高中英语选择性必修一Unit 1 单元话题补充阅读+素材

TopicReading1“LittleAnnie”Sullivan,asshewascalledwhenshewasyoung,wasnostrangertohardship.Shewas___1___sightlessherselfandwas,atonetime,diagnosed(诊断)ashopelesslyinsane(精神病的)bythedoctors.Shewaslockedinthebasementofa___2___institutionoutsideofBoston.Attimes,LittleAnnieviolently___3___anyonewhocamenear.Mostofthetimeshegenerally___4___everyoneinherpresence.Anelderlynurse___5___therewashope,___6___,andshemadeuphermindtoshowlovetothechild.EverydayshevisitedLittleAnnie.Forthemost___7___,thechilddidnotacknowledge(理会)thenurse’spresence,butshestill___8___tovisit.Thekindlywomanleftcookiesforherandspokewordsofloveandencouragement.ShewassurethatLittleAnniecould___9___,ifonlyshewereshownlove.Eventually,doctorsnoticeda___10___inthegirl.Wheretheyoncesawangerandhate,theynownotedgentlenessand___11___.Theymovedherupstairswhereshecontinuedto___12___.Thentheydayfinallycamewhenthisseemingly“hopeless”childwasset___13___.AnneSullivan___14___intoayoungwomanwitha(n)___15___tohelpothersasshe,herself,washelpedbythekindlynurse.Itwasshewho___16___thegreatpotential(潜能)inHelenKeller.Shelovedher,trainedher,andplayedwithher.AnneSullivanworked___17___inHelen’slife;butitwasthelovingnursewhofirst___18___inLittleAnnieandlovinglychangedanuncommunicativechildintoakind-heartedteacher.ThenameofHelenKellerwouldhave___19___unknownifithadnotbeenforAnneSullivan.___20___wouldthenameofAnneSullivanifithadnotbeenforthekindanddevotednurse.Andsoitgoes.Justhowfarbackdoesthechainofloveextend?Andhowforwardwillitlead?A.almost B.still C.rather D.onlyA.cultural B.religious C.mental D.privateA.attract B.attack C.watch D.touchA.blamed B.caught C.greeted D.ignoredA.suggested B.determined C.imagined D.thoughtA.therefore B.otherwise C.however D.besidesA.course B.part C.reason D.contentA.continued B.forgot C.refused D.failedA.return B.recover C.remember D.replyA.chance B.trouble C.change D.faultA.love B.worry C.anxiety D.wishA.play B.study C.shout D.improveA.free B.busy C.spare D.looseA.ran B.grew C.looked D.knockedA.order B.demand C.desire D.ideaA.showed B.reached C.owned D.sawA.doubts B.decisions C.plans D.wondersA.joined B.believed C.took D.droppedA.remained B.seemed C.become D.provedA.Either B.And C.So D.NeitherTopicReading2BarbaraMcClintockwasoneofthemostimportantscientistsofthetwentiethcentury.Shemadeimportantdiscoveriesaboutgenes(基因)andchromosomes(染色体).BarbaraMcClintockwasbornin1902inHartford,Connecticut.HerfamilymovedtotheBrooklynareofNewYorkCityin1908.Barbarawasanactivechildwithinterestsinsportsandmusic.Shealsodevelopedaninterestinscience.ShestudiedscienceatCornellUniversityinIthaca,NewYork.Barbarawasamongasmallnumberofundergraduatestudentstoreceivetrainingingeneticsin1921.Yearslater,shenotedthatfewcollegesstudentswantedtostudygenetics.BarbaraMcClintockdecidedtostudybotany,thescientificstudyofplants,atCornellUniversity.Shecompletedherundergraduatestudiesin1923.McClintockdecidedtocontinuehereducationatCornell.Shecompletedamaster’sdegreein1925.Twoyearslater,shefinishedallherrequirementsforadoctoratedegree.McClintockstayedatCornellaftershecompletedhereducation.Shetaughtstudentsbotany.The1930swerenotagoodtimetobeayoungscientistintheUnitedStates.ThecountrywasinthemiddleofthegreateconomicDepression.MillionsofAmericanswereunemployed.Malescientistswereofferedjobs.Butfemalegeneticistswerenotmuchindemand.AnoldfriendfromCornell,MarcusRhoades,invitedMcClintocktospendthesummerof1941workingattheColdSpringHarborLaboratory.ItisaresearchcenteronLongIsland,nearNewYorkCity.McClintockstartedinatemporary(临时的)jobwiththegeneticsdepartment.Ashorttimelater,sheacceptedapermanent(永久的)positionwiththelaboratory.Thisgaveherthefreedomtocontinueherresearchwithouthavingtoteachorrepeatedlyaskforfinancialaid.Bythe1970s,herdiscoverieshadhadaneffectoneverythingfromgeneticengineeringtocancerresearch.McClintockwontheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyorMedicinein1983forherdiscoveryoftheabilityofgenestochangepositionsonchromosomes.ShewasthefirstAmericanwomantowinanunsharedNobelPrize.1.WhendidMcClintockreceiveadoctoratedegree?A.In1921 B.In1923 C.In1925 D.In19272.DuringthegreateconomicDepressionintheUS,__________.A.YoungscientistshadtroublefindingajobB.FemalegeneticistswerenotwantedatallC.malegeneticistsereingreatdemandD.malescientistswereoutofjob3.WhichofthefollowingjobsmaybemostbeneficialtoMcClintock’sresearch?A.ThejobasabotanyteacherB.ThetemporaryjobinthegeneticsdepartmentC.ThepermanentpositioninthelaboratoryD.Thejobofcancerresearch4.McClintockwasawardedaNobelPrizebecauseof__________.A.herresearchinbotanyB.hercontributiontogeneticengineeringC.herdiscoveriesaboutgenesandchromosomesD.herunsharedworkinthelaboratory5.Thetextislikelytoappearin__________.A.abiography B.ahistorypaper C.anewspaper D.aphilosophytextbookTopicReading3MargaretThatcherwasbornatGrantham,LincolnshireonOctober13,1925anddiedofastroke(中风)attheageof87inLondononApril8,2013.ShewasBritain’sfirstfemaleprimeministerandservedthreetermsinoffice.Shewasoneofthemostimportantpoliticalfiguresof20thcenturyBritain,andcontinuestohaveahugeinfluence.Margaret’sfatherAlfredRobertswasagrocerandhermotherBeatriceahomemakeranddressmaker.MargarethadanoldersisterMuriel,bornin1921.Thefamilylivedina3-storybrickbuilding,withthegroceryonthefirstfloor.Thegirlsworkedinthestore,andtheparentstookseparatevacationssothatthestorecouldalwaysbeopen.AlfredRobertswasalsoalocalleader:amemberoftheRotaryClub,thetown’smayor(市长).HewasthechiefinfluenceonMargaret’sinterestinpoliticsinherearlylife.SheenjoyedherschoolyearsinGrantham.ButwhenherthoughtsturnedtouniversityitwasSomervilleCollege,Oxford,ratherthanthelocalNottinghamUniversity.In1943shearrivedatSomervilletoreadNaturalSciencesOnceatOxford,sheprovedahard-workingandoutstandingChemistrystudent.HertutorwastheNobelPrize-winningDorothyHodgkin.Hodgkinwashelpfultohercharge,receivinganumberofgrants(奖学金)tohelphermakeendsmeet,butMargaretlookedtopoliticsforfriendship.Thefollowingyearthisserious,determinedandbynowextremelyattractiveyoungwomanwaselectedpresidentoftheOxfordUniversityConservativeAssociation(OUCA),onlythethirdwomantoholdthatposition.AmongMargaret’scontemporariesatuniversity,herclosestpersonalandpoliticalfriendwasEdwardBoyle,forwhomshehadadeepaffectionlongaftertheirviewshaddiverged(分歧).In1947MargaretThatchergraduatedfromOxfordwithasolidsecond-classdegreeandagrowingpoliticalambition.Yetthepossibilityofhermanagingtofollowthatdreamlookedremote.Havingnoindependentincome,shehadtostartearningalivingatonce.Afterseveralrejections,shebeganherworkatBXPlastics,outsideColchester.LatersheworkedasaresearchchemistatJLyonsinHammersmith.ThemovetoLondonwasnecessarybecauseMargaretThatcherhad,in1949,beenselectedastheToryparliamentarycandidateforDartford.Agedjust24,shewastheyoungestwomancandidateinthe1950generalelection,andherpictureappearedintheillustratedLondonNewsandevenintheWestGermanpress.1.WhileMargaretwasyoung,she__________.A.lookedforwardtoavacationwithherparentsB.tookgoodcareofhersisterC.helpedinthefamilystoreD.learnedtomakedresses2.AtOxford,Margaretlikedtomakefriendswithpeoplewho___________.A.showedinterestinpolitics B.showedtruekindnesstoherC.hadgainedmanysuccesses Dweregoodatnaturalscience3.WhowasmostlikelytohaveaffectedMargaretinthepoliticalfield?A.Hermotherandhersister. B.Herfatherandhertutor.C.Hermotherandhertutor. D.HerfatherandBoyle.4.Whydidn’tMargarettakeuppoliticswhenshegraduated?A.Shehadn’tgainedenoughknowledge.B.Shecouldn’treceiveanyhelpfromothersC.Shehadtomakealivingbyherself.D.Shewasinterestedinchemistrythen.5.ThistextismainlyaboutMargaret’s___________.A.familybackgroundandherchildhood B.earlylifeandhergiftforpoliticsC.universitylife D.politicallifeWhatMakesSuccessfulPeopleSuccessful?Whenitcomestolivingasuccessfullife,everyoneseemstowantapieceofit.Nobodywantstoliveamediocrelife,everyonewantstobesuccessful.Unfortunately,thosewhohavetrulyaccomplishedremarkableresultsinlifearerare.Andthisiswhatmakesbeingsuccessfulsomethingevenmoreprecious.Ifyouwanttobesuccessful,nomatterwhetheritisinyourcareer,inyourbusiness,investment,financially,spirituallyorinasafamilymember,youmustfirstmakethedecisionthatyouwantit.Sowhatmakessuccessfulpeoplesuccessful?Whatdotheydodifferentlythanordinarypeoplethatleadthemtoliveanamazinglife?Hereare5commontraitsthatseparatetheextraordinaryfromthenormal…1.SuccessfulPeopleHaveBigDreamsMostpeoplewhoarenotlivingtheirdreamsbecausetheydonotdaretodreambig.Infact,mostpeopledreamsmall.Theyaimforpayingthebills,theyjustwanttogetby,theyjustwanttobehappy,etc.Ifyouareseriousaboutlivingasuccessfullife,thefirststepyouneedtodoistogetyourselfoutofordinaryandgetintotheextraordinary.Andtheonlywaytodothisistostartbythinkingbig.2.SuccessfulPeopleAreAlwaysOnTheMoveDoknowthatbesidesthinkingbig,successfulpeoplearealsoalwaysonthemove.Theyareproactivepeoplewhogoandmakethingshappenratherthanwaitingforthingstohappen.Youhavetobethesame.Takeactionandmakeyourdreamsareality.Alotofpeoplewanttobesuccessfulbuttheyarenotwillingtotaketheactiontomaketheirdreamscometrue.3.SuccessfulPeopleWillNeverGiveUpThejourneytosuccessistoughandyouwillgothroughalotoffailuresandsetbacks.However,neverletthemgetyoudown.Youneedtohavetheconfidencetomoveonandtoturnfailuresintolearninglessons.Greatpeoplewillneverquitandtheywillnevergiveupontheirdreams.Theywillholdonandcontinuetoworkhardevenwheneveryotherpeopletellthemitisimpossible.4.SuccessfulPeopleAlwaysExpectPositiveThingsThinkaboutit,doyouthinkSteveJobswillgoonandlaunchediPhoneoriPadifhedidnothaveanyconfidencethathisproductscansell?DoyouthinkRichardBransonwillstartanairlineifheisalwaysnegativeandthinksthatthemarketandtheeconomyarebad?Ofcoursenot,theyexpectthattheirbusinessandtheirservicescansellandtheyhavehighconfidentwithwhattheydo.Thisiswhatmakesthemgoonandputinextraordinaryeffortintotheirbusiness.Youhavetobethesame.Alwaysthinkpositiveandalwaysexpectthebest.Itdoesnotmatterevenifyouarenotsuccessfulrightnow,whatmattersmostiswhereyouwouldwanttogoandareyouwillingtoworkforit.5.SuccessfulPeopleBelieveInTheirDreamsDoyoubelieveinyourselfandyourdreams?Ifyoudon’tbelieveinyourdreams,whoelsewould?Itisyourdreamandyouhavetoprotectit.Neverletanyonesaysthatitisimpossibleoritcannotbedone.Youhavetobelieveinyourdreamsandyourself.Youhavetotrustthatsomehowthingswillworkoutforyou.Andyoumustalwaysprepareyourselfandworkonyourdreams.ConclusionAlwaysdreambig,takeconsistentaction,nevergiveup,thinkpositivelyandmostimportantly,believeinyourselfandyourdreams.Sodoyouknowwhatyouneedtodotobesuccessfulrightnow?Biography-TuYouyouFrom

TheNobelPrizes

2015.PublishedonbehalfofTheNobelFoundationbyScienceHistoryPublications/USA,divisionWatsonPublishingInternationalLLC,SagamoreBeach,2016MychildhoodIwasbornonDecember30,1930inNingbo,acityontheeastcoastofChinawitharichcultureandoverseventhousandyearsofhistory.AlthoughitwasatumultuousageinChinawhenIwasachild,Iwasluckyenoughtohavecompletedagoodeducationfromprimarytomiddleschool.Myfatherworkedinabankwhilemymotherlookedaftermyfourbrothersandme,theonlygirlinourfamily.Accordingtoarecentlydiscoveredfamilytree,myancestorslivedinNingboformanygenerations.Ourfamily’slonghistoryofhighlyvaluingchildren’seducationandalwaysconsideringthisasthefamily’stoppriorityallowedmetohavegoodopportunitiesforattendingthebestschoolsintheregion–fromtheprivateNingboChongdePrimarySchool(1936–1941)andlatertheprivateNingboMaoxiPrimarySchool(1941–1943)totheprivateNingboQizhengMiddleSchool(1943–1945)andtheprivateNingboYongjiangGirls’School(1945–1946).Iunfortunatelycontractedtuberculosisattheageofsixteenandhadtotakeatwo-yearbreakandreceivetreatmentathomebeforeIresumedmystudyattheprivateNingboXiaoshiHighSchool(1948–1950)andNingboHighSchool(1950–1951).Thisexperienceledmetomakeadecisiontochoosemedicalresearchformyadvancededucationandcareer–ifIcouldlearnandhave(medical)skills,Icouldnotonlykeepmyselfhealthybutalsocuremanyotherpatients.Aftergraduationfromhighschool,IattendedtheuniversityentranceexaminationandfortunatelyIwasacceptedbytheDepartmentofPharmacyandbecameastudentattheMedicalSchoolofPekingUniversity.MyuniversitylifeMychoiceoflearningpharmacywasdrivenbymyinterests,curiosity,andadesiretoseeknewmedicinesforpatients.In1941,anInstituteofChineseMateriaMedicawasfoundatPekingUniversity.TheinstitutelatedevelopedintotheDepartmentofPharmacyintheMedicalSchoolin1943.In1952,thesecondyearofmyuniversitytraining,theMedicalSchoolwasdividedfromPekingUniversityandbecametheindependentBeijingMedicalCollege.Bythattime,significanteffortsandinvestmentweremadeinbuildingtheuniversity’sinfrastructureandcurriculum.Mostpharmacycoursessuchaspharmacognosy,medicinalchemistryandphytochemistryweredesignedandtaughtbyreturneessuchasProfessorsLinQishou(林启寿)andLouZhicen(楼之岑)whohadreceivededucationsandadvanceddegreesinWesterncountries.Althoughpharmacognostical(苯甲基磺酰)studyorcalled“crudedrugs”wasmymajor,mytrainingwasnotlimitedtothatfieldandIhadgreatchancestoattendallbasictraininginthepharmaceuticalsciences.Inthepharmacognosycourse,ProfessorLouZhicenconveyedknowledgeontheoriginsofmedicinalplantsandtrainedushowtoclassify,distinguishandidentifytheseplantsbasedontheirbotanicaldescriptionsetc.Inthephytochemistrycourse,ProfessorLinQishougaveacomprehensiveintroductionandhands-ontrainingonhowtoextractactiveingredientsfromtheplants,howtoselectproperextractionsolvents,howtocarryoutchemistrystudiesanddeterminethestructuresofthechemicalsisolatedfromtheplantsetc.Thesecoursesprovidedscientificinsightsintotheherbsandplantsandmoreimportantly,explainedhowtheseherbalmedicineswork,inawaydifferentfromtraditionalChinesemedicine.Myfirstjobandlife-longcommitmentThisDecember,wecelebratedthe60thanniversaryoftheChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences(CACMS).Thiswasalsothe60thanniversaryofmycareer.Aftergraduationfromtheuniversityin1955,IwasassignedtoworkintheInstituteofChineseMateriaMedicaofthenewlyestablishedAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicineundertheChinaMinistryofHealth.TheacademyhasbeengrowingandexpandingrapidlyoverlastsixtyyearsalongwithchangeofitsnamefromtheAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicinetotheChinaAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicineandnowtheChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences.However,itsmissionoffocusingonprofessionaltraining,researchandcontinuousexploringanddevelopmentofChinesemedicinesforhumanhealthcarethroughutilizationofevolvingsciencesandtechnologieshasneverchanged.Itistheacademy’smissionandestablishmentthathaveprovidedmewithgoodopportunitiestoutilizemyknowledge,skillsandexperiencewhilebeingexposedtonewareasofresearch.MyfirstresearchprojectwasonLobeliachinensis(半边莲),anherbcommonlyprescribedinthetraditionalChinesemedicineforthetreatmentofSchistosomiasis,adiseasecausedbySchistosomatypeparasiticflatworms.Infact,myfirstpublicationwasonthepharmacognosticalstudyofLobeliachinensis,coauthoredwithmymentor,ProfessorLouZhicen,in1958.IcompletedanotherstudyonpharmacognosticalevaluationofRadixStellariae(银柴胡)beforeIwentforafull-timetrainingprogramonChinesemedicaltheoryandpracticeorganizedbytheMinistryofHealthforprofessionalswithaWestern(modern)medicalbackgroundbetween1959and1962.Thistrainingfurtheraddedin-depthknowledgeontraditionalChinesemedicinestomyWesternmedicalbackground.Overthelastsixtyyears,Ihavehelddifferentresponsibilitiesattheacademy,fromheadoftheChemistryDepartment(1973–1990)toheadoftheArtemisininResearchCenteroftheChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences(1997–)andvariousacademicassignmentsfromassociateprofessor(1979–1985),professor(1985–),andnowchiefprofessoroftheChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences.WesternandtraditionalChinesemedicine–auniquecombinationChinalackedmedicalresourcesintheearly1950s.TherewereonlyaroundtwentythousandphysiciansandseveraltensofthousandsoftraditionalChinesemedicalpractitionersinthecountry.TofullyutilizetheselimitedresourcesandexploreChinesemedicines,thenationalleadershiplaunchedprogramsinanefforttopromotetheideasofenhancingthehealthcareservicesthrougha“combinationofWesternandtraditionalChinesemedicines.”MedicalschoolgraduatesoryoungdoctorswereencouragedtolearntraditionalChinesemedicines,whileexperiencedtraditionalChinesemedicalpractitionerswereaskedtoenrichtheirknowledgebyattendingtrainingcoursesonWesternmedicine.ThisuniquecombinationnotonlyprovedbeneficialtopatientsbutalsoenabledfurtherexplorationanddevelopmentofChinesemedicineanditsapplicationthroughmodernscientificapproaches.TheMinistryofHealthofChinaorganizedanumberoffull-timetrainingcoursesinthelate1950sinwhichscientistswithWesternmedicalbackgroundsweregivenopportunitiesforsystemictrainingonthetraditionalChinesemedicine.Inmytwoandahalfyeartrainingprogram,IlearnedtraditionalChinesemedicaltheoryandgainedexperiencefromclinicalpractice.AnothertrainingprogramIattendedwasontheprocessing(炮制)ofChineseMateriaMedica.ThisprocessingskillisauniqueandexclusivepharmaceuticaltechnologyandhasbeenwidelyusedforthepreparationofChinesemateriamedica.ThetraditionalwayofprocessingwasdevelopedandsummarizedfromthousandsofyearsofexperienceinthetraditionalChinesemedicalpractices,withabeliefthatprocessingcouldalterthepropertiesandfunctionsofremedies,increasemedicalpotencyandreducetoxicityandsideeffects.Infact,differencesinchemicalcompositionshavebeendetectedbetweenherbstreatedwithdifferentprocesses.Knowledgeofsuchprocessing,incombinationwiththescientificexplanation,benefitedmyworkenormously.AssignmentoftheantimalarialresearchtaskMalariaisalife-threateningepidemicdisease.Itwas,however,effectivelytreatedandcontrolledbychloroquineandquinolinesforalongperiodoftimeuntilthedevelopmentofdrug-resistantmalaria

plasmodium

parasites,namely

plasmodiumfalciparum,inthelate1960sfollowingthecatastrophicfailureofaglobalattempttoeradicatemalaria.Resurgenceofmalariaandrapidlyincreasedmortalityposedasignificantglobalchallenge,especiallyintheSouthEastAsiancountries.Inthe1960s,theDivisionofExperimentalTherapeuticsattheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch(WRAIR)inWashington,DClaunchedprogramstosearchfornoveltherapiestosupporttheUSmilitarypresenceinSouthEastAsia.USmilitaryforceinvolvedintheVietnamWarsufferedmassivecasualtiesduetodisabilitycausedbymalariainfection.Upto1972,over214,000compoundswerescreenedwithnopositiveoutcomes.InChina,themilitaryinstitutesstartedconfidentialantimalarialresearchin1964.In1967,theChineseleadershipsetupagroupofficeformalariacontrol(abbreviatedastheNational523Office)tocoordinatenationwideresearch.Severalthousandcompoundswerescreenedbetween1967and1969butnousefulmedicineswerefound.In1969,twodirectorsandanothermemberfromtheNational523OfficevisitedtheAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicineandtheInstituteofChineseMateriaMedica,seekinghelpinsearchingfornovelremediesamongChinesemedicines.ItwasinthemiddleofthegreatculturalrevolutioninChina.Almosteveryinstitutewasimpactedandallresearchprojectswerestalled.Alotofexperiencedexpertsweresidelined.Afterthoughtfulconsideration,theacademy’sleadershipteamappointedmetoheadandbuildaProject523researchgroupattheInstituteofChineseMateriaMedica.MytaskwastosearchforantimalarialdrugsamongtraditionalChinesemedicines.Asayoungscientist,Iwassooverwhelmedandmotivatedbythistrustandresponsibility.Ialsofelthugepressurefromthehighvisibility,priority,challengesaswellasthetightscheduleofthetask.Theotherchallengewastheimpactonmyfamilylife.BythetimeIacceptedthetask,myelderdaughterwasfouryearsoldandmyyoungerdaughterwasonlyone.Myhusbandhadtobeawayfromhomeattendingatrainingcampus.Tofocusonresearch,IleftmyyoungerdaughterwithmyparentsinNingboandsentmyelderdaughtertoafull-timenurserywhereshehadtolivewithherteacher’sfamilywhileIwasawayfromhomefortheproject.Thiscontinuedforseveralyears.Myyoungerdaughtercouldn’trecognizemewhenIvisitedmyparentsthreeyearslater,andmyelderdaughterhidbehindherteacherwhenIpickedherupuponreturningtoBeijingafteraclinicalinvestigation.TraditionalChinesemedicineanditsrelevancetomalariaOurlongjourneysearchingforantimalarialdrugsbeganwithcollectionofrelevantinformationandrecipesfromtraditionalChinesemedicine.MalariawasoneoftheepidemicdiseaseswiththemostcomprehensiverecordsintraditionalChinesemedicalliterature,suchas

ZhouLi

(周礼),aclassicalbookinancientChinapublishedintheZhouDynasty(1046–256B.C.).Otherliteratureincludesthe

InnerCanonoftheYellowEmperor

(黄帝内经)publishedaroundthetimeoftheChunQiuandQinDynasties(770–207B.C.),the

SynopsisofPrescriptionsoftheGoldenChamber

(金匮要略)publishedintheHanDynasty(206B.C–220A.D.),the

GeneralTreatiseontheCausesandSymptomsofDiseases

(诸病源候论)publishedintheSuiDynasty(581–618A.D.),theQianJinFangor

PrescriptionsWorthaThousandPiecesofGold

(千金方)andtheWaiTaiMiYaoor

SecretMedicalEssentialsofaProvincialGovernor

(外台密要)publishedintheTangDynasty(618–907A.D.),abookonmalaria(痎疟论疏)publishedintheMingDynasty(1368–1644A.D.)andthe

MalignantMalariaGuide

(瘴疟指南)publishedintheQingDynasty(1644–1911A.D.),the

PrescriptionforUniversalRelief

(普济方)publishedintheMingDynasty,1368–1644A.D.),

etc.AfterthoroughlyreviewingthetraditionalChinesemedicalliteratureandfolkrecipesandinterviewingexperiencedChinesemedicalpractitioners,Icollectedovertwothousandherbal,animalandmineralprescriptionswithinthreemonthsafterinitiationoftheproject.Fromthesetwothousandrecipes,Isummarized640prescriptionsinabrochureentitled“AntimalarialCollectionsofRecipesandPrescriptions”(抗疟单秘验方集).Icirculatedcopiesofthebrochuretootherresearchgroupsoutsidetheinstituteforreferencethroughthenationalproject523officeinApril1969.Ahandfulofqinghaoimmersedintwolitersofwater,wringoutthejuiceanddrinkitall(青蒿一握,以水二升渍,绞取汁,尽服之)Westartedourexperimentsondichroineusinganimalmodels.Thestudywassoonstoppedduetoitsseveresideeffects.FromMay1969,extractsofoverhundredherbswerepreparedandtestedinrodentmalaria,withfewpromisingresultsfounduptoJune1971.Aftermultipleexperimentsandfailures,Ire-focusedonreviewingthetraditionalChinesemedicalliterature.Oneoftheherbs,Qinghao(青蒿)(theChinesenamefortheherbsinthe

Artemisia

family),showedsomeeffectsininhibitingmalariaparasitesduringinitialscreening,buttheresultwasinconsistentandnotreproducible.IrepeatedlyreadrelevantparagraphsintheliteraturewheretheuseofQinghaowasrecordedasrelievingmalariasymptoms.InGeHong’s

AHandbookofPrescriptionsforEmergencies

(肘后备急方),Inoticedonesentence“AhandfulofQinghaoimmersedintwolitersofwater,wringoutthejuiceanddrinkitall”(青蒿一握,以水二升渍,绞取汁,尽服之)whenQinghaowasmentionedforalleviatingmalariafevers.Mostherbsweretypicallyboiledinwaterandmadeintoadecoctionbeforetakenbythepatients.ThisuniquewayofusingQinghaogavemetheideathatheatingduringextractionmighthavedestroyedtheactivecomponentsandthehightemperaturemightneedtobeavoidedinordertopreservetheherb’sactivity.GeHong’shandbookalsomentioned“wringoutthejuice.”ThisremindedmethattheleafofQinghaomightbeoneofthemaincomponentsprescribed.IredesignedexperimentsinwhichthestemsandleavesofQinghaowereextractedseparatelyatareducedtemperatureusingwater,ethanolandethylether.Sampleno.191,asymbolicbreakthroughinartemisin