【锂离子电池的结构和组成概述2800字】

第页共25页锂离子电池的结构和组成概述锂离子电池主要由正极材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ullah</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>89</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>89</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615184474">89</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ullah,Arslan</author><author>Majid,Abdul</author><author>Rani,Naema</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewonfirstprinciplesbasedstudiesforimprovementofcathodematerialoflithiumionbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofEnergyChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofEnergyChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>219-237</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Lithiumionbatteries</keyword><keyword>Electrodes</keyword><keyword>Firstprinciplesmethods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/01/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2095-4956</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S2095495617303698</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.09.007</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]、负极材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ozanam</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615184595">90</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ozanam,François</author><author>Rosso,Michel</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SiliconasanodematerialforLi-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>MaterialsScienceandEngineering:B</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MaterialsScienceandEngineering:B</full-title></periodical><pages>2-11</pages><volume>213</volume><keywords><keyword>Lithium-ionbattery</keyword><keyword>Silicon</keyword><keyword>Negativeelectrode</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016/11/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0921-5107</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0921510716300435</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.mseb.2016.04.016</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]、有机电解液、隔膜ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>91</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615184808">91</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Xiaosong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Separatortechnologiesforlithium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofSolidStateElectrochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofSolidStateElectrochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>649-662</pages><volume>15</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/04/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1433-0768</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/s10008-010-1264-9</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10008-010-1264-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]和电池外壳组成，其次还有导电剂、粘合剂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>93</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>93</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615185387">93</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Shi</author><author>Liu,Yu-Mei</author><author>Zhang,Yu-Chao</author><author>Song,Yang</author><author>Wang,Gong-Ke</author><author>Liu,Yu-Xia</author><author>Wu,Zhen-Guo</author><author>Zhong,Ben-He</author><author>Zhong,Yan-Jun</author><author>Guo,Xiao-Dong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewofrationaldesignandinvestigationofbindersappliedinsilicon-basedanodesforlithium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>JournalofPowerSources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPowerSources</full-title></periodical><volume>485</volume><dates><year>2021</year><pub-dates><date>Feb15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0378-7753</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000607101600004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000607101600004</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>229331</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229331</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]和集流体等。正极材料在锂离子电池工作过程中起到提供锂离子的作用，一般为富锂化合物且应具有活性。锂离子电池放电时从外电路获得电子的电极，此时电极发生还原反应，通常是氧化还原电位高的电极。正极材料在锂离子电池市场中容量最大、附加值较高，大约占锂离子电池成本的30％，毛利率低则15％，高则70％以上。目前已批量应用于锂离子电池的正极材料主要有钴酸锂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>94</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>94</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615186073">94</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Qinghua</author><author>Xu,Huihui</author><author>Lu,lv</author><author>Liu,Wenhua</author><author>Liang,Yan</author><author>Li,Huili</author><author>Chen,Tong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StudyonthedeclinemechanismofcathodematerialLiCoO2forLi-ionbattery</title><secondary-title>Vacuum</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vacuum</full-title></periodical><pages>109313</pages><volume>177</volume><keywords><keyword>LIB</keyword><keyword>Decline</keyword><keyword>Delithiatedstate</keyword><keyword>LiCoO</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/07/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0042-207X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0042207X20301500</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109313</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]、锰酸锂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615186141">95</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Yaqing</author><author>Xie,Hongyan</author><author>Jin,Huixin</author><author>Zhang,Qiang</author><author>Li,Yezhu</author><author>Li,Xiaohui</author><author>Li,Kaifeng</author><author>Bao,Chongjun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ResearchStatusofSpinelLiMn2O4CathodeMaterialsforLithiumIonBatteries</title><secondary-title>IOPConferenceSeries:EarthandEnvironmentalScience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IOPConferenceSeries:EarthandEnvironmentalScience</full-title></periodical><pages>012051</pages><volume>603</volume><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/12/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>IOPPublishing</publisher><isbn>1755-1315</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1088/1755-1315/603/1/012051</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1088/1755-1315/603/1/012051</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]、镍酸锂、钴镍锰酸锂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>97</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615189714">97</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,Ding</author><author>Liu,Weihong</author><author>Zhang,Xuhong</author><author>Huang,Yue</author><author>Xu,Mingbiao</author><author>Xiao,Wei</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>He,Zhangxing</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>ReviewofModifiedNickel-CobaltLithiumAluminateCathodeMaterialsforLithium-IonBatteries</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPhotoenergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPhotoenergy</full-title></periodical><pages>2730849</pages><volume>2019</volume><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>2019/12/29</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Hindawi</publisher><isbn>1110-662X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1155/2019/2730849</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1155/2019/2730849</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]以及磷酸铁锂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kapaev</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>98</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615189947">98</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kapaev,R.R.</author><author>Novikova,S.A.</author><author>Kulova,T.L.</author><author>Skundin,A.M.</author><author>Yaroslavtsev,A.B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SynthesisofLiFePO4nanoplateletsascathodematerialsforLi-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>NanotechnologiesinRussia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanotechnologiesinRussia</full-title></periodical><pages>757-760</pages><volume>11</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016/11/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1995-0799</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1134/S1995078016060136</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1134/S1995078016060136</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。镍酸锂安全性最差（过充易起火），高温耐受度最低（高温易分解），合成难度最高。钴酸锂最早实现商业化应用，技术发展至今已经十分成熟，并已广泛应用在小型低功率的便携式电子产品上（如手机、笔记本电脑和电子数码产品等）。磷酸铁锂作为锂离子电池的正极材料具有良好的电化学性能，充放电平台十分稳定，充放电过程结构十分稳定，同时，其还具有无毒，无污染，安全性能高，耐高温，来源广泛等优势，成为了电池界炙手可热的焦点。负极材料为了有利于锂离子的嵌入和脱嵌，一般应选用具有隧道或者层状结构的材料，并且还应在锂离子嵌入和脱嵌的过程中保持结构和性质的稳定性，这就为了电池具有良好的循环寿命和充放电可逆性奠定了基础。负极材料在锂离子电池中占成本百分比较低，现阶段主要分为碳基负极材料和非碳基负极材料。碳基负极材料，目前被商品锂离子电池广泛应用，其显著优点为安全性能较好，循环寿命长，价格低廉且没有毒性，但其也有明显的缺点质量比和能量比都较低；非碳基负极材料，按组成可分为金属类负极材料、过渡金属氧化物和纳米合金材料。金属类负极材料，最典型也最早展开研究的为金属锂，其拥有较高的嵌入容量，但由于其安全性较差以及循环效果不佳，故并未得到广泛应用；过渡金属氧化物具有较高的结构稳定性、较高的可逆容量且循环效果较好等明显特点，如钛酸锂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9pt5v2507f0s0oe2pvpxatvivx2wzxawdrae"timestamp="1615190698">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,Z.Y.</author><author>Li,J.L.</author><author>Zhao,Y.G.</author><author>Yang,K.</author><author>Gao,F.</author><author>Li,X.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>InfluenceofcoolingmodeontheelectrochemicalpropertiesofLi4Ti5O12anodematerialsforlithium-ionbatteries</title><secondary-title>Ionics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ionics</full-title></periodical><pages>789-795</pages><volume>22</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0947-7047</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000376670700004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000376670700004</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11581-015-1610-0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]（锂过渡金属氧化物）、铁酸锌（铁基复合氧化物）和锡基复合氧化物等；纳米合金材料，在当今社会掀起了又一大热潮，如钛基合金、镁基合金、锡基合金和锑基合金等，此类材料普遍具有较高的体积能量密度等显著优点。负极材料在以后的发展方向应以提高电池容量、稳定循环效果和提高循环寿命为目标，将碳基材料与各种高容量非碳基材料复合，来实现高容量，非碳复合负极材料，为当今世界带来新的一次“电池革命”。有机电解液，是锂电池中离子传输的载体，起到在正、负极之间传递离子的作用，一般由锂盐和有机溶剂组成，也是锂离子电池获得高电压、高比能等优点的保证。电解液一般由高纯度的有机溶剂、电解质锂盐和必要的添加剂等原料构成，并在一定条件下，按照特定百分比配制而成的。在选择锂离子电池电解液材料时，主要着重于其安全性与高温环境时的适应性。电解液的前景将聚焦在新型溶剂的选择（拓宽工作温度范围）、新型锂盐（提高环境适应性）和添加剂（阻燃、保护正负极）等方面，来进一步提高锂电池的安全性、功率和容量，以便于更广泛的应用。隔膜，在锂电池的结构中，是关键的内层组件之一，其作用是使电池的正、负极分隔开来，防止两极接触而短路，此外还应具有能使电解质离子通过的能力。电池的界面结构、内阻等由隔膜的性能决定，并且直接影响电池的容量大小、循环优良以及安全性能高低等特性。隔膜应选用不导电的材料，其物理化学性质对于电池的性能的影响颇为显著。电池的种类不同，采用的隔膜也不同。对于锂电池系列，由于电解液为有机溶剂体系，因而需要耐有机溶剂的隔膜材料，一般采用高强度薄膜化的聚烯烃多孔膜。隔膜材料主要有丙烯（polypropylene,PP）、聚乙烯（polyethylene，PE）、PP+陶瓷涂覆和PE+陶瓷涂覆等构成。导电剂，虽然在锂电池中所占份量很少，但其对于锂电池的性能的影响也是极其显著的。导电剂的选择还可以改善电池循环性能、容量发挥和倍率性能。导电剂的首要作用是提高电池的电子导电率，还可以收集正、负极之间或者正/负极与集流体之间的微电流,来减小电极的接触电阻，加速电子的移动速率，以此保证了电极的良好的性能。导电剂主要有点状导电剂（也可以称作零维导电剂，如炭黑，乙炔黑等），其主要通过颗粒间点与点的接触累提高导电性；纤维状导电剂（导电碳纤维、金属纤维和碳纳米管等），具有一维结构的导电剂，由于其纤维状结构，增大了与电极材料颗粒的接触，大大提高了电极的导电性，降低了极片电阻；以及新型石墨烯及其混合导电浆料等导电剂。这些导电剂拥有各自的优劣势。本论文主要以乙炔黑为导电剂。粘结剂，是锂离子电池中重要的辅助功能性材料之一，一般为起到粘结活性物质颗粒的聚合物，虽然本身不具备电池容量，在锂电池中占比也很小，但是却是整个电极的力学性能的主要来源，对于电池的电化学性能有着显著的影响。锂电池的粘结剂需要能够耐受电解液的溶胀和腐蚀，以及承受充放电过程中的电化学腐蚀，同时还需要在电池电极工作电压内保持性质稳定。目前，常见的锂离子电池的粘结剂主要有以下三大类：聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）、丁苯橡胶（SBR）和羧甲基纤维素（CMC），此外还有以聚丙烯酸（PAA）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚丙烯酸酯作为主要成分的水性粘结剂。本论文主要以羧甲基纤维素（CMC）和丁苯橡胶（SBR）为粘结剂。集流体，就是汇集电流的结构或者零件，其作用是将电池活性物质产生的电流汇集起来，为形成较大的电流对外输出奠定基础，因此集流体应与电池活性物质充分接触，并且集流体的内阻应越小越好。在锂离子电池中，集流体一般指的是金属箔，正极一般选用铝箔，负极一般选用铜箔。本论文主要以研究锂离子电池硅基负极材料为主，故选用铜箔作为集流体。参考文献[1]BaiY,MuralidharanN,SunY-K,etal.Energyandenvironmentalaspectsinrecyclinglithium-ionbatteries:ConceptofBatteryIdentityGlobalPassport[J].MaterialsToday,2020,41:304-315.[2]ChomboPV,LaoonualY.AreviewofsafetystrategiesofaLi-ionbattery[J].JournalofPowerSources,2020,478:228649.[3]KimH-J,KrishnaTNV,ZebK,etal.AComprehensiveReviewofLi-IonBatteryMaterialsandTheirRecyclingTechniques[J].Electronics,2020,9(7).[4]MiaoY,HynanP,VonJouanneA,etal.CurrentLi-IonBatteryTechnologiesinElectricVehiclesandOpportunitiesforAdvancements[J].Energies,2019,12(6).[5]WenJ,ZhaoD,ZhangC.Anoverviewofelectricitypoweredvehicles:Lithium-ionbatteryenergystoragedensityandenergyconversionefficiency[J].RenewableEnergy,2020,162:1629-1648.[6]WuC,ZhuC,SunJ,etal.ASynthesizedDiagnosisApproachforLithium-ionBatteryinHybridElectricVehicle[J].IEEETransactionsonVehicularTechnology,2017,66(7):5595-5603.[7]AliMU,ZafarA,NengrooSH,etal.TowardsaSmarterBatteryManagementSystemforElectricVehicleApplications:ACriticalReviewofLithium-IonBatteryStateofChargeEstimation[J].Energies,2019,12(3).[8]ChoiS,WangG.AdvancedLithium-IonBatteriesforPracticalApplications:Technology,Development,andFuturePerspectives[J].AdvancedMaterialsTechnologies,2018,3(9):1700376.[9]LiaoQ,MuM,ZhaoS,etal.Performanceassessmentandclassificationofretiredlithiumionbatteryfromelectricvehiclesforenergystorage[J].InternationalJournalofHydrogenEnergy,2017,42(30):18817-18823.[10]DengD.Li-ionbatteries:basics,progress,andchallenges[J].EnergyScience&Engineering,2015,3(5):385-418.[11]GreyCP,HallDS.Prospectsforlit