国际贸易英语293

Unit1Generalviewofinternationaltrade1.ConceptofinternationaltradeInternationaltradeistheexchangeofcapital,goods,andservicesacrossinternationalbordersorterritories.2.ExamplesofEconomicIntegrationNAFTA(NorthAmericaFreeTradeArea)AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)EAEG(EastAsiaEconomicGroup)APEC(AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation)SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation)ECOWAS(EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates)GCC(TheGulfCooperationCouncil)TAFTA(TransatlanticFreeTradeArea)MERCOSUR(SouthAmericanCommonMarket)3.DifferentkindsofinternationaltradeMerchandiseTradeItreferstothetradeexchangeoftangiblegoods,whichisalsocalledtangibletrade.MerchandisetradeasashareofGDPisthesumofmerchandiseexportsandimportsdividedbythevalueofGDP,allincurrentU.S.dollars.TradeinServicesItreferstothesaleanddeliveryofanintangibleproduct,calledaservice,betweenaproducerandconsumer.Itmainlyincludestravelservicesandtransportationservices.TechnologyTradeItplaysanessentialroleindevelopingeconomyandproductivityoverthepastdecade.Thetradescopealsoexpandsfromtraditionalindustriestostrategicandemergingindustries,suchasIT,newmaterials,newenergy,andbiomedicine.4.Factorsinfluencinginternationaltrade5.GraphsaboutInternationalTradeQuestions:1.Whatarebenefitsbroughtbyinternationaltradetopeople'sdailylife?2.Whatarethedifferentkindsofinternationaltrade?3.Whatfactorswillinfluenceinternationaltrade?

Unit2Commodity1.QualityofthecommodityItreferstotheintrinsicattributeandtheouterformorshapeofthegoods,suchasmodeling,structure,color,luster,taste,chemicalcomposition,mechanicalperformance,biologicalfeatures,etc.2.Waystoindicatethegoodquality(1)BydescriptionThespecificationofthegoodsreferstocertainmainindicatorswhichindicatethequalityofthegoods,suchascomposition,content,purity,size,length,thickness,etc.Waystoindicatethegoodquality(2)BysampleInmerchandising,asampleisasmallpieceorpartofaproduct,oftentakenoutfromawholelotorspeciallydesignedandprocessed,whichisgiventoencourageprospectivecustomerstobuytheproduct.Waystoindicatethegoodquality(3)BybrandortrademarkBrandisthename,term,symbol,ordesignoracombinationofthesetoidentifyaproduct.TradeMarkisalegalterm.Itincludesallthosewords,symbols,ormarksthatarelegallyregisteredforusebyasinglecompany.Waystoindicatethegoodquality(4)ByplaceoforiginSomeproductsarewell-knownbybrandsortrademarks,whilesomeothers,especiallynativeproducts,areoftenwellknownbytheplaceoforigin,theywouldbemorewelcomedwhenevertheirplacesoforiginarementioned.Thus,theplaceoforiginmaysignifythequalityofaproduct.Inconcludingasalescontract,tradersliketomentiontheplacesoforiginoftheseproductstoindicatetheirqualities.3.Quantityofthecommodity(1)Unitsofmeasuresandweights.Quantityclauseisoneofthenecessaryconditionsfortheconclusionofaimport/exportcontract.Quantityofthecommodity(2)UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforInternationalSaleofGoodsrequiresthatthequantityofgoodsdeliveredshouldbeidenticaltothatcalledforinthecontract,otherwisethebuyerisentitledtorejectthatportionofgoodsexcessiveinquantity,andtoclaimagainstthesellerifthequantityisfoundtobelessthanthatcalledforincontract.Quantityofthecommodity(3)WeightMetricSystem:1metricton=1,000kilograms=1,000,000gramsBritishSystem:1longton=2,240pounds=2,240x16=35,840ouncesAmericanSystem:1shortton=2,000pounds=2,000x16=32,000ouncesQuantityofthecommodity(4)LengthForlength,Chinausekilometer,meter,centimeter,etc.inmetricsystem,whileinBritishandAmericansystem,mile,yard,foot,andinchareused.1mile=1,760yards=1,760x3=5,280feet1meter=1.0936yards=3.2808feet=39.3696inchesQuantityofthecommodity(5)AreaAreaunitsareusedinthecalculationofplank,board,orleather,etc.1squaremeter=1.1956squareyards=10.7639squarefeetQuantityofthecommodity(6)VolumeTheunitsofvolumearemostoftenappliedinthetradeofwood,andthelike.1cubicmeter=1.308cubicyards=35.315cubicfeet/Define-Quantity.html4.PicturesaboutcommodityQuestions1.Whatarethefrequentlyusedwaystoindicatethequalityofgoods?2.Howisthequantityofgoodsusuallymeasured?Unit3ExportingProcess1.InquiryIninternationaltradethebuyerorsellerwillmakeaninquiryaboutthetermsorconditionsofasale.2.WaystomakeaninquiryByletterBytelegramBytelexByfaxByphoneBye-mailByface-to-facetalk3.RespondingtoinquiriesReplypromptly,completely,andclearly.Encloseinformationonthefirm'sgoodsorservices.Ifthecompanyneedstomeetadeadline,sendtheinformationviafax.Unliketelephonecommunications,faxmaybeusedeffectivelydespitedifferencesintimezonesandlanguages.4.Typesofinquiries(1)AgeneralinquiryIftheimporterwantstohaveageneralinformationoftheproductsorcommodities,whichtheexporterisinapositiontosupply,hemayasktheexportertosendhimacatalogue,abrochure,apricelistandsamples.Typesofinquiries(2)AspecificinquiryIftheimporterintendstopurchaseacertainproductorcommodity,hemayasktheexportertomakeanofferoraquotationonthisproduct.5.OfferAccordingtoUnitedNationsConventiononContractsforSaleofGoods,aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatesordescribesthegoods,expresslyorimplicitlyspecifiesthequantityandthepriceforthegoods.6.WaystomakeanofferByletterBynewspaperadvertisementByfaxBye-mail7.Typesofoffers(1)AfirmofferAfirmofferisakindofofferwhichismadetoaspecificpersonorpersonstoexpressorimplyadefiniteintentionoftheofferortomakeacontractunderaclear,completeandfinaltradeterms.Typesofoffers(2)Anon-firmofferAnon-firmofferisanofferwithoutengagement.Itisunclear,incompleteandwithreservation.Ithasnobindingforceupontheofferor.Thetradetermsarenotindicatedclearlyanddefinitely.Thecontentisnotsocompletedasthatofafirmoffer.Ithasnotermofvalidity.8.Businesspracticesininternationalselling(1)Keeppromises.ThebiggestcomplaintfromforeignimportersaboutU.S.suppliersisfailuretoshipaspromised.Afirstorderisparticularlyimportantbecauseitshapesthecustomer'simageofafirmasadependableoranundependablesupplier.Businesspracticesininternationalselling(2)Bepolite,courteous,andfriendly.However,itisimportanttoavoidunduefamiliarityorslang.SomeoverseasfirmsfeelthattheusualbriefU.S.businessletterislackingincourtesy.Businesspracticesininternationalselling(3)Personallysignallletters.Formlettersarenotsatisfactory.9.Picturesaboutinquiryandoffer

Questions1.Tellthedifferencesbetweenageneralinquiryandaspecificinquiry.2.Tellthedifferencesbetweenafirmofferandanon-firmoffer.3.Howshouldwerespondtoaninquiry?Unit4InternationalTradeNegotiation1.StepsofBusinessNegotiationBusinessNegotiationinvolvestwoormorepartieswhoeachhavesomethingtheotherwantsandwhoattempttoreachanagreementthroughaprocessofbargaining.StepsofBusinessNegotiation(1)Preparationandplanning.(2)Definitionofgroundrules.(3)Clarificationandjustification.(4)Bargainingandproblem-solving.(5)Closureandimplementation.StepsofBusinessNegotiationTheonlywaytoensurebothpartiesknowthatthey’reagreeingtoisto:1.Documentwhatyouagreedon.2.Reviewthekeypointstoavoidmisunderstanding.

StepsofBusinessNegotiation3.Discussissuesthatwerehedgedon,describingclearlyallstipulationsoftheagreement.4.Getitinwriting.5.Readthewrittenagreementbeforesigningtoensureclarityofandcommitmenttowhatwasnegotiated.2.EffectiveNegotiation1.Peopleshouldalwayscomebeforeprofits.2.Knowwho’sontheothersideofthetable.3.Knowwhatyouneed,want,andwouldliketohave.4.Createleverage.5.Givesomethingmeaningful.6.Closequicklyandgracefully.3.TacticsofNegotiation1.ShowingYourInterest:Proveyou'relisteningbyusingbodylanguageorbriefverbalrepliesthatshowinterestandconcern.Simplephrasessuchas"yes,""OK"or"Isee"effectivelyshowyouarepayingattention.TacticsofNegotiation2.Paraphrasing:Telltheotherpersonwhatyouheardthemsay,eitherquotingthemorsummarizingwhattheysaid.TacticsofNegotiation3.EmotionLabeling:Thismeansattachingatentativelabeltothefeelingsexpressedorimpliedbyotherperson'swordsandactions.Thisshowsyouarepayingattentiontotheemotionalaspectsofwhatotherpersonisconveying.TacticsofNegotiation4.Mirroring:Repeatingthelastwordsormainideaofotherperson'smessage.Thisindicatesinterestandunderstanding.Forexample,asubjectmaysay,"I'msickandtiredofbeingpushedaround,"towhichanegotiatorcanrespond,"Feelpushed,huh?"TacticsofNegotiation5.Open-EndedQuestions:Useopen-endedquestionsinsteadof"why"questions,whichcouldimplyinterrogation.Ifyoudomostofthetalking,youdecreasetheopportunitiestolearnaboutotherperson.TacticsofNegotiation6."I"Messages:Negotiatorshavetoavoidbeingprovokingwhentheyexpresshowtheyfeelaboutcertainthingstheotherpersonsaysordoes.Using"I"statementsletsyouostensiblyshedthenegotiatorroleandreacttothesubjectasjustanotherperson.TacticsofNegotiation7.EffectivePauses:Anygoodinterviewerknowsthepowerofthelong,awkwardsilence.Peopletendtospeaktofillspacesinaconversation.Therefore,youshould,onoccasion,consciouslycreateaspaceorvoidthatwillencouragetheotherpersontospeakand,intheprocess,provideadditionalinformation.PicturesaboutBusinessNegotiationQuestions:

1.Whatpreparationsshouldyoudobeforeabusinessnegotiation?2.Whatponitsmustwepayattentiontoinabusinessnegotiation?Unit5

SigningaContract1.AboutcontractAcontractisanagreementthatcreatesanobligationwhichisabinding,legallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormorecompetentparties.2.TypesofcontractsSalescontract:Ifitispreparedbytheseller,itiscalledasalescontract.Purchasecontract:Ifitisdraftedbythebuyer,itisapurchasecontract.3.Componentsofacontract(1)nameofthecommodity;qualityofthecommodity;quantityofthecommodity;packingofthecommodity;thepriceofthecommodity.

Componentsofacontract(2)termsofpayment;insurance;inspection;cargoclaims;forcemajeure.4.LegalCharacteristicsofTradeContract(1)1.RemunerativeContracts

Atradecontractisaremunerativecontract(orcompensatorycontract)includingeconomicconsiderationsforthecertainimplementationofcontractualobligationssuchasthedeliveryofgoods.LegalCharacteristicsofTradeContract(2)2.BilateralContractsBilateralcontracts(wherethereisatradeofgoodsforsomethingelse,likecommoditiesormoney)arefortheengagementofbothpartiesconcerned,andrequireobligationstoimplementtheagreement.LegalCharacteristicsofTradeContract(3)3.ConsensualContractsTheinternationalsalescontractisconsidereda“consensualcontact,”meaningthatbothpartiesagreeuponthetermsandpledgetogoforthinfaithfullyexecutingtheirrespectivecontractualobligations.LegalCharacteristicsofTradeContract(4)4.InformalContractsInternationaltradecontractsareconsideredinformalcontractsbecausetheydonotrequireanyformofdocumentationtobecompleted.

5.HowtoSignaLegalContract(1)Receiveacopyofthecontractbeforeyousignit.Makesureyouhaveampletimetoreviewthetermsandunderstandwhatisexpectedofeachparty.5.HowtoSignaLegalContract(2)Provideproperidentification.Sincethemajorityoflegalcontractsrequireanotarysealtobeconsideredbinding,thenotaryrequiresalegalformofidentificationwithaphoto,suchasadriver’slicenseoridentificationcard.

5.HowtoSignaLegalContract(3)Useyourfull,legalnamewhensigningacontract.Yourlegalnamemustmatchwhatislistedonyourproofofidentification.5.HowtoSignaLegalContract(4)Signonthelineprovidedforyou.Makesureyouusethecorrectline,suchaspurchaserinsteadofseller.Useawrittensignatureanddonotprintunlessaseparatelineisprovidedforyourprintedname.Addadatetothecontract.5.HowtoSignaLegalContract(5)Requestacopyofanylegalcontractordocumentafteryousignit.Sinceadocumentcannotlegallybechangedafteritissignedunlessallpartiesarenotifiedandinitialthechanges,youshouldreceivethefinalcopy.Nochangesarethenallowedwithoutnotificationandinitialing.PicturesaboutcontractsQuestions:Whatshouldwepreparebeforesigningacontract?What’sthefeatureofthecontractforthesaleofgoods?

Unit6Insurance

CargoinsuranceTheinsurer/underwriter;theinsured;

Perilsofthesea海上风险(1)naturalcalamity自然灾害heavyweather,earthquake,flood,tsunami,…(2)fortuitousaccidents意外事故grounded，stranded，sunkorincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjectsasfireorexplosion.2.Extraneousrisks(1)Generalextraneousrisks:Sweating,wetting,crushing,taintofodour,pilferage,shortage,hookdamage,…(2)Specialextraneousrisks:war,strike,non-delivery,…

3.Loss&costActualtotalloss:totallydamaged,orsodamagedthatcannotbeused.4.Constructivetotalloss:

Partiallossofsuchsignificancethatthecostofrestoringdamagedpropertywouldexceeditsvalueafterrestoration.Forexample,anautomobileissobadlydamagedbyfirethatfixingitwouldcostmorethantherestoredvehiclewouldbeworth.推定全损“实际全损”的对称。保险标的受损后并未完全丧失，是可以修复或可以收回的，但所花的费用将超过获救后保险标的的价值，因此得不偿失。在此情况下，保险公司放弃努力，给予被保险人以保险金额的全部赔偿即为推定全损。5.Partialloss（1）generalaverageThelawofgeneralaverageisalegalprincipleofmaritimelawaccordingtowhichallpartiesinaseaventureproportionallyshareanylossesresultingfromavoluntarysacrificeofpartoftheshiporcargotosavethewholeinanemergency.Intheexigenciesofhazardsfacedatsea,crewmembersoftenhavepreciouslittletimeinwhichtodeterminepreciselywhosecargotheyarejettisoning(throwaway).Thus,toavoidquarrellingthatcouldwastevaluabletime,therearosetheequitablepracticewherebyallthemerchantswhosecargowasonboardwouldbecalledontocontributeaportion,baseduponashareorpercentage,tothemerchantormerchantswhosegoodshadbeentossedoverboardtoavertimminentperil.共同海损在海上运输遭遇自然灾害、意外事故或其他特殊情况时，为了避免或减少船舶和货物的共同危险而采取有意的、合理的避险措施所造成的物质牺牲和额外费用。（2）ParticularAverage,P.A.Thedamageorpartiallosshappeningtotheship,orcargo,orfreight,inconsequenceofsomefortuitousorunavoidableaccident;anditisbornebytheindividualownersofthearticlesdamaged,orbytheirinsurers.Expensesanddamagesincurredastheresultofdamagetoashipanditscargo,and/oroftakingdirectactiontopreventinitialorfurtherdamagetotheshipanditscargo.Theseexpensesanddamagesarepaidbytheownerofthepartoftheshipandcargowhichactuallysuffersaloss.ContrastwithGeneralAverage.alossatsea,asthroughaccidentornegligence,thatisbornesolelybytheownerofthelostproperty.

5.Risks&Coverage险别(1)freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A.)平安险

(2)withparticularaverage(W.A.)水渍险（基本险）

(3)allrisk一切险（综合险）

(4)totallossonly(T.L.O.)全损险

(5)warrisk战争险

(6)cargo(extendedcover)clauses货物（扩展）条款

(7)additionalrisk附加险

(8)fromwarehousetowarehouseclauses仓至仓条款

(9)theft,pilferageandnondelivery(T.P.N.D.)盗窃提货不着险

(10)rainfreshwaterdamage淡水雨淋险(11)riskofshortage短量险

(12)riskofcontamination沾污险

(13)riskofleakage渗漏险

(14)riskofclashing&breakage碰损破碎险

(15)riskofodour串味险

(16)damagecausedbysweatingand/orheating受潮受热险

(17)hookdamage钩损险

(18)lossand/ordamagecausedbybreakageofpacking包装破裂险

(19)riskofrusting锈损险

(20)riskofmould发霉险(21)strike,riotsandcivilcommotion(S.R.C.C.)罢工、暴动、民变险

(22)riskofspontaneouscombustion自燃险

(23)deteriorationrisk腐烂变质险

(24)inherentvicerisk内在缺陷险

(25)riskofnaturallossornormalloss途耗或自然损耗险

(26)specialadditionalrisk特别附加险

(27)failuretodelivery交货不到险

(28)importduty进口关税险

(29)ondeck仓面险

(30)rejection拒收险(31)aflatoxin黄曲霉素险

(32)fireriskextensionclause-forstorageofcargoatdestinationHongkong,includingKowloon,orMacao出口货物到香港（包括九龙在内）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款

(33)surveyincustomsrisk海关检验险

(34)surveyatjettyrisk码头检验险

(35)institutewarrisk学会战争险

(36)overlandtransportationrisks陆运险

(37)overlandtransportationallrisks陆运综合险

(38)airtransportationrisk航空运输险

(39)airtransportationallrisk航空运输综合险

(40)airtransportationwarrisk航空运输战争险(41)parcelpostrisk邮包险

(42)parcelpostallrisk邮包综合险

(43)parcelpostwarrisk邮包战争险

(44)investmentinsurance(politicalrisks)投资保险（政治风险）

(45)propertyinsurance财产保险

(46)erectionallrisks安装工程一切险

(47)contractorsallrisks建筑工程一切险7.Freefromparticularaverage,F.P.A.平安险Thisinsurancecovers:TotalorConstructiveTotalLossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities:heavyweather，lightning，tsunami，earthquakeandflood.Incaseaconstructivetotallossisclaimedfor，theInsuredshallabandontotheCompanythedamagedgoodsandallhisrightsandtitlepertainingthereto.Thegoodsoneachlightertoorfromtheseagoingvesselshallbedeemedaseparaterisk.…平安险平安险这一名称在我国保行业中沿用甚久，其英文原意是指单独海损不负责赔偿。根据国际保险界对单独海损的解释，它是指部分损失。因此，平安险的原来保障范围只赔全部损失。但在长期实践的过程中对平安险的责任范围进行了补充和修订，当前平安险的责任范围已经超出只赔全损的限制。

8.Withaverage,W.A./particularaverage,W.P.A.水渍险AsidefromtheriskscoveredunderF.P.A.conditionasabove，thisinsurancealsocoverspartiallossesoftheinsuredgoodscausedbyheavyweather，lightning，tsunami，earthquakeand/orflood.9.AllrisksAsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF.P.A.andW.A.conditionsasabove，thisinsurancealsocoverallrisksoflossofordamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal，arisingfromexternalcausesinthecauseoftransit.10.Additionalrisks附加险Generaladditionalrisks：Totalorpartiallossresultingfromextraneousrisks.e.g.：Clashandbreakage(破损、破碎险）Taintofodour（串味），leakage，hookdamage,…11.Specialadditionalriskwarrisks;strikerisks;failuretodeliver;ondeck（舱面险）;rejection（拒收险）;aflatoxin黄曲霉素险.

INCOTERMS2010

Unit7

1.SignificanceofINCOTERMSTheINCOTERMSrulesareinternationallyrecognizedstandard.TheINCOTERMSprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.2.HistoryofINCOTERMSTheINCOTERMSruleswerefirstlypublishedin1936byICC.Sincethen,ICChasupdatedtherulesin1953,1967,1976,1980,1990,2000respectivelytokeeppacewiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.3.INCOTERMS2010---

dateofeffectiveness

Launchedinmid-September2010,INCOTERMS2010cameintoeffecton1January2011.INCOTERMS2010---ClassificationGroupone:foranymodeormodesoftransport1.EXWExWorks“ExWorks”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenitplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller’spremisesoratanothernamedplace(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc.).Thesellerdoesnotneedtoloadthegoodsonanycollectingvehicle,nordoesitneedtoclearthegoodsforexport,wheresuchclearanceisapplicable.

2.FCAFreeCarrier“FreeCarrier”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbythebuyerattheseller’spremisesoranothernamedplace.Thepartiesarewelladvisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossiblethepointwithinthenamedplaceofdelivery,astheriskpassestothebuyeratthatpoint.3.CPTCarriagePaidTo“CarriagePaidTo”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbytheselleratanagreedplace(ifanysuchplaceisagreedbetweenparties)andthatthesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.4.CIPCarriageAndInsurancePaidTo“CarriageandInsurancePaidto”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherpersonnominatedbytheselleratanagreedplace(ifanysuchplaceisagreedbetweenparties)andthatthesellermustcontractforanpaythecostsofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.Theselleralsocontractsforinsurancecoveragainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.

ThebuyershouldnotethatunderCIPthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavemoreinsuranceprotection,itwillneedeithertoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakeitsownextrainsurancearrangements.5.DATDeliveredAtTerminal“DeliveredatTerminal”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoods,onceunloadedfromthearrivingmeansoftransport,areplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeratanamedterminalatthenamedportorplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstoandunloadingthemattheterminalatthenamedportorplaceofdestination.

6.DAPDeliveredAtPlace“DeliveredatPlace”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplace.7.DDPDeliveredDutyPaid“DeliveredDutyPaid”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyer,clearedforimportonthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstotheplaceofdestinationandhasanobligationtoclearthegoodsnotonlyforexportbutalsoforimport,topayanydutyforbothexportandimportandtocarryoutallcustomsformalities.Grouptwo:forseaandinlandwaterwaytransport1.FASFreeAlongsideShip“FreeAlongsideShip”meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevessel(e.g.,onaquayorabarge)nominatedbythebuyeratthenamedportofshipment.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsarealongsidetheship,andthebuyerbearsallcostsfromthatmoment.2.FOBFreeOnBoard“FreeOnBoard”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselnominatedbythebuyeratthenamedportofshipmentorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsareonboardthevessel,andthebuyerbearsallcostsfromthatmoment.3.CFRCostandFreight“CostandFreight”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsareonboardthevessel.Thesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.4.CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight“Cost,InsuranceandFreight”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered.Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsareonboardthevessel.Thesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.Theselleralsocontractsforinsurancecoveragainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.ThebuyershouldnotethatunderCIFthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavemoreinsuranceprotection,itwillneedeithertoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakeitsownextrainsurancearrangements.Questions:WhatisthesignificanceofINCOTERMS?WhatdoyouknowaboutthetradetermsincludedinINOCTERMS2010?Unit8

International

cargotransportation

1.Conceptofint’lshippingAsabout90%ofthecargoesininternationaltradearecarriedbywater,wefocusoninternationalshippingwhichreferstothemodeoftransportationbyvesselsbetweentheportsofdifferentcountriesorregions.2.ModesofInt’ltransportBysea/vessel/shipByland/truck/trainByair/planeBypipeBypost3.Featuresoftransportbysea(1)1.Hugevolumeoftransport:atleast75%---90%ofthegoodsaretransportedbysea.2.Reachingmoredestinationswithfewerlimitsthanothermodes.3.Lowercostoftransport(lowerfreight).

Featuresoftransportbysea(2)4.Capabilitytotransportallkindsofcargoes---giantordangerous,etc.5.Lowerspeed(about30miles/h.).6.Morerisks.7.Supportingforcefornationaldefense.4.Featuresoftransportbyland1.Largevolumeoftransport.2.Legular,punctualtransport.3.Safer,weather-prooftransport.4.Lowercost;highspeed.5.Functionsofrailtransport1.BettercontributiontothedevelopmentoftradewithEurasiancountries.2.PromotionofthetradewithHongkong

andMacaoandoftheentrepotwiththem.3.Entrepotfortheprovincialint’ltrade.4.FulluseofEurasianContinentalBridge.6.Featuresoftransportationbyhigh

way(truck)1.Flexible,quickandmoreconvenient.2.Abletoreachmoredestinations.7.Hongkonginint’lshippingHongkong,asafreeport,playedanimportantroleinthelateQingdynastyinChina’sint’ltrade.SoisHongkongtoday.Freeport:theimportsandexportsofgoodsgointooroutoftheportwithoutduties.8.EntrepotTrade

E