科技英语记叙文体课件

第一章记叙文体的英译与写作

第二章法律文体的英译与写作

第三章应用文体英译与写作

第四章广告文体英译与写作24学时科技英语(二)ESTⅡREFERENCES:1、张梦井，汉英科技翻译指南，航空工业出版社，19962、王运，实用科技英语翻译技巧，科技文献出版社，19923、熊第霖，英文科技写作，国防工业出版社，20011

记叙文体的汉译英

1.1科技论文的汉译英问题1.2摘要的英译与写作1.3国际会议文献的英译与写作1.1科技论文的汉译英问题Page

41.1

科技论文的汉译英问题一、科技论文的分类Page

51.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Title标题Abstract摘要Keywords关键词Tableofcontents目录Nomenclature术语表Introduction引言正文Acknowledgement致谢Reference参考文献Appendix附录

Methods方法Results结果Discussion讨论Conclusion结论二、科技论文的一般结构Page

8为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词

例1：a.标题：OntheFatigueLifePredictionofSpotWeldedComponentsKeywords：fatigue疲劳，spotweld点焊，automobile汽车，lifeprediction寿命预测b.标题：ComputerSimulationandExperimentalStudyOnColdShutDuringMoldFillingKeywords:

moldfilling铸件充型，computersimulation计算机模拟，coldshutcasting冷隔铸造，1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

94、标题的结构

名词词组（包括动名词）名词词组+介词词组介词词组疑问句

1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题名词＋修饰语修饰语：形容词、介词短语、名词用得最多介词词组：限定某研究课题的范围相当于“的”结构.介词十名词(词组)

“on…”，意思是“对……的研究”.适于值得争议的问题点明整个论文讨论的焦点.Page

10例3ProgressonFuelCellandItsMaterials燃料电池及其材料进展AnalysisontheDynamicBehaviorofCoalCutting采煤动态特征的分析Studyofdetectingundergroundfirezoneapplyingradonmeasuringtechnology

AProbabilityAnalysesintheSpringDischarge泉水流量的概率分析SomeTheoremsonCircularTheory环论的几个定理OntheDistributionofSoundinaCorridorOntheCrushingMechanismofThinWalledStructuresOntheFatigueLifePredictionofSpotWeldedComponents点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测InvestigationofAirBagsDeploymentForcesonOut-Of--PositionOccupant安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究Howclosetofailureisagraniterockmassata5kmdepth?1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

11注意有些词如“试论”“浅谈”“体会”“小议”等可以不译，以免使内容罗索，从而冲淡了标题的主要内容。但是，如果该论文的作者是对别人的观点加以评价、讨论等，那这一类词就必须译出，以强调其客观性。其英语译文如下：

Thoughtson…Asurveyon…Commentson…Asummeryon…Areviewof…有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号隔开

冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构有三种模式：模式1研究课题：具体内容模式2研究课题：方法／性质模式3研究课题：问题焦点1.1

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12模式1研究课题：具体内容FireResistantSteelsforConstruction：Design，PropertiesandMicrochemistry(微量化学)ImpactofCancer：CopingProcessandQualityofLife模式2研究课题：方法／性质SolidOxideFuelCell：ASurveyTheUseofTechnologyinHigherEducationPrograms：aNationalSurvey模式3研究课题：问题焦点Aluminum:IsItHazardoustoYourHealth？Noise:Good？Bad？MaybeBoth？1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

13思考题：下面这些论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改：HowtoUseWaterResourcesforIrrigationinSemiarid(半干旱)LandYellowFever‘s(黄热病)EffectonTransportationandCommerceUsingWaterResourcesforIrrigationinSemiaridLandHarmfulEffectsofElectromagneticFieldsonHumansAuditoryPerspectives(透视)ofDifferentTypesofMusicElectromagneticFieldsHaveHarmfulEffectsonHumans1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

14DiamondIsUsedforElectronicDevicesWaterQualityCanBeProtectedThroughtheSuccessfulIntegrationofResearchandEducationUseofDiamondforElectricDevicesPhysicsandArt：UncoveringConceptualLinkagesTheSingleCommunityConcept：AModelforAdultEnvironmentalEducationPhysicsandArt：ConceptualLinkagesCanBeUncoveredProtectingWaterQualityThroughtheSuccessfulIntegrationofResearchandEducation1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

15AQualitative/QuantitativeAnalysisoftheAdministrativeManagementInstituteatCornellUniversityTheNatureofStudentScienceProjectIsComparedwithEducationalGoalsforScienceTheNatureofStudentScienceProjectsinComparisontoEducationalGoalsforScience

TheAmericansWithDisabilityActandItsApplicabilitytotheMentallyIll，HumanImmune-DeficiencyVirusandAcquired(后天的)ImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(综合症)

Populations：AStatisticalAnalysisTheAmericansWithDisabilityActandItsApplicabilitytotheMentallyIll，HIVandAIDSPopulations：AStatisticalAnalysis1.1

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16引言Introduction又称前言、导言引言有总揽全局的重要性，一般在写作后期定稿说明写作理由、与前人工作的关系、帮助读者了解正文的背景、事实、条件等，繁简适度内容：Backgroundoftheproblemandchiefcontributionofothers

问题的背景及他人的贡献；Purpose,scopeandcontributionofthestudy研究范围、目的及贡献；Methodsofattack主要研究方法。与其它部分的不同之处：

正文着眼于对所提出的问题的描述、分析、论证；摘要重点介绍本文的主要贡献

四、引言的英译与写作Page

17例:引言

【The‘‘fish-hook’’phenomenonincentrifugalseparation

offineparticles】

Manypeople(LuckieandAustin,1974;Finch,1983;

DelVillarandFinch,1992;PatilandRao,2001)have

reportedthattherecoveryofultrafineparticlesina

hydrocycloneunderflowincreaseswithdecreaseinparticle

sizebeyondacriticalparticlesize,knownas‘‘fishhook’’

effect.Thiscriticalparticlesizevarieswiththe

natureandcharacteristicsofparticlestobeclassified.

Butnonecouldexplainwhetherthisirregularbehaviour

withultrafineparticlesizesinahydrocycloneisa

characteristicphenomenonornot.Itisalsointeresting

tonotethatnonecouldgiveanyindicationwhetherthe

similarfish-hookeffectwillbeobservedwhileprocessing

ultrafineparticlesinanycentrifugalforcefield.

Therefore,

anattempthasbeenmadetodevelop

generalunderstandingofthemigrationbehaviourof

fineandultrafineparticlesinacentrifugalforcefield.Page

18引言句型库问题的范围（Scopeoftheproblem)Themainaspect(core,essence)oftheproblemis…Studiesoftheseeffectscovervariousaspectsof…Theproblemiswithinthescopeof…Ourproblemlies

beyondtherangeof…Page

19背景及历史(Backgroundandhistory)Thisproblemwasfirstadvancedby…Sincethentheproblemhasattracted(fascinated)manyscientists(workersinthisfield).Thisproblemascanbeseen(asisknown)is(still)poorly(inadequately)understood.Comparedwiththecurrentresearch,thepreviousworkwasinconnectionwith…Thenewfindingsfromtheexperimentagreewellwiththeresultsobtainedin…Several(numerous,many,few)studiesaremade(carriedout,performed)toelucidatethenature(understandthebehavior,revealthecause)of…Astudyofthekindhas(never)beenmade(untilnow,untilafewyearsago问题的难易（Difficultyoftheproblem)Itseems(exceedingly)difficulttoobtainknowledgeoftheproblem…Itisratherdifficulttosolvetheproblem…Itiseasytopresent(analyze,discuss)theprobleminallitscomplexity(ineverydetail).Theprobleminvolves(certain,tremendous)difficulties.Page

20Page

21Page

22背景Oneofthemostimportantandoftenusedunitoperationsinmineralprocessingplantsisthehydrocyclone(Pcarsc,1988:Firthela,!.,1995).Itisakeycomponentinclosed-millgrindingcircuits,whichisrequiredfor

theproductionofnearlyalltheworld'ssulfidemineralsupply.Inaddition,hydrocycloncsintheirvariousformsareresponsibleforalargepercentageofthecleancoalproductionfromoperatingprcparationphmtsworldwidc(Kcmpnich,2000).Approximately28%ofthe

cleancoalproductionisfromheavymediacyclonesand4~7%fromwater-onlycycloneswhilenearly15%isclassifiedaccordingtosizebyclassifyingcyclones.点明主题cyclone的重要性APEXWATERINJECTIONFORIMPROVEDHYDROCYCLONECLASSIFICATIONEFFICIENCYPage

23Despitetheirbroaduseandimportance,inherentdeficienciesofthehydrocyclonehavenegativeeffectsontheefficiencyandeconomicsofaprocessingplant.Intheprocessingofcomplexmetalsulfideores,densitydifferentialsbetweenthegangueandthevarioussulfidemineralsgenerallyresultinasulfidemetalconcentrationinthere-circulationstreamofaclosed-millgrindingcircuit,whichresultsinovergrindingandpotentialmetalloss(Firlheta/.,1998:Mnsher,1999).Also,….(Heiskanen,1993;Wills,1997).Forthesereasons,theU.S.miningindustryandprominentresearchershaveidentifiedtheneedforimprovedclassificationefficiencyasamajorresearchtopicinarecentpublication(Anon.,2000).指出存在不足，以及解决问题的必要性背景Page

24Theby-passofultrafineparticleshasbeendirectlycorrelatedtotheamountoffeedpulpwaterrecoveredtotheunderflowstream(Lynch,1977).ThevolumeofunderflowwatercanbecurtailedbyareductionintheunderfloworificeorapexaswellasmanyothermethodsdiscussedbyBradley(1965).Inacceptingtheby-passproblem,Firthetal.(1998)proposedtheuseofathree-stagecounter-currentcyclonecircuitwherebytheunderflowstreamsoftheprimaryandsecondarycycloneswereretreatedandthesecondaryandtertiaryoverflowstreamsrecycledtothepreviousfeedsumps.However,thecircuitrequiresadditionalpumpingandanincreasednumberofcyclonebanksthatcreatesparticleattritionandnegativeeffectsontheoverallprocesseconomics.前人针对这种不足所做的工作，及其工作的局限性前人的工作Page

25本文的内容Page

26Page

27五、正文的翻译、写作技巧

学术论文的正文一般包括:Method方法Result结果Discussion讨论Conclusion结论前三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

281、研究方法（Methods）

研究方法部分的主要内容：a.研究工作具备的基本前提或条件，如实验材料、实验场所、设备器材等。b.采样、实验、获取数据，并对数据进行技术处理的方法与过程c.理论分析，包括理论依据、基本原理、公式推导、数理模型等。1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题描述研究方法时的语言特点或技巧采用被动语态的过去式描述实验方法与过程有时用到公式合理使用逻辑-语法词使语气贯通Page

29InAugust1994，entirepurpleloosestrife(千屈莱)plantswereharvestedfromthreehabitats(生长环境):1)anuplandoldfieldintheCuyahogaValleyNationalRecreationAreainnorth-easternOhio(n=5)；2)ashallowditchalongRoute261inKent,OH(n=10);and3)thewesternshorelineofEastTwinLake,PortageCounty,OH(n=6).Thesesitesrepresenthabitatswhichareneverinundated(淹没)withwater,areperiodicallyinundated,orhavesaturated(浸透)soils,respectively.例：下面是一篇科技论文Methods的部分内容

[1]1.1

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30[2]Shootsections(嫩枝条)of5,10,and15cmlengthswerecutfromtheseplantsandpositionedinflats(平地)containingasoilmixtureofperlite(珍珠岩),vermiculite(蛭岩),andpeatmoss(苔泥炭)（1:1:1).TheflatsweremaintainedintheDepartmentofBiologicalSciences'greenhousewheretheyexperiencedambientmeteorologicalconditionsexceptfor6secondsofmistevery3.5minutesbetween8：00and20：00hoursdaily.1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

31[3]Shootsectionsandattachedleaveswereexaminedatweeklyintervalsforpigment(色质)andtissuechangesaswellasfordevelopmentoflateralshoots.After26～28daysthesectionswererinsedtoremoveadherentmaterialanddriedatroomtemperature(approximately22℃)foraweek.Theadventitiousrootsfromeachsectionwereremovedwithneedle-noseforceps，driedat60℃for24hours,andthenweighedtodeterminedrybiomass.Onelakesite5-cmsectionwaslostduringprocessing.1.1

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32例：下面是用到公式的部分Methods内容：Apremierofouranalysisisthatmusclestrengthisapproximatelyproportionaltothelimbcross-sectionarea.Averificationofthispremisecanbeobtainedbyreferringtoweightliftingdata.Tothisend，considerthataweightlifter'sownweightWisproportionaltohisorhervolume.Thatis，W=αl3，（1）whereαisaconstantofproportionalityandlisacharacteristiclength.Accordingtoourpremise，however，aweightlifter'sstrengthSisproportionaltohisorherlimbcross-sectionarea.Thatis，S=βl2，（2）whereβisaconstantofproportionality.Byeliminatinglbetweenequation（1）and（2），wehaveS=KW2/3orS/W2/3=K，（3）whereKistheconstant：β/α2/3.Equation(3)isinterpretedassayingthattheratioofaweightlifter'sstrength(liftingability)isproportionaltohisorherownweightraisedtothe2/3power.Alternatively，theratioofthestrengthtoweighttothe2/3powerisconstant.1.1

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33在假设、理论分析、数理模型的建立以及计算过程中，常常要推导并描述公式，作者须了解并熟悉描述公式的基本方法。归纳如下:每个公式占一行，位置要居中，公式要写得清楚。在一篇文章中有两个或两个以上公式时，要按先后出现的顺序编号，加上圆括号，列在一行的最右端。行文中，要将公式看作一个单词处理，也就是说，如果公式是一句话的结束，则在公式后加句号，否则，根据情况用合适的标点公式中的符号如果是第一次出现，要加以解释。解释时用where或inwhich引导，表示“在式中……”之意。公式中的符号也作为一个单词处理，所以符号后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：…whereKistheconstant.在这种情况下，where要顶头，且小写。行文中涉及某一公式时，要用Equation(…)或Equ.(…)表示1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

34and,also,additionally,besides,further,furthermore,last,finally,lastly,subsequently,remember,inaddition,ifdesired,withtheabove…,moreoverafterall,incontrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,inlikemanner,likewise,nevertheless,still,however,yet,whereas,similarly进一步阐述上文的内容加之,而且,其次,此外,进一步说,结果是,如上所述上下文比较或对照毕竟,另一方面，与此相似，可是，然而ashasbeenstated,inotherwords,asbeforeinshort,tosumupinsummary,下面是Methods中常用的逻辑-语法词重复论述概括全文accordingly,asaresult,hence,thus,consequently,although,therefore,inspiteof,despite,inviewofthis,Afterward,atpresent,finally,inthemeantime,meanwhile,sofar,recently,ultimately表示结果和让步表示时间关系withthisgoal,forthisreason,forthispurpose,towardthisgoal/objective表示目的1.1

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352、研究结果（results）

作用：a.将研究的结果、所得到的数据经过技术处理后公布于世。

b.为了清楚起见，往往将研究结果用图表方式表示，使读者一目了然。如表格、示意图、曲线图、流程图、照片等，并伴有文字解说。内容：客观地如实地展示计算结果和数据；对所得到的数据进行定性或定量分析；从结果中得出推论或结论；说明产生某些意外现象的原因；与他人的研究结果作比较等。1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

363、讨论（discussion）

内容：对研究结果进行综合、分析和归纳，把研究结果上升到理论的层次进行探讨，分析研究结果的意义指出自己的成果与他人的研究成果有何异同；在讨论中还可以对没有意想到的结果加以解释；指出并分析自己研究的局限性，提出需要进一步研究的问题；为以后的研究指明方向，并将研究成果与实际生活应用相结合。1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题语言运用技巧在结果部分，语言往往比较具体、客观在讨论中，语言带有一定概括性，同时，可能会用一些表达主观态度的字眼Page

37例：下面是结果results或讨论discussion部分内容：Of62shootsections,52%(n=32)exhibitedpigment/necroticchangesand19%(n=12)died(Table1)。Sevenshootsdiedafterdevelopingsomenecrotictissues,fivebecamenecroticbutdidnotdie,andfivediedwithoutnecrosis(Table1).Overall,ourstudyrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio'soak-hickoryforests.TheoverallresultsindicatethattheQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivessetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Page

38对研究结果进行归纳、总结、分析、推理时，措词要慎重，注意不同词的不同含义和分量，以将自己的观点准确地表达出来

技巧1：用情态动词。最常用情态动词有will，can，may，及其过去式would，could，might等技巧2：certainly，ofcourse，absolutely，definitely，clearly等词用来加强语气，表示作者态度肯定；almostcertain，probably，highlylikely次之。likely，unlikely，possible，perhaps等词表示作者没有把握，语气比较弱。技巧3：用seem，appear，tend等动词这三个动词用在另一动词之前，构成seemto+do／be／have，appeartodo／be／have，tendtodo/be／have的结构，表示陈述的现象、内容或观点还有进一步探讨的余地技巧4：选用不同的动词在分析、综合、归纳、推理过程中，常常会使用下列动词：show，prove，illustrate，reveal，suggest，indicate，support，clarify，verify等。这些动词含义不同，因此也可以起到加强或缓和语气的作用。1.1

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39例:用不同的语气词表示作者态度a.Table1showsthatVenezuelanscientistsmayneedhelpwithwritingEnglish.（强）b.Table1suggeststhatChinesescientistsmayneedhelpwithwritingEnglish.（弱）a.TheoverallresultsprovethattheQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivessetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.（强）b.TheoverallresultsindicatethattheQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivessetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.（弱）1.1

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40语气词1.1

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41讨论研究结果的重要意义与作用例:Discussion的一部分：[1]Declinesurveyandmortalitydataprovidetwoalternativeformsofinformationaboutthehealthofaforest.Declinesurveysaremostusefulforobtaininganassessmentofthecurrentconditionofaforestandareusefulforlongtermstudiesmonitoringforesthealth.Mortalitydataprovideacurrentassessmentoftheforestconditionsandmayormaynotbeattributabletodecline.Thus，weareabletoexaminethecurrenthealthofthisrepresentativeoak-hickoryforestanddrawtentativeconclusionsaboutpastconditionsbasedoncurrentstructuraldata（McClenahenandMcCarthy1990）.1.1

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42总结主要研究结果[2]Muchofourdatacanbeexplainedinthecontextofforestsuccessionandknowndiseasepatterns.Clearly,sporadicinsectout-breaksandclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands.Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.[3]Declinesymptomswerenotevidentforthemajorcanopydominants.LivingstemsofbothQuercussppandCaryasppappearedhealthy.However,thesetwogroupshadreasonablyhighmortality（16-17%）.Whetherthesemortalitypatternsareinordinately"high"orjust"average"formature,second-growthoak-hickoryvegetationisnotparticularlyclear.1.1

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43将本次研究结果与他人的研究结果作比较，发现问题所在[4]SeveralstudieshavetakenapopulationalapproachtotheexaminationofdeclininghealthofOhio'sforestspecies.McClenahenandMcCarthy（1990）determinedthatasignificantdecreaseincrownvigorofPinusrigidacouldbeduetoairpollutionintheOhiovalley.Likewiseasimilarstudyindicatedapossibleconnectionbetweenpollutionandalteredpatternsinwhiteoak（McClenahenandDochinger1985）。Theseandotherstudiesindicatepollutionasapossiblefactorindecline，but，astheseauthorsacknowledge，absolutelinkagebetweencauseandeffectisoftenverydifficulttoprove.Nashetal.（1992）encounteredasimilarprobleminexaminingthehealthofoak-hickoryvegetationincentralPennsylvania.1.1

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44指出本次研究的局限性，指明今后研究的方向。[5]Asmethodsusedtomonitordeclineareoftenvaried，comparingresultsacrosstheboardcanbequitedifficult.Therefore,

moreresearchisneededintothebestmeasuresofforestdecline.这段讨论比较全面。主要内容包括：第1段：讨论研究结果的重要意义与作用。第2段和第3段：总结主要研究结果。第4段：将本次研究结果与他人的研究结果作比较，发现问题所在。第5段：指出本次研究的局限性，指明今后研究的方向。1.1

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45Discussion部分表示概括的词或词组还有：

onthewhole，inthemain，generally，themajorityof，most等Discussion部分表示研究局限性的主要句型：Itshouldbenotedthatthisstudyhasexaminedonly…Thisanalysishasconcentratedon…Thefindingsofthisstudyarerestrictedto…Thisstudyhasaddressedonlythequestionof…Thelimitationsofthisstudyareclear…Weshouldliketopointoutthatwehavenot…However,thefindingsdonotimply…Theresultofthestudycannotbetakenasevidencefor…Unfortunately,weareunabletodeterminefromthisdata…1.1

科技论文的汉译英问题Homework查阅一篇英文科技论文，说明其正文部分的结构，并标出其正文中出现的语气词和句型。Page

46Applicationofdense-mediuminanenhancedgravity

separatorforfinecoalcleaning

CONCLUSIONSPage

47综合练习:判断下文摘自研究论文的哪个部分，并分析其结构和每句话的作用。

Table11showsthenumberofyearstocompleteadoctoralprogramforbothU.S.andinternationalstudentsatamajorresearchuniversity.Ascanbeseen,internationalstudentsonaveragecompletedoctoralprogramsinlesstimethanU.S.studentsinalldivisions.

Thedifferenceinyearstocompletionrangesfromarelativelylow0.3yearsinphysicalsciences/engineeringandhumanities/artstoahighof2.8yearsinindividualdepartmentalprograms.

Theconsistentdifferenceintimetodegreeisnotfullyunderstoodatpresent.

However,onekeyfactormaybemotivation.

Manyinternationalstudentshaveconsiderableexternalpressures，includingsponsorship/scholarshiprestrictions,familyobligations,andemployerdemands,whichcouldinfluencethelengthoftimeittakestoearnadoctorate.1.1

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48综合练习:根据下列各段话的内容和语言特点，判断各段话分别摘自研究论文正文中的哪个部分

1.Malered-wingedblackbirdswererecordedandobserved.Analogtape-recordingsofvocalizationswerecompletedandterritorialbehaviorsweremonitoredforeachsubjectduringthreeseparate30minuteobservationperiods.Femaleswereobservedineachsubject'sterritoryduringrecording.Individualterritoriesandperchingpositionsweremappedforeachsubject.

2.Fromthe41responsesreceived,only5wereformschoolswhosestudentsonlycompletedteamprojects.32responseswerefromschoolwhosestudentscompletedonlyindividualprojects.Thisisreflectedinthehighfrequencyofdisagreeandstronglydisagreeresponsestoquestion28（seeTable1）.1.1

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493.AcopyofthequestionnairecanbeseeninFig.1.Thequestionsweredesigned

tomatcheachoftheeightgoalsandfivemethodsforscienceasdefinedinthisstudy.Thequestionswerethenexaminedbyseveralprofessionaleducatorsinthefieldofscience.Theviewers'commentswereusedtodevelopquestionsforeachgoal.Theexperts'opinionswereinagreementthatthefinalversionofthequestionnairewaswordedappropriatelyandthatthecontentofthequestionsmatchedthesegoalsforscienceeducation.4.Scienceprojectswereratedoverwhelminglyandconsistentlypositiveoneachoftheeighteducationalgoalsforscience.Inthemindsoftheteachers,scienceprojectsareaneffectivewaytoaddresstheneweducationalgoals.Theratingfrequenciesshowthatteachersthinkscienceprojectsareespeciallyeffectiveinincorporatinghands-on/minds-onscience.1.1

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501.1

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51综合练习：排列下列句子次序：1.However，itisalarmingtonotethatthesourceofnearly30%ofviralinfectionscannotbedetermined.2.Ascanbeseen，inthemajorityofcases，thesourceofviralinfectioncanbedetected，withdisksbeingbroughttotheworkplacefromhomebeingbyfarthemostsignificant.3.Whileitmaybepossibletoeliminatehome-to-workplaceinfectionbyrequiringcomputeruserstorunantiviralsoftwareondiskettesbroughtfromhome，businessesarestillvulnerabletomajordataloss，especiallyfromunidentifiablesourcesofinfection.4.Table1showsthemostcommonmodesofinfectionforU.S.businesses.Correctorder：________________1.1

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52练习：在下列句中增加或替换适当的词，以减弱句子的语气：Theexperienceofolderstudentsisnotnecessarytobemoresuccessfulwithascienceproject.2.Oneexplanationforthesedifferencesisthatteacherswhomoststronglybelievescienceprojectsarevaluableencouragetheirstudentstoworkharderandencouragethemtogotosciencefair.

3.However,additionaltrainingisneededindisinfectionalternatives,ironandhydrogensulfideremoval，andproperwellconstruction.将划线部分改为maynotbe将划线部分改为Onepossibleexplanation将划线部分改为maybeneeded1.1

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534.Somefluctuationisinevitable，sinceonlylessthan20studentstookthequalifyingexameachyear.5.Ascanbeseen，thepassratefluctuatedquitewidely.6.From1989untiltheendoftheperiodcovered，passrateshavesteadilyclimbed.7.Otherfactorsaretheamountofresearchfunding，thequalityofthestudentsthemselves，andtheprioritygiventodoctoralfunding.将划线部分改为isprobablyinevitable将划线部分改为appeared/seemedtofluctuate将划线部分改为appeared/seemedtohavesteadilyclimbed将划线部分改为Otherpossiblefactors1.1

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548.Infact，thepassrateiscyclical.9.Evenso，thefactthat10outof15studentspassedin1985causedthedepartmenttotryandreduceitsnumberofdoctoralstudentsthefollowingyear.10.TheoverallresultsprovethattheQualityWaterforHomeandFarmcorrespondenceprogrammettheobjectivessetfortheprogramandwasaneffectivemethodtodeliverwaterqualityandmanagementtraining.将划线部分改为seemstobecyclical将划线部分改为probablycaused

将划线部分改为indicate1.1

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55六、作者署名及工作单位的译法

1、

作用（1）BearingAuthor’sResponsibility（2）FacilitatingRetrievalandCorrespondence（3）HeighteningCelebrity2、

特点（如何写或翻译）（1）中国人名按拼音翻译（2）姓的第一个字母大写，以和名区分开来；（3）

单位及地址不能缩写，要详细列出；3、

写作要求（1）国际期刊:应按该期刊要求格式写姓名和单位地址；（2）作者姓名数不宜超过4人，否则用etal代替；（3）职称(professionaltitle)、行政职务(administrativerank)、学位(academicdegree)等一般不需译出，如教授、主席、经理、博士等；（4）机构名称的书写顺序是由小到大，例：北京中国医学科学院首都医院译成CapitalHospital,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing；涉及到多个作者或多个单位时，按期刊要求写。1.1

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56ACOMPARATIVEEVALUATIONOFTHELEADINGADVANCEDFLOTATIONTECHNOLOGIESM.K.MOHANTYandR.Q.HONAKERDepartmentofMiningEngineering,SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,Illinois62901,USAE-mail:mmohanty@UltrafinecoalcleaningusingspiralconcentratorsR.Q.Honaker*,M.Jain,B.K.Parekh,M.SaracogluUniversityofKentucky,DepartmentofMiningEngineering,234-BMiningandMineralResourcesBuilding,Lexington,KY40506-0107,USAMineralsEngineeringPage

57MineralsEngineeringUltrafinecoalclassificationusing150mmgMaxcyclonecircuitsR.Q.Honakera,*,F.Boatena,G.H.LuttrellbaDepartmentofMiningEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY40506-0107,UnitedStatesbDepartmentofMiningandMineralsEngineering,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,VA24061,UnitedStatesDevelopmentofacharacteristicflotationcleaningindexforfinecoalM.K.Mohantya*,R.Q.Honakerb,B.GovindarajanbaRichwoodIndustries,Inc.,707,West7thStreet,Huntington,WV25704,USAbDepartmentofMiningEngineering,SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,IL62901-6603,USAInt.J.Miner.ProcessPage

58燃烧科学与技术

JournalofCombustionScienceandTechnologySimulationofFlowCharacterinThree-DimensionalSpout-FluidBedLIQian-jun,ZHANGMing-yao(KeyLaboratoryofCleanCoalPowerGenerationandCombustionTechnologyMinistryofEducation,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210096,China)带翼片侧向流斜板沉淀池内颗粒沉降过程的数值模拟刘百仓‘马军‘张素霞2梁再辉2马刚2谢小龙3黄社华4(1哈尔滨工业大学市政环境工程学院，哈尔滨150090;2北京市自来水集团有限责任公司，北京100085;3中国科学院研究生院，北京100039;4武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室，武汉430072)Page

59七、参考文献的写法

参考文献著录的目的和作用（1）著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据，也反映出该论文的起点和深度。（2）著录参考文献能方便地把论文作者的成果与前人的成果区别开来。（3）著录参考文献能起索引作用。读者通过著录的参考文献，可方便地检索和查找有关图书资料，以对该论文中的引文有更详尽的了解。（4）著录参考文献有利于节省论文篇幅。（5）著录参考文献有助于科技情报人员进行情报研究和文摘计量学研究著录原则(1)只著录最必要、最新的文献，仅限于著录作者亲自阅读过并在论文中直接引用的文献，无特殊需要不必罗列众所周知的教科书或某些陈旧史料。(2)只著录公开发表的文献。(3)引用论点必须准确无误，不能断章取义。(4)采用规范化的著录格式。(5)参考文献的著录方法。根据GB7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》中规定采用“顺序编码制”和“著者出版年制”两种。其中，顺序编码制为我国科技期刊所普遍采用。1.1