雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《语言学通识(西北师范)》单元测试考核答案

第1题()WhichofthefollowingspeechactscanbecategorizedintodirectivesaccordingtoJ.Searle?ARequestBApologizeCRefuseDThank第2题()Whichactconcernstheeffect/consequenceofanutterancethatmayhaveontheaddressee?AAssertiveBLocutionCPerlocutionDIllocution第3题()Theillocutionaryactof“It’scoldhere”maybe____________.AIfeelcold.BIt’sreallycoldhere.CAsksomeonetoopenthedoor.DAsksomeonetoturnontheaircondition.第4题()WhichoneisNOToneofthemaximsofCooperativePrinciple?AQuantityBQualityCRelationDOrder第5题()Inthefollowingexample,Lucyisviolatingthemaximof()?---Jack:WhatisyourEnglishteacherlike?---Lucy:It’stimeforlunch.ARelationBQualityCQuantityDManner第6题()_____isadvancedbyGeoffLeech.ACooperativePrincipleBPolitenessPrincipleCTheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarDAdjacencyPrinciple第7题Whichofthefollowingdoesn’tbelongtotheexamplesofnegativepoliteness?

AIamlookingforapen.BJustwanttoaskyouif

coulduseyourcomputer?

CYoumustbehungry,it’salongtimesincebreakfast.Howaboutsomelunch?

DYoumustforgivemebut…第8题Generally,pragmaticmarkershavetwomacro-functions:__________.ATextualfunctionBIdeationalfunctionCInterpersonalfunctionDPhaticfunction正确答案：AC第9题()Inthefollowingsentence,whichoneisthefalseexpressionaboutpragmaticmarkers?ATheyare“smallwords”suchas“well,youknow,Imean”inEnglish.BTheyseemmeanverylittlebutplaysanimportantroleinconversation.CPragmaticmarkersaresomevaguenessmarkerssuchas“sortof,kindof”orcommentclauseslike“Imean,Ithink,youknow,yousee”.DPragmaticmarkersareatypeofinsert,thatis,theyare‘stand-alonewordswhicharecharacterizedingeneralbytheirabilitytoenterintosyntacticrelationswithotherstructures’.第10题()TheCooperativePrincipleexertsrestrictionsuponthewaywetalk.‌5.()Bythefeatureofindeterminacy,wemeanthatconversationalimplicaturesarehardtogetinaspecificcontext.第11题()Aconversationalimplicatureiscapableofbeingcanceled,eitherbyanexplicitlydeclarationthatthespeakerisintendingtomeanotherwise,implicitly,bytheco-textandcontext.第12题()Positivefacerefersto“Anindividual’srighttofreedomofactionandhisorherneednottobeimposedonbyothers”.第13题()Therearefivestrategiesofpoliteness:Baldon-record,Positivepoliteness,Negativepoliteness,Off-record,andDon’tdotheFTA.第14题()InLeech’sPolitenessPrinciple,itseemstosuggestthatpolitenesstendstofavorselfthanothers.第15题()Generally,pragmaticmarkershavetwomacro-functions:TextualFunction&InterpersonalFunction.Inthetextualfunctionpragmaticmarkerstypicallyindicateastructuralboundaryinthediscourse.Intheinterpersonalfunctionpragmaticmarkersareassociatedwithepistemicmodalityandexpressanemotion,areactionorattitudetothehearerortothetext.第1题Sociolinguistsareinterestedinexplainingwhywespeakdifferentlyindifferentsocialcontexts,andtheyareconcernedwithidentifyingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthewaysitisusedtoconvey__________meaning.()AlinguisticBsemanticCsocialDpragmatic第2题Theformalityscaleisusefulinassessingtheinfluenceof__________ofinteractiononlanguagechoice.()AparticipantrelationshipsBthesocialsettingortypeCsocialpositionDthepurposesortopic第3题Whenalanguageiswidelyusedoverarelativelylargegeographicalareaasalanguageofwidercommunication,itisknownasa__________—acommonlanguagebutonewhichisnativeonlytosomeofitsspeakers.

AstandardlanguageBvernacularlanguageCnon-standardlanguageDlinguafranca第4题__________isthecaseinwhichacommunityusestwodistinctformsofthesamelanguage,oneofwhichisregardedtobemoreprestigiousthantheother.()ADiglossiaBBilingualismCCreoleDPidgin第5题Whichofthefollowingstatementscannotexplainthereasonswhywomenusemorestandardlinguisticformsthanmen?()AStandardspeechformsaregenerallyassociatedwithhighsocialstatusandwomentendtobemoresensitivethanmentothestatusnormsofthelanguage.BMenplaytheroleofguardiansofsociety’svalueandsocietytendstoexpect‘better’behaviorfrommenthanfromwomen.CWomen,asasubordinategroup,mustavoidoffendingmen—andsotheymustspeakcarefullyandpolitely.DMenprefervernacularformsbecausetheycarrymachoconnotationsofmasculinityandtoughness,whichexplainswhymanywomenmightnotwanttousesuchforms.第6题__________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.()AReginalvariationBChangesinemotionsCVariationinconnotationsDStylisticvariation第7题Tobepoliteinvolvesassessingsocialrelationshipsalongthefollowingthreedimensionsexcept__________.()AsocialdistanceorsolidarityBgenderCrelativepowerorstatusDformality第8题Theuseof__________hastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.()AtaboosBeuphemismsCjargonsDswearwords第9题Socialvariationgivesriseto__________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.()ARegionaldialectsBProfessionaldialectsCStylisticdialectsDSocialdialects第10题__________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.()ASocialvariationBRegionalvariationCStylisticvariationDRegistervariation第11题Theonlyfunctionoflanguageistoaskforandgivepeopleinformation.()第12题Ray’sutteranceYeah,thatbastardSootbucketkeptusinagainonlyconveyshisfeelingsabouttheteacherreferredto.()第13题Linguisticvarietyisabroadtermwhichincludesdifferentaccents,differentvocabulary,differentgrammar,differentlinguisticstyles,differentdialectsandevendifferentlanguageswhichcontrastwitheachotherforsocialreasons.()第14题Talkbetweenneighborsoverthefenceattheweekendabouttheweather,forinstance,ismorelikelytobemainlyreferentialinfunction.()第15题Varietiesthatdifferfromthestandardlanguagearecallednon-standardlanguagesorvernacularlanguages,whosepronunciation,grammarandvocabularydifferslightlyfromthestandardlanguages.()第16题Acreoleisalanguagewhichhasnonativespeakers,andisusedwhenpeoplewhodonotspeakthesamelanguageneedtotalktoeachother.()第17题Socialdialectsaresocialvarietiesformedbysocialmembersinthesameregionbecauseofdifferencesinsocialfactorssuchasprofession,class,age,gender,educationandsoon.()第18题Geographicalbarriersaretheonlysourceofreginalvariationoflanguage.()第19题Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages.()第20题Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.()第三章课后习题第1题WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaboutlanguageuse?()ALanguageuseisbothcognitiveandsocial.BCognitiveprocessesinvolvedinlanguageusemainlyincludeperceptionandthinking.CLanguageuseinvolvesaninteractionbetweenlanguageknowledgeandcognitiveprocesses.DLanguageknowledgeweneedinlanguageusemainlyincludesphonology,semantics,syntaxandpragmatics.第2题Mostusefullanguageknowledgeis_________.()AexplicitBdeclarativeCtacitDinteractive第3题Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutworkingmemory?()AItonlystoresinformationforabriefperiodoftime.BItbothstoresandprocessesinformation.CItcanstorelargeamountofinformation.DItconsistsoftwomaincomponents.第4题Long-termmemoryisusuallydividedintotwotypes:_________.()AepisodicandsemanticBepisodicanddeclarativeCsemanticandproceduralDdeclarativeandprocedural第5题WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutcognitiveprocessing?()ASerialprocessingisslowandintentional.BAutomaticprocessingisfastandobligatory.CControlledprocessingisslowandeffortful.DLanguageprocessinginvolvesbothtopdownandbottomupprocessing.第6题WhichofthestatementisNOTtrueaboutmentallexicon?()AOurmentallexiconconstitutesanetwork.BOurmentallexiconincludesencyclopedicknowledgerelatedwithwords.CItreferstotheknowledgeorrepresentationofwordsinourpermanentmemory.DTheorganizationofmentallexiconissimilartothatofdictionariesweuseinlanguagelearning.第7题Insentencecomprehension,parsingisusedtotrya_________analysis.()AphonologicalBlexicalCsyntacticalDpragmatic第8题Accordingtothecohortmodel,spokenwordrecognitionconsistsof_________.()Aactivation,selectionandintegrationBactivation,integrationandselectionCselection,activationandintegrationDselection,integrationandactivation第9题Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefunctionsofbrainregionsinlanguageuse?()ARighthemisphereismainlyresponsibleforlanguageuse.BWernicke’sareaismainlyresponsibleforlanguageproduction.CBroca’sareaismainlyresponsibleforlanguagecomprehension.DDifferentbrainregionsareresponsibleforlanguagecomprehensionandproduction.第10题Anticipationisatypeofspeecherrorinwhich_________.()AtwolinguisticunitsexchangeplacesBanearliersegmentreplacesalateritemCalatersegmenttakestheplaceofanearlieroneDonespeechsegmentdisappearsfromitsappropriatelocationandappearssomewhereelse第11题Psycholinguisticstudiesareprimarilyconcernedwithlanguagecomprehension.()第12题Tacitknowledgeisusuallydescribedas“know-why”.()第13题Short-termmemoryistheabilitytoretaintheinformationwhichisselectedbyattentionfromsensorymemoryoverabrief,butlongenoughperiodoftimetouseit.()第14题workingmemoryisusedtoreplaceshort-termmemorytoemphasizetheprocessingfunctionofshort-termmemory.()第15题Memoryisrelevantforlanguageprocessinginparsing,patternrecognitionandmentalrepresentation.()第16题Ifagroupofprocessestakesplaceoneatatime,itiscalledparallelprocessing.()第17题Topdownprocessingisdata-driven,usinghigher-levelinformationtosupportlower-levelprocesses.()第18题Languageperceptioncanbeaddressedfromanumberoflevels,includingauditory,phoneticandphonologicallevels.()第19题Inparsing,weusuallytakea‘‘wait-and-see’’approach:topostponeinterpretingawordorphraseuntilitisclearerwhereasentenceisgoing.()第20题speecherroranalysisshowsthatelementsthatinteractwithoneanothertendtocomefromsimilarlinguisticenvironmentsandsimilarelements.()第四章课后习题第1题AccordingtoAustin,therearethreelevelsofcoherenceindiscourse:explicit,implicit,and()coherence.AlocalBmacroCinvisibleDgeneral第2题()coherenceisrealizedbysomegrammaticalandlexicalcohesivedevices.

ACovertBOvertCLocalDGeneral第3题Cohesionusescohesivetieswhichlinkwordsorphraseswithotherwordsorphrasesinconnecteddiscourse,whilecoherenceviewsdiscourseasa().AproductBprocessCsocialpracticeDexpression第4题()meansaparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.ACoherenceBCohesionCReferenceDEllipsis第5题Whithinendophora,itcanbefurtherdivdiedintoanaphoraand().AexophoraBcataphoraCreferenceDreferent第6题In()pattern,aseriesofclaimsandcounterclaimsarepresentedinrelationtoagivenissue.Aproblem-solutionBgeneral-particularChypothetical-realDquestion-answer第7题Peopletendtoobeyaruleofone-speaker-at-a-time,whichiscalled().AadjacencypairBpreferredstructureCturn-takingDrepairing第8题Asequenceoftworelatedutterancesbytwodifferentspeakersiscalled().AinterruptionBinsertionsequenceCadjacencypairDpreferredstructure第9题Astrikingfeatureofspokendiscourseisits(),whichsuggeststherelationshipbetweenclausesinspokendiscoursecanbemuchmorespreadoutandwithmorecomplexrelationsbetweenthemthanthatinwriting.AgrammaticalintricacyBtransitoryClexicaldensityDthepresenceofthereceiver第10题Accordingto(),discourseanalysisisthestudyofhowstretchesoflanguageusedincommunicationassumemeaning,purposeandunityfortheirusers.AHallidayBHasanCGivonDJohnsonandJohnson第11题Cohesivetiescanguaranteecoherentdiscourse.()第12题Coherenceindiscourseinvolvesfarmorethanlexicalandgrammaticallinksbetweenelementsinthetext.()第13题Endophorameansthereferentdoesnotexistinthetextordiscourse,butinthecurrentcontext.()第14题Lexicalcohesioncanadoptvariousforms,particularlyrepetition,synonymy,hyponymyandantonymy.()第15题Therearefixednumbersoftextpatterns.()第16题Theonlywaytotaketheturnistonamethenextspeaker.()第17题Theopeningsequencesthatareusedtosetupsomespecificpotentialactionsarecalledinsertions.()第18题Spokendiscourseistransitoryortemporary,whilewrittendiscourseisrelativelypermanent.()第19题Meaninginspokendiscoursemustbemadeclearwithinthediscoursecontext.()第20题Grammaticalintricacyreferstotheratioofcontentwordstogrammatical,orfunctionwords,withinaclause.()第五章课后习题第1题ThewaypeoplecelebratetheSpringFestivalbelongsto________.()ABigCcultureBmaterialcultureCsmallccultureDspiritualculture第2题Whichofthefollowingisnotthefeatureofculture?()AMostofcultureishidden.BCultureislearned,nothereditary.CCultureisdynamic.DCultureissystemic.第3题Themostcommonmechanismsforculturechangesarethefollowingexcept______.()Ainnovation,BimmigrationCdiffusionDacculturation第4题Thechannelsofcommunicationmaybedescribedandanalyzedfrom______.()AtheforminwhichmessagesaresenttoreceiversBthesituationinwhichthecommunicationoccursCthewaythereceiverhasinterpretedthemessageDsymbolsorwordswhichcanrepresentobjects,ideas,andfeelings第5题Systemincommunicationprocessrefersto______.()AlanguageusedincommunicationBsettinginwhichcommunicationhappensCchannelsbywhichmessagesarecommunicatedincommunicationDtheuniqueentity,bond,orrelationshipthatiscreated,defined,andultimatelymaintainedthroughtheprocessofcommunication.第6题Culturalconflictsininter-culturalcommunicationaremainlycausedbythefollowingexcept______.()AmisinterpretationsBwrongchannelsCenthnocentrismDstereotypesandprejudice第7题Collectivismischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetween_____.()Ain-groupsandout-groupsBgroupsandindividualsCsocialnormsandindividualrightsDindividualidentityandsocialsystem第8题Inhigh-contextcultures,peoplearevery______withregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike.()AdivergentBalertChomogeneousDconscious第9题Awell-structuredEnglishp