国际贸易实务双语教程

PackingofCommodity商品包装ChapterOneWarming-upExercisePartAEnglishTextPartBBilingualTextWarming-upExerciseChapterOneAnswerthefollowingquestions.12Ispackingimportantininternationaltrade?Why?Doyouknowthewaysinwhichcommoditiesarepacked?PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

Packagingreferstothescience,artandtechnologyofenclosingorprotectingproductsfordistribution,storage,saleanduse.Packagingisbecomingincreasinglyimportantformerchantsengagedininternationaltrade.Thatisbecausemostinternational-tradedgoodsneedtotravellongdistance,andduringtheprocessoftransportationtheyareexposedtounexpectedrisks.Itisestimatedthatasmuchas70%ofallcargolosscouldbepreventedbyproperpackagingandmarking.Toensurethesafetyofcargo,exportersusuallyhavetotakeeverymeansfromthedesignofpackingtochoiceoftransport.

Differentkindsofgoodsneeddifferentpacking.Forcertainspecialcategoryofproducts,packingisnotquitenecessaryorapplicable.Theyarenoteasilydamagedorinfluencedbyoutercircumstancesunlessaccidentsoutofordinaryrangehappen.Inaccordancewiththeextentofencapsulation,suchacategoryofproductsarecalledbulkcargo.Anothercategoryofgoodssharesimilarfeaturestobulkcargoandrequiresnopackingorjustsimplebundles.Theyarecallednudecargo.However,mostexportedgoodsneedpacking.Theyarecalledpackedcargo.PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

TypesofCargo

BulkCargo

Bulkcargoesrefertothegoodswhichareshippedorevensoldwithoutpackages.Theyareconveyedinbulkstate.Thesekindsofgoodsnormallyareintheirprimitiveandstablenature.Rawmaterialorindustrialproductssuchasoil,ore,grain,coal,etc.fallintobulkcargo.

NudeCargo

Nudecargoesornudepackedcommoditiesrefertothegoodswhosequalitiesaremorestableandtobeshippedwithoutanypackagesorinsimplebundles.Theyaresinglepiecesoftheirownsuchasautomobile.Theyaredifficulttobepackedordonotneedanypacking.Steelproducts,leadingot,timberandrubberarenudecargoes.

PackedCargo

Themajorityofinternationaltradedgoodsneedcertaindegreeofpackingintheprocessofshipping,storingandsale.Packedcargoesrefertothegoodswhichneedshippingpacking,marketingpackingorboth.PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodityBulkCargoNudeCargoPackedCargoPartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

TypesofPacking

TransportPacking

Transportpackingisalsocalledshippingpacking,outerpackingorbigpacking.Itisclassifiedintounitpackingandcollectivepacking.Unitpackingisthesmallestshippableunitofcargo.Inunitpacking,goodsareputindifferentformsofcontainerssuchascases,cartons,drums,bales,bags,bundles,etc.Collectivepacking(alsocalledgroupshippingpacking)meansacertainnumberofunitsofcargoaregroupedtogethertoformalargecollection.Incollectivepacking,goodsareputinflexiblecontainer,palletandcontainer.

SalesPacking

Salespackingisalsocalledinnerpacking,smallpacking,immediatepackingormarketingpacking.Itfocusesonthedesignandbeautyofthepackage,aimingatpromotingsales.Salespackingisdividedintocarryingpacking,easy-openpacking,hang-uppacking,sprayingpacking,giftpacking,etc.PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

Insalespackaging,severalissuesthatarerelevanttointernationaltradepracticeshouldbepaidattentionto.

Labeling

Labelingorlabelsonthesalespackagingusuallyconsistofdescriptions,diagramsandfigures.Descriptionsaboutthemanufacturer’snameandaddress,ingredients,weightorvolumeofthecontentsandrelevantinformationshallbeinthelanguageandmeasuringsystemsoftheimportingcountry.Manycountrieshavespecificregulationsfortagsofgoods.Theyespeciallyhavestrictstipulationforfood,drinksandbeverages,preparedgoods,medicineandsoon.Therefore,exportersmustensuretheirexportedproductscomplywiththelabelingrequirementsoftheimportingcountry.

Attentionshouldalsobepaidtothespecialrequirementsorcustomsincertaincountries:inIslamiccountriesandregionsswine-likepatternsareataboo;patternsoflotusandchrysanthemuminJapanareominoussigns;thenumber“4”shouldbeavoidedinSouthKoreawhileforEuropeansthenumber“13”isveryterribleandshouldbeavoided.PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

Bar

Code

A

barcode

isagroupofthickandthinlinesplacedonaproductthatrepresentcomputerizedinformationabouttheproduct.Theprintedandvariouslypatternedbarsandspacesandsometimesnumeralsaredesignedtobescannedandreadintocomputermemory.Barcodecontainsinformationaboutproductname,manufactureddate,manufacturer,origin,priceandotherspecifications.Twouniversalbarcodesystemsprevailinternationally,includingtheUniversalProductCode(UPC)andtheEuropeanArticleNumberingSystem(EAN).Chinawasassignedtheuseofdigits“690”,“691”and“692”,whicharethefirstthreedigitsinthebarcodesforallproductsofChineseorigin.NeutralPacking

Neutralpackingreferstoaspecialtypeofmarkinginsteadofatypeofpacking.Itrequiresneitheranameoftheorigin,anameandaddressofmanufacturer,noratrademark,abrand.Thereareevennowordsonthe(outerorinner)packingofthecommodity.

PartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodityLabeling&BarCodePartAEnglishTextChapterOnePackingofCommodity

Therearetwokindsofneutralpacking.Thefirstisthatthegoodsshouldbepackedaccordingtothetrademarksandbrandsbythebuyer,whichiscalledneutralpackingwithdesignatedbrand.Thesecondisthatthegoodsshouldbepackedwithnobrandsortrademarksororigin,whichiscalledneutralpackingwithoutdesignatedbrand.Neutralpackingisgenerallyadoptedasameanstoraiseexportsalesorevadetariffbarriers.Itisrestrictedbymanycountriesinrecentyears.Therefore,exportermustdealwithneutralpackingcautiouslyiftheyarerequiredtoadoptneutralpacking.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneWordsandExpressions

单词和词组package v. 将（某物）包装enclose

v. 将某物放入封套、包裹等distribution

n. 分发；分配；发送；（商业）销售storage n. (货物等的)贮存，贮藏；存储场所，仓库encapsulation n. 封装，包装bulkcargo 散装货bundle

n. 束、捆、扎或包在一起的东西nudecargo 裸装货packedcargo 包装货transportpackaging 运输包装unitpacking 单件运输包装collectivepacking 集合运输包装shippable

adj. 可装运的，可运输的PartAEnglishTextChapterOneWordsandExpressions

单词和词组case n. 箱carton

n. 木箱drum

n. 桶bale n. 大包，大捆flexiblecontainer 集装袋pallet

n. (木或金属)托盘或平台；container

n. 集装箱salespacking 销售包装carryingpacking 便携式包装hang-uppacking 挂式包装sprayingpacking 喷雾包装label v. 给(某事物)加标签；标记manufacturer n. 制造商；制造厂；PartAEnglishTextChapterOneWordsandExpressions

单词和词组ingredient n. 材料，原料，成分measuringsystem 测量系统stipulation

n. 讲明、规定(某要求)；契约；合同；协定origin

n. 起点；开端；来源；产地specification n. 规格；规格说明；具体说明；详述barcode 条形码prevail

v. 普遍存在；盛行；流行digit

n. (阿拉伯数字中)0到9的任何一个数字neutralpacking 中性包装designatedbrand 指定品牌evade

v. 逃避(尤指法律或道德上的责任)；避开，躲开tariffbarrier 关税壁垒PartAEnglishTextChapterOneNotes

注释

Packagingreferstothescience,artandtechnologyofenclosingorprotectingproductsfordistribution,storage,saleanduse.包装是指货物在配送、存储、销售和使用过程中，对其进行保护、包裹或保护的科学、艺术和技术。BackPartAEnglishTextChapterOneNotes

注释

Bulkcargoesrefertothegoodswhichareshippedorevensoldwithoutpackages.Theyareconveyedinbulkstate.Thesekindsofgoodsnormallyareintheirprimitiveandstablenature.散装货是指船运或售卖过程中不需要包装的货物，以整批散装运送。这类货物性质一般比较原始及稳定。bulkstate：整批、散装 state：状态BackPartAEnglishTextChapterOneNotes

注释

Nudecargoesornudepackedcommoditiesrefertothegoodswhosequalitiesaremorestableandtobeshippedwithoutanypackagesorinsimplebundles.裸装货性质更加稳定，船运时不需要任何包装或只需简单捆绑即可。BackPartAEnglishTextChapterOneNotes

注释

Salespackagingisalsocalledinnerpacking,smallpacking,immediatepackingormarketingpacking.Itfocusesonthedesignandbeautyofthepackage,aimingatpromotingsales.销售包装又称内包装、小包装、直接接触包装或出售包装。销售包装注重包装的设计和美观，目的在于提高销售量。BackPartAEnglishTextChapterOneNotes

注释

A

barcode

isagroupofthickandthinblacklinesplacedonaproductthatrepresentcomputerizedinformationabouttheproduct.条形码是由一组宽度不等的线条组成，用来代表产品的计算机化信息。BackPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题1. Whatarethethreetypesofcargo?2. Whatisnudecargo?Canyoulistsomeexamples?Theyarebulkcargo,nudecargoandpackedcargo.Nudecargoreferstothegoodswhosequalitiesaremorestableandtobeshippedwithoutanypackagesorinsimplebundles.Theymaybesinglepiecesoftheirown.Examplesofnudecargo:metalingot,steelproducts,timber,rubber.I. AnswertheFollowingQuestions.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题3. Whatareincludedinlabeling?4. Whatinformationdoesabarcodecontain?Labelingonthesalespackagesincludesdescriptions,diagramsandfigures.Descriptionsaretheinformationrelatedtothemanufacturersuchasitsnameandaddressandproductinformationsuchasingredients,weightorvolume.Abarcodecontainsinformationsuchastheproductname,manufactureddate,manufacturer,originandotherspecifications.I. AnswertheFollowingQuestions.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题5. Whatisneutralpacking?Neutralpackingisaspecialtypeofmarkingratherthanatypeofpacking.Inneutralpacking,nomarkingoforiginornameoraddressofthemanufactureshallberequired.Itisusuallyadoptedasameanstoraiseexportsalesorevadetariffbarriers.I. AnswertheFollowingQuestions.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题II. TrueorFalseJudgments.1. UPCandEANarethetwomainbarcodesusedinternationally.2. Thefunctionsofpackingprimarilyconcernthetechnicalnatureofthepacking.3. Mostgoodsdonotneedpackingwhentheyaretransported.4. Steelproductsandtimberarebulkcargoes.TFFFPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题II. TrueorFalseJudgments.5. Neutralpackingisakindofpackingwhichonlyshowstheoriginofcountryanddoesn’tshowthenameandaddressofthemanufacturer.6. Neutralpackingisadvisableforexportersinmanycountries.7. Labelingshouldonlycomplywiththerequirementsoftheexportingcountry.FFFPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题III. MultipleChoice1. __________________areakindofportableplatformsintendedforhandling,storing,ormovingmaterialsandpackages.2. ______actsas“asilentsalesman”. A.Flexiblecontainers B.Largemetalcontainers C.Corrugatedboxes D.Pallets A.Shippingpacking B.Shippingmark C.Salespacking D.NeutralpackingPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题III. MultipleChoice3. Weareverypleasedthatthepackingissuitableforalongsea____.4. “692”arethefirstthreedigitsinthebarcodesforwhichcountry? A.trip B.voyage C.journey D.process A.China B.France C.theU.S.A. D.AustraliaPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题III. MultipleChoice5. ________,usuallymadeofjute,aresuitablefortransportingsuchcargoesascement,fertilizer,flour,oilcakes,animalfeedingproducts,chemicals,etc. A.Bales B.Sacks C.Cartons D.CasesPartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题IV. TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.Packagingreferstothescience,artandtechnologyofenclosingorprotectingproductsfordistribution,storage,saleanduse.Packagingisbecomingincreasinglyimportantformerchantsengagedespeciallyininternationaltrade.Thatisbecausemostinternational-tradedgoodsneedtotravellongdistance,duringtheprocessoftransport,theyareexposedtounexpectedrisks.Itisestimatedthatasmuchas70%ofallcargolosscouldbepreventedbyproperpackagingandmarking.Toensurethesafetyofcargo,exportersusuallyhavetotakeeverymeansfromthedesignofpackagingtochoiceoftransport.包装是指货物在配送、存储、销售和使用过程中，对其进行保护、包裹的科学、艺术和技术。对于从事国际贸易的商人而言，包装变得越来越重要，原因是绝大部分国际贸易商品都需要长途运输，在运输途中会遭受各种意外的风险。据估计，恰当的包装和标记可以挽回高达70%的货物损失。为了保证货物安全，出口商需要全面考虑从包装设计到运输方式选择等问题。1PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题IV. TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.Labelingorlabelsonthesalespackagingusuallyconsistofdescriptions,diagramsandfigures.Descriptionsaboutthemanufacturer’snameandaddress,ingredients,weightorvolumeofthecontentsandrelevantinformationshallbeinthelanguageandmeasuringsystemsoftheimportedcountry.Manycountrieshavespecificregulationsfortagsofgoods.Theyespeciallyhavestrictstipulationforfood,drinksandbeverages,preparedgoods,medicineandsoon.Therefore,exportersmustensuretheirexportedproductscomplywiththelabelingrequirementoftheimportingcountry.销售包装上的标签包括文字、图案和数字。包括生产厂家名称和地址、产品成分、重量或体积在内的文字及相关信息要以进口国的语言文字说明，并采用进口国的测量体系。许多国家对于货物标签有明确规定，针对食品、饮料、预制食品、药品等均有严格规定。因此，出口商须确保出口商品达到进口国的标签要求。PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题V. PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1. 不同类型的货物需要不同的包装。2. 包装货是指需要船运包装、销售包装或两种包装都需要的货物。Differentkindsofgoodsneeddifferentpackaging.Packedcargoesrefertothegoodswhichneedshippingpacking,marketingpackingorboth.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题V. PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.3. 运输包装分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装。4. 单件运输包装是货物可以船运的最小单位。Transportpackingisclassifiedintounitpackingandcollectivepacking.Unitpackingisthesmallestshippableunitofcargo.PartAEnglishTextChapterOneExercises

练习题V. PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.5. 集合运输包装是将货物放置在集装袋、托盘和集装箱里。6. 中性包装往往作为提高出口销售额或逃避关税壁垒的一种手段而被采用。Incollectivepacking,goodsareputinflexiblecontainer,palletandcontainer.Neutralpackingisgenerallyadoptedasameanstoraiseexportsalesorevadetariffbarriers.PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

1.Marking商品标记

Intheprocessoftransportationandalongtheflowoflogistics,workersneedcertainkindsofmarkedindicatorsfordealingwiththecargoesbecausethegoodsareusuallywell-wrapped.Markingreferstodifferentdiagrams,wordsandfiguresthatarewrittenorprintedontheoutsideoftheshippingpackages.Markingisclassifiedintofourtypesinaccordancewiththeirfunctions:shippingmarks,indicativemarks,warningmarksandsupplementarymarks.由于货物通常包装严密，在运输过程和物流各个环节中，工作人员需要通过各种指示标志帮助他们处理货物。标志指代货物包装外层各种印刷或书写的图形、文字和数字。根据其功能，标志分为运输标志、指示性标志、警告性标志和附加标志四类。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

(1)ShippingMarks运输标志

Shippingmarksarethemostimportantmarksamongtheabovefourmentionedmarks.Theyincludewrittenorprinteddiagrams,wordsandfiguresontheouterpackagetoidentifythegoodsinthewholeprocess.Theyaredesignedtobesimple,easilyreadableandclearlyidentified.Theirpositionshouldbeproperlyputonthepackagesandtheircolorshouldbedurable.Noadvertisementsorpicturesshallbeinsertedinshippingmarks.Shippingmarksshallappearinallthetransportdocumentsincludingbusinessreceipts.Shippingmarkscanbemadeintotriangle-shaped,diamond-shapedandrectangle-shaped.

运输标志是上述四种标志中最重要的一种。运输标志是指货物外包装上的书写或印刷的图形、文字和数字,其作用是在运输全过程中便于识别货物。运输标志的设计要简单、易读,能够清晰辨认,放在包装恰当的位置,其颜色必须耐用不易褪色,不允许插入任何广告和图片。所有的运输单据(包括商业单据)都需要具备运输标志。运输标志有三角形、菱形和四方形三种。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

InternationalstandardshippingmarksauthorizedbytheInternationalStandardsOrganizationaremadeupofthefollowingparts,asshownintable1-1andfigure1-1:PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款国际标准化组织批准的国际标准运输标志包括以下几部分,如表1-1和图1-1所示。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

(2)IndicativeMarks指示性标志

Thepurposeofindicativemarksistocalltheattentionoftherelevantworkerswhentheyhandlethecargoesinthedifferentstagesoftransportation.Thesymbolsorwordsinindicativemarksremindworkersofthenatureofthecontentsofthepackagethatneedsspecialcare.Thefollowingsymbolsaresomeoftheindicativemarks,asshowninfigure1-2.PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款在运输过程的不同阶段里,指示性标志的用途在于引起相关工作人员的注意,让他们恰当地处理货物。指示性标志的图形或文字提醒工作人员注意包装的货物性质,需要小心处理。以下图形是一些指示性标志,如图1-2所示。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

(3)WarningMarks警告性标志

Warningmarks,alsocalleddangerousmarks,arenoticeablediagramsandwordsontheouterpackage.Theyareusedtoensurethesafetransportationofdangerouscargoessuchastoxics,inflammable,explosive,corrosiveandradioactiveproducts.TwosetsofwarningmarksmustbeprintedonthetransportpackagesofallChineseexporteddangerousgoods.TheyaretwosetofdangerousmarksmadebyChinaandtheInternationalMaritimeOrganization.PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款警告性标志又称危险标志，是指货物外包装上醒目的图形和文字。其作用是确保危险货物如有毒、易燃、易爆、腐蚀性及放射性等产品的安全运输。我国出口危险货物的运输包装上要标打两套危险品标志，一套是我国规定的危险品标志，另一套是国际海运组织规定的危险品标志。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

(4)SupplementaryMarks附加性标志Supplementarymarksrefertomarkofweightorvolumeandthemarkoforigin.Theyarerequiredinaccordancewiththerulesandregulationsbytheimportingorexportingcountries.

附加性标志指重量或容积标志及产地标志，根据进口国或出口国的管理规定制定。

①

MarkofWeightorVolume

Gross/netweightorthevolumemarksofthecargopackagehelpstofacilitateloading,unloadingorbookingshippingspace.

①重量或体积标志货物包装的毛重/净重或体积标志有助于工作人员更好地装货、卸货以及订舱。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款②MarkofOrigin

Manyexportingorimportingcountriesrequiremarksoforiginprintedontheoutsideofpackages.Markoforiginmustbelegible,indelibleandvisible.Countriesmayhavedifferentregulationsintermsoflanguageandmarksusedorevensizeofthelettersofmarkingonimportedgoods.Exportersshouldcheckthecorrespondingmarkingregulationsbeforepackingandmarkingtheirgoodsforexportshipment.

②产地标志很多出口国或进口国要求外包装上必须印有产地标志。产地标志必须清晰易辨、不能擦除、明显可见。不同国家对于进口产品的产地标志的要求不一，体现在使用的语言、标志甚至是标志的字母大小等方面。在准备船运出口货物的包装和标志时，出口商应该仔细查阅相关规定。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

2.PackingClause包装条款

Asanimportantpartofthesalescontract,packingclauseshallexpresslyspecifythepackingmethod,thepackingcostandtheshippingmarks.

作为销售合同的重要组成部分,包装条款必须订明包装方式、包装费用及运输标志。

Inpackingclause,packingmaterialsandwaysofpackagingshouldbestatedclearly.Packingmaterialsusuallyincludecartons,woodendrums,gunnybags,irondrums,etc.Detailslikesize,shape,dimensionsandreinforcementconditionsmustbestipulatedproperly.Ambiguouswordsshouldbeavoided.Ifbuyerisrequiredtosupplypackingmaterialspartlyorwholly,thesellershouldstateclearlyinthesalescontractthetimelimitwithinwhichthepackingmaterialsshallarrive.Packingclauseexamplesareshownintable1-2.

包装条款中要订明包装材料和包装方式。通常采用的包装材料有纸箱、木桶、麻袋和铁桶等。条款中必须订明大小、形状、尺寸和加固条件等细节,避免使用有歧义的文字。如果要求买方部分或全部提供包装材料,卖方需在合同中明确说明包装材料到达的期限。包装条款示例见表1-2。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

Packingcostmustbespecifiedinthepackingclause,whichshallclearlyindicatewhichpartywouldbearthepackingexpensepartlyorwholly.Packingexpensebyconventionisincludedinthepriceofcommodity,butitcanalsobeexcludedfromtheprice.Intheabovetable,packing2meansbuyerisgoingtopayforthepackingexpense,packing3meansthesellerbearsthepackingexpense.包装条款中必须订明包装费用是由哪一方部分或全部支付。按国际惯例,包装费用包含在商品价格之内,但有时候并不包含在商品价格里。在表1-2的例2中,包装费用由买方承担。

Shippingmarksareincludedinpackingclause.Generallyshippingmarksaremadebyexportersininternationaltradepractice.Thepartiesneednotdiscussthismatterwhilenegotiatingthecontract.Butifthebuyerwantstodesigntheshippingmarksbythemselves,thesellershouldacceptthat.Theninthecontractthebuyershouldstatethetimelimitanddesignfortheshippingmarksfortheseller.Shouldtheshippingmarkbemadebytheimporter,thesellershouldgetitsometimebeforetheshippingdocumentsaremade.Ifnot,thesellercouldmaketheshippingmarksthemselves.运输标志一般包含在包装条款中。按国际贸易惯例,运输标志由卖方设计确定,双方在合同谈判中不必讨论该项问题。但如果买方要求自行设计运输标志,卖方也应接受,但必须在合同中订明买方提供运输标志的式样及具体期限。买方必须在制作货运单据前为卖方提供运输标志。如超过期限,卖方可自行决定。PartBBilingualTextChapterOneMarkingandPackingClause商品标记及包装条款

Packingclausemustbestipulatedpreciselyandspecifically.Ambiguitymustbeavoided.Wordslikeseaworthypackingorcustomarypackingarenotadvisableinpackingclausebecauseofthepossiblemisunderstandinganddisputeaboutthewordsbytheparties.包装条款的规定要明确具体,不能出现如“海运包装”或“习惯包装”之类的模棱两可的术语,因为各方对这些术语可能缺乏统一的定义和解释,会引起误解和纠纷。

Cargoesshallbepackedinstrongcasesorcartonssuitableforlongvoyageandwellprotectedagainstmoisture,dampness,rust,shockandroughhandling.Shoulddamagetothegoodsoccur,whetheritiscausedbyimproperpackingorattributabletoinadequateprotectivemeasurestakenbytheseller,thesellershallbeliableforthat.Insuchcasealllossesand/orexpensesincurredshallbebornebytheSeller.货物必须置于结实的(纸板)箱中,能经得起长时间航运和粗糙搬运,并且防湿、防潮、防锈、防震。如果卖方不恰当包装货物,或没有采取充分保护措施来包装货物,由此而引起的货物损失和(或)费用,一概由卖方负责。PriceofCommodity商品价格ChapterTwoWarming-upExercisePartAEnglishTextPartBBilingualTextWarming-upExerciseChapterTwoAnswerthefollowingquestions.12Whatfactorsshallbetakenintoconsiderationinexportpricing?Whatarethecomponentsinaunitprice?PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodity

Pricingtermsplayanessentialroleinacontract.Theyarethecoretermswhichcandirectlyaffectbuyerandseller’smutualinterestsandthepossibilityofatransaction.It’simportanttolearnwhatareincludedinexportpriceandestablishthetermsofpriceproperly.

UnitPriceandTotalValueinPriceClause

Thestandardformatofapriceininternationaltradehasfourcomponents:pricingcurrency,unitsofmeasurement,unitpriceandtradeterms.Generallypricingcurrencyisthesameasthepaymentcurrency.Asunitsofmeasurementaredifferentindifferentcountries,theymustbestipulatedclearly.Unitpriceisthevalueofthegoodsineachunitofmeasurement.Tradetermscanbeputatthebeginningorattheendoftheprice.ButallthetermsshouldbefollowedbythenameofaplacewhichisdefinedappropriatelybytheIncoterms2010.PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodityExamplesUnitprice:atUSD330.4/pieceCIFNewYorkTotalvalue:USD33040(SayUSdollarsthirty-threethousandandfortyonly)Unitprice:atGBP95perM／TCIFLondonTotalvalue:GBP4750(Saypoundssterlingfourthousandsevenhundredandfiftyonly)

PricingComponentsinExportCommodities

Exportpriceiscomprisedofcosts,expenses/chargesandanticipatedprofit.Otherfactorssuchascommissionanddiscountmayalsoaffectexportprice.PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodity

Cost

(1)Productioncost

Computingtheactualcostofproducingaproductisofthecoreimportanceinpricing.Productioncostsnormallyincludethematerialcosts,laborcost,fixedcostsandpackingcost.

(2)Salescost

Salescostsrefertocostsrelevanttointernationalmarketingandsalesactivities.Exportersmighthavetoadvertisetheirproductsbeforeenteringaforeignmarket.Theymightneedtoparticipateininternationaltradefairsandexhibitionstopromotetheirproducts.Theyevenneedtopaylocalagentsforassistanceandcooperation.Suchcross-countryeventsmightbegreatspendingandcostalotofmoney.PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodity

Expenses/Charges

Expenses/chargesaredividedintotwobigparts:domestic

costsandoverseascosts.Domesticcostscoverlocalwarehousingandtransportationcosts(warehousetofreightterminal,station,airport,containeryard,etc.).Thereareothercostitemssuchasexpensesforpermitapplication,bankingcharges(loaninterest,handlingcharges,etc.),estimatedloss(cargoloss,leakage,damage,deterioration,etc.)andportcharges.Overseascostsaremainlycomprisedofthreeaspects:overseasfreight(portofshipmenttoportofdestination),overseaspremiums(overseascargotransportinsurance)andcommissionifthereisanymiddleman.

AnticipatedProfit

Anticipatedprofitisanotheressentialpartinpricingbecauseitisdirectlyimpactingthepriceleveloftheproduct.Settingtheanticipatedprofithasalottodowiththecompetitionincompetingproducts,industryandmarketandtheexporter’spricingstrategy.Ithasalsoalottodowithexporter’smarketingobjectivesintheforeignmarkets.Differentmarketingobjectivesundoubtedlyaffectexporter’spricingdecisions.PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodity

Therearewaysofcountinganticipatedprofit.Someexportersconsidertheanticipatedprofitasapercentageofthesellingpricewhilesomewouldtakeacertainfixedamountasanticipatedprofitforunitproduct.Inprofitaccounting,anticipatedprofitratecanbedeterminedonthebasisofpurchasingcostandsellingprice.

Commissionanddiscountarealsocomponentsofprice.Theinclusionofcommissionordiscountinthepricedirectlyaffectsthelevelofthepriceandtheeconomicgainsofthebuyer,thesellerandthethirdpartyrelated.PartAEnglishTextChapterTwoPricingComponentsofCommodity

Commission

Commissionistheremunerationpaidtothemiddlemenfortheirintermediaryserviceforprincipals.Inmoderninternationaltradepractice,commissiontakestheformofremunerationwhicheithersideofatransa