBlueZonesintroducedtheconceptofbluezones—fiveregionsspreadoutacrossthreecontinents2 peopleliveunusuallylongandhealthylives.Inoneearlyphaseoftheirresearch,researchersidentifiedtheseplacesandmarked3 onamapwithbluecircles,whichinspiredthetermbluezones.Afteridentifyingthebluezones,Buettnerinvestigatedtheircultures,4 (seek)insightintowhytheirpeoplearesohealthyandlong-lived.Histeamidentifiedninecommonlifestylepracticesknownasthe“Power9,”whichcreatesupportiveenvironmentsthatimprovephysical,mentalandemotionalhealth. thedetailsvaried,acommonfeatureinthedietsofpeopleinbluezonesisthattheyfollowprimarilyplant-baseddiets.Thosewhoeatmeattypicallyonlydosofourorfivetimesamonth.Theyalsotypicallyeitherfastregularlyorlimittheamounttheyeat.Additionally,theydrinkwine6 Exerciseisnecessaryforgoodhealth,butpeopleinbluezonesgenerallydonotsetasidetimeforexercise7 (plan)specificallyforfitness,suchasgoingtothegym.Instead,activity (build)intodailylifeastheywalkfromplacetoplaceanddohouseworksuchasgardeningandcleaning.Manyfamiliesinbluezonesliveinhomeswheremultiplegenerationsresidetogether.Thisarrangementprovidesemotionalandpracticalsupportforboththeoldandtheyoung.Andthesecommunitiesareorganizedinawaythatenablespeople9 (find)socialsupportbeyondtheirbiologicalfamily.Inthesetight-knitcommunities,theresidentsoftenlookoutforeachother,whichinturn10 (strengthen)thesocialbondsthatareessentialforalongandhealthySectionDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.A. B. C. D. E. G. H. I. J. K.ReadingtheByanalysingvariationsintreeringsacrossforestsworldwide,NeilPedersonandhisteamatColumbiaUniversity'sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatoryhaveconstructedanextensiveclimaticrecord,tracingpatternsofdroughtandrainfalloverhundredstothousandsofyears.Theirworkisbasedontheprinciplethattreerings11 annualgrowthconditions:largerringsusuallyindicatewetterperiods,whilesmalleronessuggestdrought.In2010,whileinvestigatingtheeffectsofclimatechangeoverthepasttwentyyearsinMongolia,theteam12 encounteredagroupofpines(松树)intheKhorgolava(熔岩)fields.Althoughtheir13 aimwastostudytheimpactofclimatechangeonwildfiresinMongolia'sforests,thisaccidentaldiscoverysoonbecamethefocusoftheirresearch.Thesite'svolcaniclandscapeandharshclimatecreatedconditionsinwhichthedeadpinescouldremain forcenturies,offeringtheteamanotherresearchproject:creatingarecordofclimatechangebyreadingthepine-rings.Astheywere15 fortime,theresearcherssampledjusteighteenpines.Despitethelimitedsamples,someoftheircrosssections,piecesoftrunksmadebycuttingacrossthem, signsofgreatage.OneSiberianpinealonecontainednearly800rings,indicatingelevencenturiesofgrowth.Thetree-ringrecordsuggestedthatthesitemighthaveundergoneunusuallylongenvironmentalchanges.Moreover,justbylookingattheunusual17 theseoldtrees—widerbases,windingtrunks,andsignsofregrowth,theresearcherswereabletoidentifytheirgreatage.Togetrecordsofwetness,thePederson'steamcross-dated(交叉年代测定)thedifferenttreesand18 patternsoflargeandsmallringsthroughtime.Theycombinedtheirnewlyfoundsampleswiththeearliercollections,graduallybuildinga(n)19 recordoftheregion'streeagesanditsclimaticcontext.WhatbeganasashortfieldtripwithadifferentresearchgoalfinallyproduceddetaileddataofMongolia'sdroughtandrainfallperiodsoverabout1,100years,wellbeyondtheregion'sprevious20 ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Anewartificialintelligence-poweredstethoscope,adevicethatmedicalexpertsusetolistentosoundsinthebodysuchasaheartbeat,candetectthreedifferentheartconditionsin15MorethanonemillionpeopleacrosstheUKarenowaffectedbyheartfailure,a(n) wheretheheartcan'tmakebloodflowproperlybecauseofweakmusclefunction.One isshortnessofbreath,butitisfrequentlyignored.Asaresult,70%ofpeopleonlyhavethecondition23 aftertheyhavebeenrushedtohospital.Thenewdevice,developedbyateamatImperialCollegeLondonandtheNationalHealthService,looksaboutthe24 ofaplayingcard.Doctorsputitonapatient'schestanditrecordstheelectricalsignalsintheheartandlistenstothesoundofbloodflowingthroughtheorgan.Then,this25 issenttoanAIsystem.Thesystemthen26 itagainstdatafromthousandsofotherpeopletoseeifthere'saproblem,andtheresultisimmediatelysenttoasmartphone.Scientistslookedatwhathappenedtopatientswhosedoctorsexaminedthemwitha(n) stethoscope,andthosewhosedoctorsusedtheAIone.Thestudyincludedmorethan12,700peopleatabout200GP（全科医生）surgeriesinnorthLondonoverthecourseofayear.ThisstudyfoundthattheAIstethoscopewasabletodetect28 heartactivitythatadoctormightmisswitharegularone.Patients29 withtheAIstethoscopeweretwiceaslikelytohavetheirheartfailurespotted.Thedevicewasalso3.5timesmorelikelytofindatrialfibrillation,namelyanirregularheartbeat.Itwasalsobetterat30 whetheroneormoreofapatient'sheartvalves,whicharelikedoorstothedifferentsectionsintheheartandbloodflow,werenotworkingTherearesomeproblemstobesolved,though.TheAIstethoscopeoftentoldpatientsthattheycouldbe31 heartfailurewhentheyweren't.Theresearcherssaidthatthe32 shouldonlybeusedwhenGPssuspectedthattheirpatienthadheartproblems,andnotforroutinechecksonhealthypeople.“Thisisanelegantexampleofhowthe stethoscope,inventedmorethanyearsago,canbeupgradedforthe21stcentury,”saidDrSonyaBabu-Narayan,fromtheBritishHeartFoundationcharity.“Weneed34 likethese,providingearlydetectionofheartfailure.”35 ,shesaid,theconditioncanbequiteadvancedbythetimethepatientgoestohospitalfeelingunwell.21.A.B.C.D.22.A.B.C.D.23.A.B.C.D.24.A.B.C.D.25.A.B.C.D.26.A.B.C.D.27.A.B.C.D.28.A.B.C.D.29.A.B.C.D.30.A.pickingB.turningC.makingD.taking31.A.B.C.D.32.A.B.C.D.33.A.B.C.D.34.A.B.C.D.35.A.B.C.D.SectionDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.People'snosesgetcolderwhenthey'refeelingstressed,accordingtoanewstudy.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofSussex,inEngland,lookedatthetemperatureofpeople'sfacestoseeifitchangedwhentheywerenervousorunderpressure.ProfessorGillianForresterwhostudiesbrainsandbehaviourattheUniversityofSussex,ledthestudy.Sherecorded29peoplewithathermalimagingcamera热成像仪)toseewhathappenedwhentheywerestressed.First,thevolunteerslistenedtowhitenoise(quietbackgroundsoundthatsoundsabitlikeawaterfall)forfiveminutestomakethemcalm.Thentheyhadtoperformtwotasksinfrontofasilentgroupofstrangers.Theyhadtogiveanunintendedpresentationandtheyhadtodomathsintheirheadandsaytheiranswersoutloud.Fromtheresultsofthestudy,itwasfoundthatpeople'snosetemperaturedropsbybetween3°Cand6°Cwhentheyareunderpressure.Thisisbecausethebloodintheirfacesgoestotheirearsandeyes,whichareimportantsensesfordetectingdanger.Theresearcherswereabletoseechangeinbloodflowonthethermalimagingcamerabecauseplacesthatwerewarmerhadmoreblood.Oncethestresswasover,thebloodinpeople'sfacesreturnedtowhereitusuallywaswithinafewminutes.Forrestersaidthatthelengthoftimeittakessomeone'snosetorecoveritstemperaturecouldbeameasureofhowwelltheymanagetheirstress.Thiswouldbeusefultoknow.Forresterasked,“Iftheybouncebackunusuallyslowly,couldthatbeariskmarkerofanxietyorHumansaren'ttheonlyoneswhocouldbenefitfromthisknowledge.Stressalsochangesthebloodflowinthefacesofanimalsthatarecloselyrelatedtohumans,suchasapes.Researchershopethatthermalcamerascouldhelpthemtolookafterrescuedanimalsinape“Theycan'tsayhowthey'refeelingandtheycanbequitegoodatmaskinghowthey'refeeling.”saidMariannePaisley,whostudiesapewellbeingattheUniversityofSussex.Thetemperatureofanape'sfacecouldhelppeopleunderstandhowtheyarefeelingandhowtomakethemfeelbettertoo.Forexample,theteamhasfoundthatshowingadultapesavideoofbabyapescalmedthemdown.Whentheadultanimalswatchedthevideoonascreen,theirnosesslowlywarmedup.InForrester'sstudy,whatdidthevolunteersdobeforetakingpartinpotentiallystressfulTheysolvedsomearithmeticproblemsTheylearnedhowtouseathermalimagingTheyreachedacalmstatebylisteningtowhiteTheygaveanunpreparedspeechinfrontofTheunderlinedword“masking”inParagraph6isclosestinmeaningto A. B. C. D.WhatdoesForresterthinkofnosetemperaturerecoveryItmayreflectstressmanagementItmayhavenothingtodowithanxietyItmaynotbeasusefulaspreviouslyItmayhelppeopletoknowbetteraboutWhichofthefollowingbestsummarisestheResearchershavefoundeffectivewaystoreducestressinhumansandStresshasagreatinfluenceonthebloodtemperatureinhumanandapeAnewstudyshowsnosetemperaturecanbeusedtodetectstressThermalcamerashavebeenwidelyusedtocareforrescuedapesinAYEAROFNOHere'swhattoexpectwhenyougoTHEFIRST24Dependingonhowmuchyoutypicallydrink,thismightjustfeellikeadayoffthealcohol,oritmightgetyouinabadmoodanddisturbyoursleep.Ifyou'redependentonalcoholyoumightshowwithdrawalsignslikedizzinessandheadaches—sothiscanbethetoughestperiodtogetTHEFIRSTFEWThoughyou'relikelytobeeasilyannoyed,yoursleepqualitywillimprove.Fromthreedaystoaweek,youmightstarttoexperienceimproveddigestion,aswellasincreasedenergyandskinclarityfromimprovedwaterintake.RemembertodrinkenoughwaterduringthisTHEFIRSTThisiswherechangesbecomenoticeable.Youmightloseweightandseeimprovedsleepquality,butit'salsowhereyourbodyreallybeginstheprocessofrepair.Studiessuggestthatinheavydrinkers,theliverandgut肝脏和肠道)functionsstarttorepairthemselvesafterthreeweeks.THEFIRSTTHEFIRSTFEWAYEARORAfullmonthcanseeThesemarkersallcontinueQuitdrinkingforthe cardiovascular(心血管的) improve,butyoumightalsonoticeotherSeveralsmallmonthsterm,andyoucanseehugebenefits—onestudythat“formerdrinkersdidcancer-relatedgrowthfromalcoholallowsthe torepairitself,eveninhealththanpeoplewho, insulin() non-drinkers.”It'snotandbloodpressure,everyone,butitcanbepositivechangesinworthwhileKeepupthegoodWhatcanoccurduringthefirstdayofquittingWeightlossmay B.DiscomfortmayC.Astrongdesiretodrink D.ThebrainbeginstorepairWhendoorgansaffectedbyalcoholusebegintorecoverafterpeoplestopWithinthefirst24 B.DuringthefirstfewC.Afterafull D.AfteraboutthreeAccordingtothepassage,whatisapossiblelong-termoutcomeofgivingupEarlierphysicaldamageexistsbutbecomeslessMentalwell-beingimprovesmorethanphysicalwell-TheprocessofphysicalrecoverybecomesslowerbutOverallhealthbecomessimilartothatofpeoplewhoneverThingsrarelystayneatontheirown.Ifyouleaveyourdeskuntouchedforaweek,papersbegintopileup,dustgathersandobjectsendupinthewrongplaces.Itisthesamewitharoom,acontainer,andeventhevastuniverse.Innature,systemstendtomovefromordertodisorderunlessexternalenergyisusedtomaintainthem.Thisphysicalphenomenonisdescribedbythesecondlawofthermodynamics(热力学),whichstatesthatentropy—ameasureofdisorder—tendstoincreaseovertime.Tounderstandthisidea,imagineaboxdividedintotwosectionsfilledwithgasparticles(粒子)movingatdifferentspeeds.Normally,theseparticlesmixfreely,andthesystembecomesmoredisordered.JamesClerkMaxwell,aphysicistinthe19thcenturyimaginedacleverthoughtexperimenttoreverseparticlesincreasingdisorderHedescribeda“demon”atinyintelligentbeingthatcouldobserveeachparticleandopenorcloseasmalldoorbetweenthetwosections.Byallowingonlyfastparticlestopassinonedirectionandslowonesintheother,thebeing—Maxwell's“demon”—couldgraduallyseparatethem,creatingorderwithoutusingenergy.Ifordercouldincreasewithoutanycost,thisapparentlycontradictsthesecondlawthermodynamics.Formanyyears,thispuzzledscientistsandledtodebatesaboutwhetherthelawwastrulyuniversal.Theywonderedwhetherthereexistedotherfactorslikeinformationthatcouldserveas“thatMaxwell'sdemon”inphysicalreality.TheresearchersattheUniversityofMaryland,therefore,generatedamodel.Theirmodeldescribedadevicethatcouldeffectivelyseparateparticlesandreducedisorderinonepartofasystem.Crucially,however,thedevicedidnotbreakthesecondlaw.Insteadofusingexternalenergy,itreliedonencodedinformationtotrackandcontrolparticlebehavior.Indoingso,theencodedinformationmoveddisorderfromthephysicalsystemintoitsownmemorystorage.AsresearcherDibyenduMandalexplains,theapparentgaininorderisbalancedbyincreaseddisorderelsewhere,preservingtheoverallbalancedemandedbythermodynamics.Thisinsightshowsthatinformationiscloselylinkedtophysicalprocesses.Itisnotjustanabstractconceptbutsomethingthathasrealeffectsintheworld.Althoughmachinesbasedonthisprincipleareunlikelytoproducelargeamountsofenergy,theymaystillhavepracticaluses.Forexample,theycouldhelpscientistscontrolparticlesmorepreciselyinexperimentsorimprovetechniquesusedinmedicine.Whatbeganasasimplethoughtexperimenthasthusdeepenedourunderstandingofhoworder,energy,andinformationareconnected.Theauthordescribesamessydeskatthebeginningofthepassageto useafamiliarexampletoillustrateascientificquestionwhetherdisorderisinmostcasessuggestthatdailyhabitsmightinfluencescientificcomparevariousformsofhumanbehaviorinsomeAccordingtothepassage,whatmustMaxwell's“demon”doinordertosortIncreasethespeedofselectedApplyexternalenergytoseparatePreventparticlesfrommovingbetweenObserveandrecordinformationabouttheWhatcanbeinferredabouttheroleofinformationinthesystemItreplacesenergyasthemainfactorinphysicalItallowsthesystemtooperatewithoutanycostintheIthasrealeffectsinshiftingdisordertoanotherpartoftheItmattersmostwhenlargeamountsofdataareprocessedinWhichstatementbestreflectstheauthor'sviewofthesecondlawofMaxwell'sthoughtexperimentrevealsitsItremainscorrectdespitetheearlierpuzzlingItappliesbettertolarge-scalesystemssuchastheIntelligentcontrolcausesittobreakdownincomplexSectionDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthesentencesgivenbelow.Eachcanbeusedonlyonce.NotethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouHowHowcomepeopleturntoAIforahigherInonegroup,forexample,participantscouldchoosetotellAIto“maximizeaccuracy”“maximizeprofit”ordosomethingin“Maximizeprofit”isobviouslyabetteroptionthan“maximizeTheirresearchsuggestsgivingpeopleanoptiontodothetaskthemselves,ratherthanhanditovertoAI,mayhelpthembemorehonest.Theywerethenrandomlyassignedtoeitherreportthedie-rollnumbersthemselvesorinstructanAIagenttodoitforthem.WhydoesAImakecheatingeasierIt'seasiertocheatwhenyoucanblamePeoplearemorelikelytocheatwhentheyassignatasktoartificialintelligenceinsteadofdoingitthemselves,suggestsanewstudy.ToexplorewhetherandunderwhatcircumstancesAIsupportsdishonestbehavior,researchersconductedanexperiment.Participantswereshown10dierolls(掷骰子)onacomputerscreenandtoldtoreportthenumbers.Thehigherthenumbersrolled,themoremoneytheywouldearn.47 Theresearchersfoundthatwhenparticipantsself-reportedthenumbers,theywerehonestabout95%ofthetime.ButwhenparticipantsinstructedAItoreportthenumbers,theyweremorelikelytocheatbyphrasingtheirprompts(提示)inawaythatwouldhelpthemmaximizetheirprofits. Only12%oftheparticipantsinthisgroupchosetotellthealgorithm(计算程序)tomaximizeaccuracywhile29%toldthealgorithmtomaximizeprofit.TherestsetagoalforAIthatwassomewhereinbetween.Psychologicalresearchsuggeststhatwhenpeoplecheattheyoftendon'tdoittothefullestextentpossible.ThisexplainswhymoreparticipantspromptedtheAItodosomethinginbetweenmaximizingaccuracyandmaximizingprofit. Previousresearchsuggestspeoplemayjustifydishonestbehaviorbyshiftingresponsibilitytoothers—inthiscase,anAI,theresearcherssaid.Fortheresearchers,thetake-awayisthatAImakesiteasiertoavoidtakingresponsibilityformoralmistakes,aproblemtheybelieveislikelytobecomemorecommon.50 That,saysNilsKöbis,aprofessorattheUniversityofDuisburg-EsseninGermany,isdefinitely“alining”,thatis,thereisalwayssomethingbetterwecoulddoinabadSummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.SteppingintotheWhenyouwalkintoaconventionaltheateryouusuallyfindyourseatandquietlywatchtheactorsonstage.Butinimmersive(沉浸式的)theater,youbecomepartoftheaction.Insteadofsittingback,theaudiencemovesaroundtheperformancespace,oftenfollowingcharactersorexploringdifferentrooms.Thisisn'tjustwatchingaplay—it'ssteppingintoawholenewworld.Thelinebetweenactorandaudiencebecomeslessdistinct.Everyelementoftheenvironment—fromlightingandsoundtosmells—isusedtoabsorbtheaudienceintothestory.Thesenseofmagicislostunlesseachelementfeelsconnectedtothestory.Thisdynamicstyleoftheaterhasdeeproots.AncientGreekplays,forexample,usedopentheatersthatlettheaudiencefeelclosertotheaction.DuringtheRenaissance(文艺复兴时期),Commediadellarteperformersinteractedthecrowdusinghumorandon-the-spotperformance.Overtime,theseearlyformshaveevolvedintotoday'simmersivetheaterperformances,manyusingdigitalelements.ThefamousgroupPunchdrunkhelpedbringimmersivetheaterintothespotlight.Theirshows,suchasSleepNoMore,aretellingofShakespeare'sMacbeth,oftentakeplaceinemptybuildingstransfor