2026年重庆专业技术人员外语水平测试（英语高级A）综合练习题及答案

2026年重庆专业技术人员外语水平测试（英语高级A）综合练习题及答案PartIListeningComprehension(30points)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear10shortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestion,therewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.(Note:AsanAI,Icannotgenerateaudiofiles.Belowarethetranscriptsforthelisteningcomprehensionsection,whichshouldbereadaloudbyanexaminerorplayedviaaudiorecordinginanactualtestsetting.)1.W:Iheardyou’releadingthenewR&Dprojectoncompositematerials.How’stheinitialphasegoing?M:It’smorechallengingthananticipated.We’redealingwithsupplychainbottlenecksforaspecificpolymer,andthelabresultsaren’tasconsistentasthesimulationpredicted.Q:Whatistheman’smainconcernabouttheproject?A)Theproject’sbudgetisinsufficient.B)Thesimulationsoftwareisfaulty.C)Practicalresultsarenotmatchingexpectationsandtherearelogisticalissues.D)Histeamlacksthenecessaryexpertise.2.M:ThequarterlyfinancialreportfortheAsianmarketshowsasignificantdip.OurheadquartersisrequestingadetailedanalysisbyFriday.W:I’vecompiledtherawdata,butinterpretingthetrendsrequiresinputfromthelocalmarketingteam.I’vescheduledaconferencecallwiththemfortomorrowmorning.Q:Whatwillthewomanprobablydonext?A)Sendtherawdatadirectlytoheadquarters.B)Waitforthemarketingteam’sanalysis.C)Cancelthescheduledconferencecall.D)Writetheanalysisbasedsolelyonherdata.3.W:ProfessorDavies,regardingyourpaperonquantumcomputingalgorithms,Ifoundthesectiononerrorcorrectionthresholdsparticularlyintriguingbutsomewhatabstract.M:I’mgladyouasked.Thatpartisindeeddense.I’mpreparingasupplementarydocumentwithmoregranularcasestudiestoillustratethepracticalimplications.Q:Whatdoesthemanimplyabouthispaper?A)Heintendstopublishitinadifferentjournal.B)Heacknowledgesapartofitiscomplexandplanstoprovidefurtherexplanation.C)Hebelievestheerrorcorrectionsectionisunnecessary.D)Hewillaskthewomantorewritethatsection.4.M:Theproposaltoadoptafour-dayworkweekisontheagendafortheboardmeeting.What’syourtake,consideringourprojectdeadlines?W:Whilethepotentialboostinemployeewell-beingisattractive,I’mskepticalaboutmaintainingproductivityacrossalldepartments,especiallyclient-facingones.Weneedaphasedpilotprogramfirst.Q:Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardsthefour-dayworkweekproposal?A)Shefullysupportsitsimmediateimplementation.B)Sheisopposedtoitunderanycircumstances.C)Sheiscautiouslyoptimisticbutrecommendsatrialrun.D)Shethinksitisonlysuitablefornon-clientdepartments.5.W:ThedatafromtheenvironmentalsensorsintheprotectedwetlandareaisshowinganomalousreadingsinpHlevelsthisweek.M:That’sconcerning.Wemustcross-referenceitwiththerecentrainfalldataandagriculturalrunoffreportsfromupstream.Couldbeaseasonalfluctuationoranincident.Q:Whatarethespeakersmostlikelydiscussing?A)Planninganewsensorinstallation.B)Analyzingpotentialenvironmentalchangesorpollution.C)Schedulingmaintenanceforthesensors.D)Writingatourismbrochureforthewetland.6.M:I’vereviewedthedraftofthejointventurecontract.Theclausesaboutintellectualpropertyownershipanddisputeresolutionseemtiltedheavilyintheirfavor.W:Ishareyourconcern.Ourlegalteamhasflaggedthesameissues.Weshouldproposerevisedlanguagethatensuresamoreequitableframeworkbeforethenextnegotiationround.Q:Whatwillthespeakerslikelydonextregardingthecontract?A)Signthecontractasitis.B)Askathirdpartytoarbitrate.C)Prepareamendmentstospecificterms.D)Terminatethejointventuretalks.7.W:Yourkeynoteaddressattheinternationalsymposiumwaswell-received.Manyattendeeswereaskingaboutthescalabilityoftheproposedsustainableurbanmodel.M:Thankyou.TheQ&Asessionwasproductive.I’vealreadyconnectedwithseveralcityplannerswhoareinterestedincollaborativefeasibilitystudies.Q:Whatresultedfromtheman’skeynoteaddress?A)Itwascriticizedforbeingunrealistic.B)Itledtopotentialresearchcollaborations.C)Itwaspublishedinajournalimmediately.D)Itcausedcontroversyamongattendees.8.M:Thesoftwareupdatehasinadvertentlycausedcompatibilityissueswithsomelegacysystems.TheIThelpdeskisfloodedwithtickets.W:Weneedtoissueanimmediateworkaroundguidelinetoaffecteddepartmentsandprioritizeahotfix.Apost-mortemanalysisisalsonecessarytoavoidrecurrence.Q:Whatisthewoman’simmediatesuggestion?A)Rollbacktheupdateentirely.B)Providetemporaryinstructionsanddevelopaquickrepair.C)Ignoretheissuesastheyareminor.D)Hiremorestaffforthehelpdesk.9.W:Accordingtothislifecycleassessment,thenewpackagingmaterialreducescarbonfootprintby30%butincreaseswaterusageinproductionby15%.It’satrade-off.M:Aclassicdilemmaineco-design.Weneedtopresentthesefindingstransparentlytothesustainabilitycommitteeandseewhichmetricalignsmorewithourcorporateenvironmentalgoals.Q:Whatproblemdoesthenewpackagingmaterialpresent?A)Itistooexpensive.B)Itimprovesoneenvironmentalaspectwhileworseninganother.C)Itisnotdurableenough.D)Itcannotberecycled.10.M:Theethnographicstudyyouconductedonconsumerbehaviorindigitalmarketplacesisfascinating.Themethodologyofcombiningbigdataanalyticswithin-depthinterviewsseemsrobust.W:Iappreciatethat.Thetriangulationofdatasourceswascrucialtovalidatethefindingsandavoidthebiasesinherentinrelyingonasinglemethod.Q:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherresearchmethodology?A)Itwassimpleandinexpensive.B)Itusedasingle,highlyreliablemethod.C)Itemployedmultiplemethodstoensureaccuracy.D)Itisprimarilybasedontheoreticalmodels.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearashortlecture.Thelecturewillbespokenonlyonce.Afterthelecture,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththelectureandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.LectureTranscript:Goodafternoon.Today,wedelveintoaconceptthatisreshapingstrategicthinkinginbothbusinessandtechnologysectors:"antifragility,"atermcoinedbyscholarNassimNicholasTaleb.Unlikerobustnessorresilience,whichdescribesystemsthatwithstandshocksandstaythesame,antifragilityreferstosystemsthatactuallyimprove,growstronger,orgainfromvolatility,disorder,andstressors.Thinkofthehumanimmunesystem;itrequiresexposuretopathogenstodevelopstrength.Ortheevolutionofspecies,whichreliesonenvironmentalpressures.Inthecorporateworld,afragilecompanymightcollapseinaneconomicdownturn.Arobustonemightsurviveunchanged.Butanantifragileorganizationwouldusethedownturntostreamlineoperations,acquirestrugglingcompetitorsatlowervaluations,orinnovateintonewmarketsthatemergefromthecrisis.Itbuildsinmechanismstobenefitfromtheunexpected.Thisrequiresaculturalshiftfrompurerisk-aversiontoamorenuancedapproachthatallowsforcontrolledexposuretopositive"blackswan"events—thosehigh-impact,hard-to-predictrarities.Forinstance,sometechfirmsallocateasmallpercentageoftheirR&Dbudgetto"skunkworks"projectswithnoclearimmediatecommercialgoal.Theseprojectsarehigh-riskbuthavethepotentialtodiscovergroundbreakingapplications.Thefailureofmostisexpectedandcontained,buttheonesuccesscanredefinethecompany.Thesystemisdesignedtogainfromtheuncertaintyofinnovation.Similarly,infinancialportfoliotheory,theconceptof"barbellstrategy"—investingmostlyinverysafeassetsandasmallportioninextremelyhigh-risk,high-potential-returnventures—isanapplicationofantifragility.Itavoidsthe"fragile"middle-groundinvestmentsthatarevulnerabletomoderateshocksbutofferlimitedupside.Implementingantifragilityisn'taboutseekingchaos.It'saboutcreatingstructureswherevolatilityandstressors,withincertainbounds,arenotjustenduredbutareessentialsourcesofinformationandimprovement.Itchallengestheveryfoundationoftraditionalpredictiveplanning.Questions:11.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenanantifragilesystemandarobustsystem,accordingtothelecture?A)Anantifragilesystemischeapertobuild.B)Anantifragilesystemimprovesunderstress,whilearobustsystemmerelyresistschange.C)Arobustsystemisalwaystechnological,whileanantifragilesystemisbiological.D)Anantifragilesystemavoidsallrisks.12.Whatexamplefrombiologyisusedtoillustrateantifragility?A)Thehardeningofplantstemsinwind.B)Thedevelopmentoftheimmunesystemthroughexposure.C)Thecamouflageofchameleons.D)Thehibernationofbears.13.HowdoesthelecturedescribethecorporateapproachtoR&Dthatexemplifiesantifragility?A)Focusingonlyonprojectswithguaranteedshort-termreturns.B)CuttingR&Dbudgetsduringeconomicstress.C)Allocatingasmallbudgettohigh-risk,exploratoryprojects.D)Outsourcingallinnovationtouniversities.14.Whatisthe"barbellstrategy"infinance,asmentionedinthelecture?A)Investingequallyinallsectors.B)Astrategythatcombinesextremesafetywithsmall,high-riskbets.C)Astrategyfocusedsolelyonmoderate-riskbonds.D)Avoidingthestockmarketentirely.15.Whatisthecoreprincipleofimplementingantifragility,assummarizedattheend?A)Embracingtotalchaoswithoutstructure.B)Relyingsolelyonpredictiveanalytics.C)Creatingstructuresthatgainfromboundedvolatilityandstress.D)Eliminatingallformsofstressfromthesystem.PartIIVocabularyandGrammar(20points)Directions:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.16.Theinterdisciplinaryresearchteamfacedthe______taskofintegratingvastlydifferentmethodologiesfromsociology,molecularbiology,andcomputationalphysics.A)eclecticB)herculeanC)mundaneD)perfunctory17.TheCEO’sstatementwasdeliberately______,leavingroomformultipleinterpretationsandavoidinganyconcretecommitmentaheadofthesensitivemergertalks.A)ambiguousB)unequivocalC)lucidD)verbose18.Whiletheinitialclinicaltrialresultswerepromising,thescientistsurgedcaution,notingthatthelong-termeffectsofthedrugremained______.A)conspicuousB)inconsequentialC)nebulousD)tangible19.Thenewpolicyaimsto______thebureaucratichurdlesthathavelong______innovationinthepublicsector.A)exacerbate...catalyzedB)ameliorate...stymiedC)proliferate...facilitatedD)delineate...ignited20.Hisargument,thoughpresentedwithgreatpassion,wasfundamentally______,asitreliedonapremisethathasbeenempiricallydisproven.A)soundB)speciousC)cogentD)tenable21.Theartist’slaterworksarecharacterizedbya______oftheornatestyleofhisyouth,embracinginsteadastarkandminimalistaesthetic.A)repudiationB)embellishmentC)culminationD)perpetuation22.Thetreatyincludesa______clausethatallowsforadjustmentsbasedonperiodicreviewsofenvironmentalimpactdata.A)staticB)finiteC)provisionalD)unilateral23.Itis______toassumethattechnologicaladvancementwillautomaticallyleadtobroadersocialequity;historyshowstherelationshipisoftenmediatedbypolicyandpowerstructures.A)prescientB)fallaciousC)judiciousD)axiomatic24.Thecommittee’sreportprovideda______analysisoftheeconomiccrisis,examiningitsglobalantecedents,immediatetriggers,andpotentiallong-termramifications.A)perfunctoryB)comprehensiveC)biasedD)cryptic25.Theecosystemintheregiondemonstratesremarkable______,havingrecoveredtoastablestaterelativelyquicklyafterthemajorindustrialspill.A)inertiaB)volatilityC)resilienceD)fragilityPartIIICloze(15points)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Foreachnumberedblank,choosethebestword(s)fromthegivenchoices.Theriseofartificialintelligence(AI)presentsaparadigmshiftnotmerelyintechnologicalcapabilitybutintheverynatureofproblem-solving.Traditionally,complextasks—frommedicaldiagnosistologisticsoptimization—reliedonexplicitprogramming,wherehumans(26)______everyruleandcontingency.AI,particularlymachinelearning,(27)______thismodel.Insteadofbeingprogrammedwithrules,thesesystemsare(28)______onvastdatasets,identifyingpatternsandcorrelationsthatofteneludehumananalysts.Thisdata-drivenapproachcanyield(29)______insightsandefficiencies.However,thispowercomeswithsignificantchallenges.Onemajorissueisthe"blackbox"problem:thedecision-makingprocessofasophisticatedAIcanbe(30)______,eventoitscreators.WhenanAIsystemdeniesaloanapplicationorrecommendsaspecificmedicaltreatment,understandingthe"why"iscrucialforfairness,accountability,andtrust.Thisopacity(31)______concernsaboutbias.Ifthetrainingdatacontainssocietalbiases,theAIwilllikelyperpetuateoreven(32)______them.Arecruitmentalgorithmtrainedonhistoricalhiringdatafromamale-dominatedindustrymaylearnto(33)______femalecandidates.Furthermore,theeconomicimplicationsareprofound.WhileAIwill(34)______createnewjobcategories,itwillalsorendermanyexistingrolesobsolete,potentiallyexacerbatingsocioeconomic(35)______.Addressingthesechallengesrequiresamultidisciplinaryeffort,combiningtechnicalresearchinexplainableAIwithrobustethicalframeworks,proactivepolicy-making,andcontinuoussocietaldialogue.26.A)defiedB)articulatedC)circumventedD)ignored27.A)adherestoB)culminatesinC)divergesfromD)compensatesfor28.A)dependentB)trainedC)fixedD)commented29.A)counterintuitiveB)negligibleC)predeterminedD)archaic30.A)transparentB)intuitiveC)inscrutableD)logical31.A)mitigatesB)elevatesC)underscoresD)resolves32.A)mitigateB)identifyC)amplifyD)rectify33.A)favorB)disadvantageC)prioritizeD)evaluate34.A)undeniablyB)negligiblyC)improbablyD)temporarily35.A)homogeneityB)disparitiesC)synergiesD)equilibriumsPartIVReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Readthefollowingfourpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestions.AnswerthequestionsbychoosingthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Passage1Theconceptof"degrowth"hasmovedfromthefringesofecologicaleconomicsintomainstreampolicydiscussions,particularlyinthecontextofclimatechangeandresourcedepletion.Proponentsarguethatperpetualeconomicgrowth,asmeasuredbyGDP,isfundamentallyincompatiblewiththebiophysicallimitsofafiniteplanet.Degrowthisnotsynonymouswithrecession—anunplanned,sociallypainfulcontraction.Rather,itadvocatesforaplanned,equitabledownscalingofproductionandconsumptioninwealthynationstoreduceenvironmentalimpactwhileimprovinghumanwell-beingandsocialequity.Thisparadigmchallengescoretenetsofmoderncapitalism.Itcallsforashiftfromvaluingthroughput(thesheeramountofeconomicactivity)toprioritizinghealth,education,leisure,community,andecologicalstability.Policyproposalsincludeshorterworkingweeks,auniversalbasicincome,radicalwealthredistribution,andinvestmentinpublicgoodsandlow-impactsectorslikecareworkandrenewableenergy.Thegoalistoachievea"steady-stateeconomy"thatoperateswithinplanetaryboundaries.Critics,however,contendthatdegrowthispoliticallyunfeasibleandeconomicallydangerous.Theyarguethatgrowthisessentialfortechnologicalinnovation,whichtheyseeastheprimaryenginefordecouplingeconomicactivityfromenvironmentalharm.Theyalsowarnthateconomiccontractioncouldleadtounemploymentandsocialinstability,harmingthemostvulnerablepopulationsfirst.Thedebate,therefore,hingesnotjustonecologicalnecessitybutonprofoundquestionsofsocialorganization,distribution,andtheverydefinitionofprogress.36.Whatisthecentralargumentofdegrowthproponents?A)Economicgrowthmustcontinuetofundenvironmentalprotection.B)Plannedreductionineconomicscaleinrichcountriesisneededforecologicalsustainabilityandsocialwell-being.C)Recessionsarebeneficialforresettingtheeconomy.D)GDPistheperfectmeasureofsocietalprogress.37.Accordingtothepassage,howdoes"degrowth"differfroma"recession"?A)Degrowthisglobal,whilerecessionsarelocal.B)Degrowthisunplannedandharmful,whilerecessionsareplanned.C)Degrowthisaplanned,equitablestrategy,whilearecessionisanunplannedcontraction.D)Thereisnosignificantdifference;thetermsareinterchangeable.38.Whichofthefollowingwouldlikelybeadvocatedbyadegrowthpolicyframework?A)IncreasingindustrialoutputtoboostGDP.B)Expandingfossilfuelextractionforenergyindependence.C)Investinginpubliccareservicesandreducingaverageworkinghours.D)Prioritizingstockmarketgrowthaboveallelse.39.Whatisthemaincriticismofdegrowthmentionedinthepassage?A)Itistooeasytoimplement.B)Itignoresecologicallimits.C)Itmaystifleinnovationandcausesocialharm.D)Itissupportedbyalleconomists.40.Thedebateoverdegrowthultimatelyrevolvesaround:A)Theaccuracyofclimatemodels.B)Thecostofrenewableenergy.C)Fundamentalideasabouthowsocietyshouldbeorganizedandwhatconstitutesprogress.D)Thebestwaytomeasurecorporateprofits.Passage2ThediscoveryofCRISPR-Cas9gene-editingtechnologyhasbeenhailedasarevolutionarybreakthrough,offeringunprecedentedprecisionandeaseinmodifyingDNA.Itspotentialapplicationsspanfromcuringgeneticdiseasesandcreatingdrought-resistantcropstoeradicatingdisease-carryinginsects.However,thispowerhasignitedafierceethicalandregulatoryconflagration.Attheheartofthedebateisthedistinctionbetweensomaticandgermlineediting.Somaticeditingtargetsnon-reproductivecells,affectingonlytheindividualpatient.Treatmentsforconditionslikesicklecellanemiausingthisapproachareprogressingthroughclinicaltrialsandarelargelyviewedthroughatherapeuticlens,similartootheradvancedmedicines.Germlineediting,however,altersgenesinembryos,sperm,oreggs.Thesechangesareheritable,passeddowntofuturegenerations.Thisraisesprofoundquestionsaboutconsent(futuregenerationscannotconsent),theriskofunintendedoff-targeteffectswithpermanentconsequences,andthepotentialtocreate"designerbabies"—exacerbatingsocialinequalitiesifonlythewealthycanaccessenhancementtechnologies.Thescientificcommunityhaslargelycalledforamoratoriumonclinicalapplicationsofhumangermlineeditingforreproductivepurposesuntilsafetyisunequivocallyprovenandbroadsocietalconsensusisreachedontheethicalboundaries.Internationalgovernanceremainspatchwork,withvaryingregulationsacrosscountries.ThecaseofaChinesescientistwhocreatedthefirstgene-editedbabiesin2018wasmetwithnearlyuniversalcondemnationforviolatingethicalnormsandscientificprotocols.Itunderscoredtheurgentneedforrobust,globallycoordinatedframeworksthatbalancescientificaspirationwithprofoundcaution.Thechallengeistofosterinnovationforhealingwhileerectingfirmguardrailsagainstmisuseandunforeseenecologicalorevolutionaryconsequences.41.WhatistheprimarytechnicaladvantageofCRISPR-Cas9mentionedinthepassage?A)Itisveryinexpensive.B)ItallowsforpreciseandrelativelyeasyDNAmodification.C)Itworksonlyonplants.D)Itrequiresnospecializedknowledgetouse.42.Whyisgermlineeditingconsideredmoreethicallycontentiousthansomaticediting?A)Itislesseffective.B)Itismoreexpensive.C)Thegeneticchangescanbeinheritedbyoffspring.D)Itcannottreatanydiseases.43.Whatwastheglobalreactiontothe2018creationofgene-editedbabiesinChina?A)Widespreadcelebrationofamedicalmilestone.B)Generalindifferencefromthescientificcommunity.C)Nearlyuniversalcriticismforethicalandproceduralviolations.D)Immediateadoptionofthetechniquebyothercountries.44.Whatisthecurrentprevailingstanceofthescientificcommunityonclinicalhumangermlineeditingforreproduction?A)Immediate,widespreadapplicationisencouraged.B)Itshouldbebannedpermanently.C)Acautiouspauseisrecommendedpendingsafetyandethicalconsensus.D)Itshouldberegulatedbyprivatecompaniesonly.45.Themainchallengeoutlinedinthepassageisto:A)Makegene-editingtechnologycheaper.B)Promoteunregulatedscientificexploration.C)Achieveabalancebetweentherapeuticinnovationandstrongethicalsafeguards.D)Focussolelyonagriculturalapplications.Passage3Intherealmofurbanplanning,the"15-minutecity"concepthasgainedconsiderabletractionasamodelforpost-pandemic,sustainableurbanliving.Thecoreprincipleissimple:allessentialservices—housing,workplaces,grocerystores,healthcare,education,andleisurefacilities—shouldbeaccessiblewithina15-minutewalkorbikeridefromanypointinthecity.Thismodelaimstoreducedependencyoncars,lowercarbonemissions,decreaseairpollution,fosterstrongerlocalcommunities,andimproveresidents'qualityoflifebyreclaimingtimelosttolongcommutes.ParisunderMayorAnneHidalgohasbeenaprominentpioneer,implementingpoliciestocreatemorepedestrianzones,cyclelanes,andlocalizedgreenspaces.Theconcept,however,isnotwithoutitsdetractors.Somecriticsargueitcouldleadtoaformof"softsegregation,"wherewealthierneighborhoodseasilyachieveself-sufficiencywhilepoorerareas,historicallyunderserved,remainneglected,effectivelyconfiningresidentstotheirdistricts.Othersseeitaspotentiallyrestrictive,limitingfreedomofmovementandchoice.Furthermore,applyingthemodeltolow-density,car-centriccities,especiallyinNorthAmerica,presentsimmensepracticalchallengesinvolvingmassiveinfrastructureoverhaulandzoninglawreforms.Proponentscounterthatthemodelisinherentlyaboutequityandconnectivity,notisolation.Thegoalistoimproveaccesstoamenitiesinallneighborhoods,nottotrappeoplewithinthem.Itrequiresproactiveinvestmentinunderservedareastoensuretheytoohavequalityservices.The15-minutecityisthusasmuchasocialpolicyasanurbandesignone,challengingplannerstothinkaboutspatialjusticeandtherighttothecityforallinhabitants,regardlessofsocioeconomicstatus.46.Whatistheprimarygoalofthe"15-minutecity"model?A)Toincreasethespeedofvehiculartraffic.B)Toconcentrateallcityfunctionsinacentralbusinessdistrict.C)Tomakedailynecessitiesaccessibleviashort,non-motorizedtrips.D)Toreducethepopulationdensityinurbancores.47.Accordingtothepassage,whichcityiscitedasaleadingexampleofimplementingthisconcept?A)NewYorkB)TokyoC)ParisD)London48.Whatisonemajorcriticismleveledagainstthe15-minutecitymodel?A)Itistooexpensivetoimplementanywhere.B)Itmayunintentionallyreinforceinequalitybetweenneighborhoods.C)Ithasbeenproventoincreasepollution.D)Itrequireseveryonetoownabicycle.49.Howdoproponentsaddressthecriticismofpotentialsegregation?A)Theyagreeitisaninevitableflaw.B)Theyarguethemodelisonlyforrichneighborhoods.C)Theyemphasizethatthemodelrequiresupliftingallneighborhoodstoensureequitableaccess.D)Theysuggestignoringunderservedareas.50.Thepassagesuggeststhatimplementingthismodelinsprawling,car-dependentcitiesis:A)Extremelyeasyandcheap.B)Legallyimpossible.C)Asignificantpracticalchallenge.D)Alreadycomplete.Passage4Thephilosophicaldoctrineoflongtermismarguesthatpositivelyinfluencingthelong-termfutureisakeymoralpriorityofourtime.Itrestsontheobservationthat,ifhumanitysurvivesandflourishes,thenumberofpeoplewhocouldpotentiallyexistinthecenturies,millennia,andevenbillionsofyearstocomeisastronomicallylarge.Evenatinyreductionintheprobabilityofanexistentialcatastrophe(e.g.,fromunalignedartificialgeneralintelligence,engineeredpandemics,orextremeclimatechange)oraslightincreaseinthechanceofapositivetrajectorycouldhaveanoverwhelmingmoralvalue,giventhevastpotentialfutureatstake.Thisperspectiveleadstounconventionalpriorities.Itmaysuggestthatmitigatingtail-endrisksthatcouldpermanentlycurtailhumanity'spotential,eveniftheirprobabilityseemslowintheshortterm,ismoreimportantthanaddressingsomepressingbutnon-existentialpresent-daysuffering.Forexample,researchingAIsafetyorbiosecuritymightbedeemedmoreimpactful,inthelongtermistcalculus,thansomedirecthumanitarianinterventions,notbecausepresentsufferingisunimportant,butbecausesafeguardingthefuturecouldaffectordersofmagnitudemorebeings.Criticschallengelongtermismonseveralfronts.Somequestionthecoherenceofcomparingactualpresentliveswithvastnumbersofpotentialfutureones.Othersargueitisparalyzinglyspeculative,aspredictinglong-termconsequencesisnotoriouslydifficultandcanleadtojustifyingneglectofimmediate,tangibleharms.Therearealsoconcernsthatitcouldbeusedtojustifyauthoritarianmeasuresinthenameofsecuringthefuture.Thedebatetouchesondeepissuesinethics,epistemology,andthenatureofmoralresponsibilityacrosstime.51.Whatisthefoundationalbeliefoflongtermism?A)Thepastismoreimportantthanthefuture.B)Themoralvalueofactionsisdeterminedsolelybytheirimmediateeffects.C)Positivelyaffectingthefarfutureisanextremelyimportantmoralduty.D)Existentialcatastrophesareinevitableandunpreventable.52.Accordingtolongtermism,whymightpreventingalow-probabilityexistentialriskbehighlyvaluable?A)Becauseitisguaranteedtohappen.B)Becausethepotentialnumberoffuturelivesaffectedisenormous.C)Becauseitischeaperthanaddressingcu