语言学专题知识讲座

ANewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish辽宁大学外国语学院英语师范教育系任课教师:NymphLiContentsChapter1IntroductionChapter2PhonologyChapter3MorphologyChapter4SyntaxChapter5SemanticsChapter6PragmaticsChapter7LanguageChangeChapter8LanguageandSocietyChapter9LanguageandCultureChapter10LanguageAcquisitionChapter11SecondlanguageAcquisitionChapter12LanguageandBrainChapter1Introduction

1.1WhatisLinguistics?1.1.1DefinitionLinguistics:scientificstudyoflanguage

Abouttwoquestions:whatislanguagehowdoeslanguageworkLinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Chapter1Introduction1.1.2TheScopeofLinguistics(generallinguistics)Phonetics:studyofsoundPhonology:howsoundareputtogetherMorphology:thewayinwhichthesoundsymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordsSyntax:studytherulesthatgovernthesentencesSemantics:studyofmeaningPragmatics:studythelanguageinuseinthecontextChapter1IntroductionInterdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudySociolinguistics:socialaspectsoflanguagePsycholinguistics:studyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics:studyoftheapplicationofthespeechabilitiesofsolvingthepracticalproblemsChapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

PrescriptiveVS.descriptive

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rulesofusinglanguagelanguagepeopleactuallyuseModernlinguisticsismostlydescriptiveChapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

SynchronicVS.Diachronic

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languageatsomepointoftimelanguagechangesthroughtimesInModernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriority.Chapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

SpeechVS.WritingSpokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageSpeechispriortowritingChapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsLangueVS.Parole

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abstractlinguisticsystemrealizationoflanguageinactualuse

abstractconcrete

relativelystablevariesfrompersontoperson

Chapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsCompetenceVS.Performance

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idealknowledgeofrulesactualrealizationoftheknowledgeTheimperfectperformanceiscausedbysocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,anxietyandembarrassmentChapter1Introduction1.1.3importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

TraditionalgrammarVS.Modernlinguistics

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prescriptivedescriptivewrittenwordspokenlanguageforcenotforceforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframeworkChapter1Introduction1.2WhatisLanguage?1.2.1DefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationLanguageisasystemLanguageisarbitraryWordsarejustsymbolsLanguageisvocalLanguageishumanspecificChapter1Introduction1.2.2DesignFeatures

Arbitrariness

Productivity

Duality

Displacement

CulturaltransmissionChapter1IntroductionArbitrariness:ThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsItisnotentirearbitrary(onomatopoeticwords)Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpression.Chapter1IntroductionProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Chapter1IntroductionDuality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Lowerlevel(basiclevel)-----soundsHigherlevel-----------------unitsofmeaningThisduality(doublearticulation)oflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Chapter1IntroductionDisplacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Thisprovidesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freeformbarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.Chapter1IntroductionCulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtonextthroughteachingandlearning.Chapter1Introduction1The_________studyoflanguagestudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime,itisahistoricalstudy.A.synchronicB.descriptiveCprescriptiveDdiachronic2Theprocessoflinguisticstudycanbesummarizedas_____A.choosingaparticularlanguageB.observingthewaylanguageisactuallyusedC.formulationsomehypothesesonthebasisofthelinguisticfactsobservedD.testingthehypothesesonthebasisofthelinguisticfactsE.constructionalinguistictheoryChapter1Introduction3.Alllanguagesaresurprisingly___________intheirbasicstructure,whethertheyarefoundinSouthAmerica,AustraliaorneartheNorthPole.differentB.identicalC.similarD.relevant4.Thestudyoflanguageatonetimeisa________studyAsynchronicB.historicC.diachronicD.descriptiveChapter1Introduction5.Saussure’scrucialcontributionwashisexplicitandreiteratedstatementthatalllanguageitemsareessentially___________interdependentB.interactC.interrelatedD.interlinked6.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe_______perspectiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic7.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas_______A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stableChapter1Introduction8.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedformtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled____displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission9.AccordingtoF.de.Saussure,_________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceClangueD.Language判断对错ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussureModernlinguisticsregardedthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguageChapter1Introduction10Generallinguisticsdealswith__whichareapplicableinanylinguisticstudyA.thebasicconceptsB.thetheoriesC.thedescriptionsD.themodelsE.themethods11.aretheinterdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudy.A.pragmaticsB.appliedlinguisticsC.psycholinguisticsandneurologicallinguisticsD.sociolinguisticsandanthropologicallinguisticsE.mathematicallinguisticsandcomputationallinguistics12.______arethedesignfeaturesoflanguagespecifiedbyC.HockettA.arbitrarinessB.performanceC.dualityD.langueE.productivityChapter1Introduction3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisonthebasisofthesystematicinvestigationoflanguagefacts.4..Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.5.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas.Studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy7..Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.8.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptiveChapter1Introduction9.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’,afamousquotationformShakespeare’splayRo