高中英语选择性必修一Unit 1 课本词汇背诵自测默写

【新版人教选择性必修1】【Unit1】【课本词汇背诵自测默写】2/2单词音标词义默写自测physiology[ˌfɪzɪ'ɒlədʒɪ]n.生理学;生理机能artemisinin[]n.[药]青蒿素crucial['kru:ʃl]adj.至关重要的;关键性的malaria[mə'leərɪə]n.疟疾vital['vaɪtl]adj.必不可少的;极其重要的;充满生机的committed[kə'mɪtɪd]adj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的commit[kə'mɪt]vt.承诺;保证（某个人、机构等)vi.忠于;全心全意投入（工作、活动等)commitoneselftodo[]承诺;保证（做某事、遵守协议或安排等)academy[ə'kædəmɪ]n.（艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院;学会;专科院校academic[ˌækə'demɪk]adj.学业的;学术的objective[əb'dʒektɪv]n.目标;目的adj.客观的botanical[bə'tænɪkl]adj.植物学的evaluate[ɪ'væljʊeɪt]vt.评价;评估property['prɒpətɪ]n.性质;特征;财产distinct[dɪ'stɪŋkt]adj.清晰的;清楚的;有区别的extract['ekstrækt]n.提取物;摘录vt.提取;提炼;摘录;（用力)拔出wormwood['wɜ:mwʊd]n.蒿;洋艾boil[bɒɪl]vt.vi.（使)沸腾;煮开;烧开n.沸腾;沸点liquid['lɪkwɪd]n.液体adj.液体的;液态的obtain[əb'teɪn]vt.（尤指经努力)获得;贏得vi.（规章、习俗等)存在;流行acknowledge[ək'nɒlɪdʒ]vt.承认（属实、权威等);（公开)感谢defeat[dɪ'fi:t]n.失败;挫败vt.击败;战胜analyse['ænəlaɪz]vt.分析apparently[ə'pærəntlɪ]adv.显而易见;看来;显然substance['sʌbstəns]n.物质;物品;事实根据insist[ɪn'sɪst]vi.vt.坚持;坚决要求insiston[ɪn'sɪstɒn]坚決要求scientific[ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk]adj.科学（上)的;关于科学的mostly['məʊstlɪ]adv.主要地;一般地wearandtear[weəændtɪə](正常使用造成的)磨损;损耗conclusion[kən'klu:ʒn]n.结论;推论penicillin[ˌpenɪ'sɪlɪn]n.青霉素;盘尼西林flee[fli:]vi.vt.迅速离开;逃跑circumstance['sɜ:kəmstəns]n.条件;环境;状况novelist['nɒvəlɪst]n.小说家novel['nɒvl]n.（长篇)小说flow[fləʊ]n.流;流动;流畅;供应vi.流;流动chart[tʃɑ:t]n.图表vt.记录;制订计划flowchart[fləʊtʃɑ:t]流程图found[faʊnd]vt.创建;建立;把……建立在infer[ɪn'fɜ:(r)]vt.推断;推定politician[ˌpɒlə'tɪʃn]n.从政者;政治家;政客numerous['nju:mərəs]adj.众多的;许多的theory['θɪərɪ]n.理论;学说relativity[ˌrelə'tɪvətɪ]n.相对论;相对性formula['fɔ:mjələ]n.公式;方程式;配方genius['dʒi:nɪəs]n.天才;天资;天赋gentle['dʒentl]adj.温柔的;文静的patent['pætnt]n.专利;专利证书;获得专利adj.有专利的;受专利保护的passion['pæʃn]n.酷爱;激情doctorate['dɒktərət]n.博士学位extraordinary[ɪk'strɔ:dnrɪ]adj.不一般的;非凡的;意想不到的gradually['grædʒʊəlɪ]adv.逐渐地;逐步地photoelectric[ˌfəʊtəʊɪ'lektrɪk]adj.光电的cometopower[kʌmtu:'paʊə]（开始)掌权;上台institution[ˌɪnstɪ'tju:ʃn]n.社会公共机构;制度;习俗institute['ɪnstɪtju:t]n.（教育、专业等)机构;机构建筑consequence['kɒnsɪkwəns]n.结果;后果takeupaposition[]担任;任职moustache[mə'stɑ:ʃ]n.上唇的胡子;髭peculiarity[pɪˌkju:lɪ'ærətɪ]n.个性;特点;怪异的性质encounter[ɪn'kaʊntə(r)]vt.偶然碰到;遇到n.邂逅;遭遇professor[prə'fesə(r)]n.教授mourn[mɔ:n]vt.vi.哀悼;忧伤remarkable[rɪ'mɑ:kəbl]adv.非凡的;显著的device[dɪ'vaɪs]n.方法;技巧;装置;仪器sum[sʌm]vi.总结;概括n.金额;款项;总数;总和sumup[sʌmʌp]总结;概括draft[drɑ:ft]n.草稿;草案vt.起草;草拟NobelPrize[nəʊˌbel'praɪz]诺贝尔奖AlexanderFleming[]亚历山大.弗莱明AlbertEinstein[]阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦Hitler['hɪtlə]希特勒ElonMusk[]埃隆.马斯克FlorenceNightingale['flɔ:rəns'naɪtnˌgeɪl]弗洛伦斯.南丁格尔SARS[sɑ:z]abbr.严重急性呼吸综合征Switzerland['swɪtsələnd]瑞士（国家名)Swiss[swɪs]adj.瑞士的n.瑞士人IsaacNewton[]艾萨克.牛顿Jewish['dʒu:ɪʃ]adj.犹太人的;犹太教的Princeton['prɪnstən]普林斯顿（美国城市)提能强化练Ⅰ.阅读理解AWhenshefirststartedlearningaboutclimatechangefromoneofherelders,FawnSharpwasinvitedonahelicopterflightovertheOlympicMountainstosurveytheMountAndersonglacier.Buttheglacierwasgone,meltedbythewarmingclimate.Sharphadadeepsenseoflosswhenshediscoveredtheglacierwasn’tthereanymore.Lossisagrowingissueforpeopleworkingandlivingonthefrontlinesofclimatechange.AndthatgaveJenniferWrenAtkinson,afull-timelecturerattheUniversityofWashingtonBothell,US,anideaforaclass.Thisterm,shetaughtstudentsontheBothellcampusabouttheemotionalburdensofenvironmentalstudies.SheusedtheexperiencesofNativeAmericantribes(部落),scientistsandactivists,andaskedher24studentstofacetherealitythatthereisnoeasyfix—that“thisissuchanintractableproblemthatthey’regoingtobedealingwithitfortherestoftheirlives”.StudentCodyDillonusedtobeaclimatescienceskeptic(怀疑论者).Thenhedidhisownreadingandresearch,andchangedhismind.Dillonwasn’tgoingintoenvironmentalwork—hewasacomputer-sciencemajor.Yet,thepotentialforaworldwideenvironmentalcatastropheseemedsorealtohimfiveyearsagothathequithisjobandbecameafull-timevolunteerforanenvironmentalgroupthatworkedonrestoration(恢复)projects.Sixmonthsintothework,hedecidedthatAtkinson’sclasswasjustwhathewaslookingfor—aplacewherehecoulddiscusshisconcernsaboutachangingclimate.Atkinsonsaidshehopedtheclasshelpedherstudentspreparethemselvesfortheamountofenvironmentallossthatwouldhappenovertheirlifetimes.“Wearealreadychangingtheplanet—somanyspeciesaregoingtobelost,displacedormassivelyimpacted,”shesaid.“Thefutureisn’tgoingtobewhattheyimagined.”1.WhydidtheauthormentionthecaseofFawnSharp?A.TolayabasisforFawnSharp’sfurtherresearch.B.ToproveFawnSharp’sworkissimilartoAtkinson’s.C.Toleadintotheissueoflosscausedbyclimatechange.D.Toshowscientists’concernabouttheMountAndersonglacier.2.What’sthemainpurposeofAtkinson’sclass?A.Toexplorehowdifferentpeopledealwithclimatechange.B.Togetstudentsmoreconcernedabouttheenvironmentalissue.C.TofindsolutionstotheenvironmentalissueofOlympicMountains.D.Toteachstudentshowtoconductresearchaboutenvironment.3.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“intractable”underlinedinparagraph3?A.Simple.B.Difficult.C.Common. D.Interesting.4.HowdidAtkinson’sclassinfluenceDillon?A.Itmadehimworkasapart-timevolunteerforrestorationprojects.B.Itmadehimrealizeaplanet-wideclimatedisasterwouldhappen.C.Itencouragedhimtobemoreinvolvedinenvironmentalprotection.D.Itdiscouragedhimtoworkonrestorationprojectsfortheenvironment.BTosolveabigenvironmentalproblem,chemistshavebeenthinkingsmall.Reallysmall:anewminirobotwiththepurposeofhelpingcleanuptinyplasticpollutingwateracrosstheglobe.Thenewmicrorobots,eachofwhichisnobiggerthanthetipofapencil,aremagnetic(磁性的)andshapedlikefour-pointedstars.Whenthesunlightshinesonthem,theycanswiminaspecificdirection;whenthesunlightdisappears,theystopmoving.Findingapieceofplastic,theyholdontoit,producechemicalreactionsandstarttobreakitdown.TheprojectisledbychemistMartinPumera,aresearcherwhoalsostudieswaystobuildmicrorobotsattheCzechUniversityinPrague.Abouttenyearsago,henoticedthemicroplasticwaseverywhere,fromthebottomoftheoceantotheiceonthetopofmountains.Iteventurnedupindrinkingwater,bothbottledandtapwater.Justthinkabouthowmuchplasticyouencountereveryday.Itdoesn’teasilydegrade(降解),whichisabigproblem.Therefore,Pumerachosetofocusontheproblemofwaterpollutioncausedbymicroplastic.Theresearcherstestedthemicrorobotsonfourtypesofplasticinthelab.Afteraweek,allfourbegandegrading,losingbetween0.5and3percentoftheirweight,whichindicatedtheywerebreakingdown.Therobotsalsoturnedtheplastic’ssmoothsurfaceintorough.Finally,theycouldbecollectedforreusealongwiththeplasticwastewithoutcausingnewpollution.Infact,Pumerasaystheystillhavealongwaytogo.Thesemicrorobotsareunlikelytosucceedindegradingalltypesofplastics.They’llalsoneedalotoftestingtoshowthatthey’resafeinopenwaterways,suchasatsea.Buthethinksthatthesechallengescanbeovercome.Someday,themicrorobotswillplayabigroleinaworldwidecleanupeffort.5.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthenewmicrorobot?A.Itisofaroundshape.B.Itisassmallasapencil.C.Itisdrivenbysunlight.D.Itusesphysicalreaction.6.WhatinspiredPumeratodesignthemicrorobot?A.Theiceonthemountains.B.Secretsoftheoceanbottom.C.Thelackofdrinkingwater.D.Themicroplasticpollution.7.Howdoesamicrorobotdealwiththeplastic?A.Collectingitforreuse.B.Makingitssurfacesmooth.C.Absorbingitcompletely.D.Breakingitdowntosomeextent.8.WhatisPumera’sattitudetotheirfutureresearch?A.Doubtful. B.Confident.C.Regretful. D.Critical.Ⅱ.七选五(2023湖南长沙长郡中学模拟)Humanbodieswereactuallydesignedforwalking,awonderfulformofexerciseatnocost.It’skindtoourbodiesandgreatforourwaistlines.1

Probablyyoualreadylovetowalk,butyou’regettingboredoftracingthesameoldroutedayafterday,ormaybeyou’renewtowalkingandaren’tsurehowtogetstarted.2Askyourself,whatdoyouwanttogetoutofwalkingasidefromthehealthbenefits?Doyouwanttomeetotherpeople?Seenewplaces?Getoutintothecountrysideorexploreanewcity?Knowingyourgoalswillhelpyoudecideonthetypeofwalkyouwanttodo.

Callupyourfriendsandschedulewalkswiththemifsocializingisyouraim.3Manymallshavegroupsthatcomeeveryday,oreveryweekend,to“walkthemall”.Thesegroupsarealwayshappytoincludeonemorewalker!

4Manylargecitieshaveincrediblegardensandparksthatincludequietwalkingtrailsgettingyouoffthebeatenpath.ThankstotheRailstoTrailsprogram,railwaysacrossthecountryarebeingtransformedintoscenicwalkingpathsthatareaperfectwaytoseekcalmness.

Fromthebenefitstoyourhearttoyouroverallhappiness,walkingisjustplaingoodforyou.5It’safantasticwaytogettoknowaplacebythepowerofyourowntwofeet.

A.Thismonth,pickupamapandstartwalking.B.Askyourfriendswheretheyliketowalkandjustgothere.C.Youmayaswellconsiderheadingtoanewcityforachange.D.Eitherway,it’stimetoaccepttheideaofwalkingwithapurpose.E.Recently,sciencehasprovedthatwalkingisgoodforyourbodyshape.F.Andbestofall,it’sagreatwaytoseenewthingsandmeetnewpeople!G.Ifyou’reafterwalkingalone,askaboutlocalhikesthatgetyouawayfromthecrowd.Ⅲ.完形填空InanationalspellingcontestinAmerica,an11-year-oldgirlwasaskedtospellacertainword.Butwithher1voice,thejudgeswerenotsurewhethershespelledtherightword.Theytalkeditoverand2decidedtosimplyaskherwhatshehadsaid.Bythen,thegirlknewshehadmisspelledtheword.Insteadoflying,shetoldthetruththatshehadsaidthe3letter—soshelostthecontest.

Asthegirlwalkedoffthe4,theentireaudiencestood,clappingtoapplaudherhonesty.Later,dozensofnewspaperreporterswroteaboutthis5,eventhoughitcostthegirlthecontest.Butthefactisthatshe6thebiggestcontestthatday:thecontestofhercharacter.

Probablythebiggesttestofourcharacterandhonestyiswhatwewoulddoifweknewwewouldneverget7.Thisyounggirlcouldeasilyhave8andnobodywouldhaveknownitbutherself.Butit’sbeensaidthatifyou9,youmakeyourselfcheap.Thisyounggirlwas10enoughtoprizeherowncharactermorethantheprizefromaspellingcontest.Sheknewthe11shemadeinthatmomentwillhavealong-lastinginfluenceonherfuture.

Shouldthewallet,foundinthestreet,beputintoapocketor12tothepoliceman?Shouldthe13changereceivedatthestorebeforgottenor14?Nobodywillknow.Butwehavetolivewithourselves,anditisalwaysbettertolivewithsomeonewe15.

1.A.high B.sweetC.tough D.soft2.A.finally B.seriouslyC.secretly D.totally3.A.correct B.wrongC.different D.same4.A.stage B.studioC.test D.classroom5.A.lesson B.storyC.courage D.accident6.A.achieved B.brokeC.won D.defeated7.A.paid B.awardedC.reported D.caught8.A.escaped B.liedC.changed D.answered9.A.accept B.fightC.cheat D.insist10.A.smart B.generousC.energetic D.interested11.A.plan B.conclusionC.discovery D.choice12.A.turnedover B.putawayC.setaside D.takendown13.A.small B.someC.extra D.necessary14.A.ignored B.paidC.shared D.returned15.A.protect B.challengeC.respect D.attackⅣ.语法填空(2022全国甲卷)Avisually-challengedmanfromBeijingrecentlyhiked(徒步)40daystoXi’an,asafirststep1.(journey)theBeltandRoadroute(路线)byfoot.

Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney,themanCaoShengkang,2.losthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident,crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation3.(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.4.friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.

CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental5.(protect).Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore6.(meaning).Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40-dayjourney.

Inthelastfiveyears,Cao7.(walk)through34countriesinsixcontinents,andin2016,hereachedthetopofKilimanjaro,Africa’s8.(high)mountain.

Now,CaohasstartedthesecondpartofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.Heflew4,700kilometers9.Xi’antoKashgaronSept.20,10. (plan)tohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.

参考答案UNIT1提能强化练Ⅰ.【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。FawnSharp通过一次搭乘直升机飞行的经历认识到了冰川融化和环境污染问题的严重性;同时JenniferWrenAtkinson决定给学生开设课程,教学生如何面对环境污染,让更多的学生关注环境问题。1.C推理判断题。通读第一段可知,FawnSharp在一次直升机飞行中意识到气候变化导致了冰川融化。由此可推知,作者在第一段中提及FawnSharp的例子是为了引出下文气候变化导致环境问题的话题。2.B细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知,由于气候变化引起环境问题,她产生了在大学开设环境保护课程的想法。由此可知,Atkinson开设课程的目的是让学生更加关注环境问题。3.B词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“noeasyfix”以及下文的“they’regoingtobedealingwithitfortherestoftheirlives”可知,这是一个十分困难的问题,以至于学生们要用他们的余生来解决它。4.C推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Sixmonthsintothework...discusshisconcernsaboutachangingclimate.”可知,Dillon在环保组织做了六个月志愿者之后,他认为在Atkinson的课堂上他可以讨论他对气候变化的担忧。由此可推知,Atkinson的课鼓励Dillon更多地参与到环境保护中。【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了一种新型微型机器人,它可以帮助清理污染水道的塑料碎片。5.C细节理解题。由第二段中的“Whenthesunlightshinesonthem,theycanswiminaspecificdirection;whenthesunlightdisappears,theystopmoving.”可知,新型微型机器人是由阳光驱动的。故选C项。6.D细节理解题。由第三段中的“Abouttenyearsago,henoticed...easilydegrade,whichisabigproblem.Therefore,Pumerachosetofocusontheproblemofwaterpollutioncausedbymicroplastic.”可知,微塑料不容易降解,无处不在。微塑料污染给环境带来了挑战,这是吸引Pumera从事该项研究的原因之一。由此可知,微塑料污染激发了Pumera设计微型机器人的灵感。故选D项。7.D细节理解题。由第四段中的“Theresearcherstestedthemicrorobotsonfourtypesofplasticinthelab.Afteraweek,allfourbegandegrading,losingbetween0.5and3percentoftheirweight,whichindicatedtheywerebreakingdown.”可知,仅一周时间,塑料的重量减轻,这说明微型机器人可以在某种程度上分解塑料。故选D项。8.B推理判断题。由最后一段中的“Buthethinksthatthesechallengescanbeovercome.Someday,themicrorobotswillplayabigroleinaworldwidecleanupeffort.”可知,Pumera认为,研究中的这些挑战是可以克服的,微型机器人在未来将发挥重要作用。由此可知,他对未来的研究很有信心。故选B项。Ⅱ.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了散步对人的一些好处,以及如何选择散步路线的建议。从对心脏的好处到对整体的快乐,散步是非常好的。文章最后倡导人们开始散步。1.F根据上文“Humanbodieswereactuallydesignedforwalking,awonderfulformofexerciseatnocost.”可知,本句承接上文继续说明散步的好处。故F项符合上下文语境。2.D结合下文“Askyourself...Knowingyourgoalswillhelpyoudecideonthetypeofwalkyouwanttodo.”可知,本句是在说明要带着目标散步,下文一系列设问句是在解释如何寻找目标。故D项符合上下文语境。3.B根据上文“Callupyourfriendsandschedulewalkswiththemifsocializingisyouraim.”可知,如果想要和朋友一起散步社交,那么需要了解他们喜欢去哪里散步。故B项符合上下文语境。4.G根据下文“Manylargecitieshaveincrediblegardensandparksthatincludequietwalkingtrailsgettingyouoffthebeatenpath.”可知,本段是在说明如果想一个人散步,可以选择去大城市的花园或公园里。故G项符合上下文语境。5.A根据上文“Fromthebenefitstoyourhearttoyouroverallhappiness,walkingisjustplaingoodforyou.”并且本段为文章最后一段,有总结上文的作用,上文提到了散步的好处和选择,那么此处应当是倡导人们开始散步。故A项符合上下文语境。Ⅲ