中高考英语语法重点总结与练习

中高考英语语法重点总结与练习英语语法是构建语言大厦的基石，尤其在中高考这样的标准化考试中，对语法知识的准确理解和灵活运用直接关系到成绩的高低。本文将针对中高考英语的核心语法点进行梳理与总结，并辅以典型练习，帮助同学们夯实基础，提升解题能力。一、动词的时态与语态(TensesandVoices)动词是句子的灵魂，时态和语态则是动词的核心。中高考重点考查以下几种：1.常用时态*一般现在时(SimplePresentTense)*用法：表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态；客观真理、科学事实。*标志词：often,usually,always,sometimes,everyday/week/month/year,seldom,never等。*例句：Shegetsupearlyeverymorning.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.*一般过去时(SimplePastTense)*用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。*标志词：yesterday,lastweek/month/year,...ago,in2020,justnow等。*例句：HewenttoBeijinglastsummer.Iwasastudentthreeyearsago.*一般将来时(SimpleFutureTense)*用法：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。*结构：will/shall+动词原形；begoingto+动词原形(计划、打算或有迹象表明)。*现在进行时(PresentContinuousTense)*用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作；现阶段正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）。*标志词：now,atthemoment,look,listen等。*结构：am/is/are+doing。*例句：Theyareplayingbasketballnow.Iamreadinganovelthesedays.*过去进行时(PastContinuousTense)*用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。*标志词：at8o'clocklastnight,from7to9yesterdayevening,when/while引导的时间状语从句等。*结构：was/were+doing。*例句：IwaswatchingTVwhenhecalledme.*现在完成时(PresentPerfectTense)*用法：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。*标志词：already,yet,just,ever,never,since+时间点,for+时间段,sofar,recently等。*结构：have/has+过去分词。*例句：Ihavefinishedmyhomework.(影响：现在可以玩了)Hehaslivedherefortenyears.(持续到现在)2.被动语态(PassiveVoice)*基本结构：be+过去分词(be动词的时态要根据具体语境变化)。*常用时态的被动：*一般现在时：am/is/are+done*一般过去时：was/were+done*一般将来时：willbe+done/am/is/aregoingtobe+done*现在完成时：have/hasbeen+done*用法：强调动作的承受者；不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。*例句：Theclassroomiscleanedeveryday.ThisbookwaswrittenbyLuXun.Theproblemwillbesolvedsoon.即时练习1：时态与语态填空1.We_______(learn)Englishforsixyears.2.Anewbridge_______(build)overtherivernow.5.Manytrees_______(plant)inourcityeveryspring.二、非谓语动词(Non-finiteVerbs)非谓语动词包括不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)，它们不能单独作谓语，但在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。1.不定式(todo)*用法：*作主语：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.(常用It作形式主语：ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.)*作宾语：Iwanttobuyabook.Hedecidedtogotherealone.*作宾语补足语：Mymotheraskedmetocleantheroom.(常见动词：ask,tell,want,invite,teach,allow等)*作目的状语：Hecameheretoseeme.*作定语：Ihavealotofworktodo.*固定搭配：wanttodo,decidetodo,trytodo,forgettodo(忘记去做),remembertodo(记得去做),stoptodo(停下来去做另一件事)等。2.动名词(doing)*用法：*作主语：Swimmingisgoodforhealth.*作宾语：Ienjoyreading.HepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.*固定搭配：enjoydoing,finishdoing,practicedoing,minddoing,begoodatdoing,giveupdoing,lookforwardtodoing,stopdoing(停止做某事)等。3.分词*现在分词(doing)：表示主动或进行。*作定语：adevelopingcountry(发展中国家),thegirlsingingintheroom(正在唱歌的女孩)*作状语：Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.(表时间/原因)*过去分词(done)：表示被动或完成。*作定语：adevelopedcountry(发达国家),thebrokenwindow(被打破的窗户)*作状语：Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(表条件/方式)即时练习2：非谓语动词填空1.Shelikes_______(listen)tomusic.2.Myparentsoftentellme_______(notwaste)time.3._______(read)aloudinthemorningishelpfulforEnglishlearning.4.Isawhim_______(play)basketballontheplaygroundjustnow.5.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,_______(follow)bysomestudents.三、从句(Clauses)中高考重点考查宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。1.宾语从句(ObjectClause)*连接词：*特殊疑问句用what,who,when,where,why,how：Doyouknowwherehelives?*语序：宾语从句要用陈述句语序(主语在前，谓语在后)。*错误：Idon'tknowwhatishedoing.*正确：Idon'tknowwhatheisdoing.*时态：*主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用各种时态。*主句是一般过去时，从句用相应的过去时态(客观真理除外)。2.状语从句(AdverbialClause)*时间状语从句：when,while,as,before,after,until,since,assoonas等引导。*注意：while引导的从句中常用进行时态；not...until...直到...才...*例句：IwillcallyouassoonasIarrive.Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhismothercameback.*条件状语从句：if,unless(除非=ifnot)等引导。*注意：主将从现(主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来)。*原因状语从句：because,since,as等引导。(because语气最强，回答why)*例句：Hedidn'tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.*结果状语从句：so...that...,such...that...(如此...以至于...)*例句：Heissocleverthathecanworkouttheproblem.Itissuchabeautifulflowerthateveryonelikesit.*目的状语从句：sothat,inorderthat(为了，以便)*例句：Hestudieshardsothathecanpasstheexam.*让步状语从句：though/although(虽然，尽管)，evenif/though(即使)*注意：though/although不能与but同时使用。*例句：Althoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.3.定语从句(AttributiveClause)*定义：修饰名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。*关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose(指代人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语)。*that：既可指人也可指物。*which：指物。*who/whom：指人(who作主语，whom作宾语)。*whose：指人或物的“...的”。*关系副词：when,where,why(在从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点、原因)。*基本用法：*Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtyesterday.(先行词book,which/that指物，作宾语)*Thegirlwhoisstandingthereismysister.(先行词girl,who指人，作主语)*ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.(先行词city,where作地点状语)*Istillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet.(先行词day,when作时间状语)即时练习3：从句填空1.Couldyoutellme_______thenearestpostofficeis?3.Thisistheteacher_______taughtusEnglishlastyear.4.Heransofast_______noonecouldcatchupwithhim.四、情态动词(ModalVerbs)情态动词表示说话人的语气、情感或态度，如能力、许可、可能性、必要性等。常见的情态动词有：can/could,may/might,must/haveto,should,need等。*can/could：能，会；可以(could语气更委婉)。否定can't/couldn't(不可能，不允许)。*例句：Canyouswim?CouldIborrowyourpen?*may/might：可以(表许可)；可能(might可能性更小)。否定maynot/mightnot。*must/haveto：必须(must强调主观，haveto强调客观)。否定mustn't(禁止)/don'thaveto(不必)。*should：应该。*例句：Youshouldstudyhard.*need：需要(可作情态动词或实义动词)。*情态动词：NeedIgonow?Youneedn'tworry.*实义动词：Ineedtobuyanewbag.Hedoesn'tneedanyhelp.即时练习4：情态动词选择1.—_______Iuseyourdictionary?—Sure,hereyouare.A.MustB.ShouldC.MayD.Need2.You_______bequietinthelibrary.A.canB.mayC.mustD.could3.He_______swimwhenhewasfiveyearsold.A.canB.couldC.mayD.must五、冠词(Articles)冠词分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)。*不定冠词a/an：表示泛指“一个”，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前。*例句：abook,anapple,anhour(h不发音，元音开头)。*定冠词the：表示特指；用于双方都知道的人或物；用于独一无二的事物前；用于序数词、形容词最高级前；用于乐器前等。*例句：theboyinred,thesun,thefirstlesson,thebeststudent,playthepiano。*零冠词：复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指时；学科、语言、球类运动前；星期、月份、季节前等。*例句：Ilikeapples.WestudyEnglish.Heplaysbasketball.即时练习5：冠词填空(a,an,the或/)1.Sheis_______universitystudent.2._______sunrisesin_______east.3.Iusuallygotoschoolby_______bike.4.Heplays_______violinverywell.5._______Greensarehavingdinnernow.(格林一家人)六、代词(Pronouns)代词主要包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词等。*人称代词：主格(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they)和宾格(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them)。*物主代词：形容词性(my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their)和名词性(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs)。*反身代词：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves(常与by连用，表示“独自”；或用于动词后作宾语，指动作回到主语本身)。*不定代词：some,any,no,none,many,much,few,little,afew,alittle,each,every,both,either,neither,all,none,other,another等。注意它们的基本用法和区别，如many/much,few/afew/little/alittle。即时练习6：代词填空1.Thisisnotmybook._______(I)isonthedesk.2.Theyenjoyed_______(they)attheparty.3.Thereis_______(little)waterinthebottle.Canyougivemesome?4.—Whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—_______(either).Ilikejuicebetter.5._______(both)ofmyparentsareteachers.*构成：*规则变化：单音节词和部分双音节词，加-er/-est；以e结尾加-r/-st；以辅音字母加y结尾，变