考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷472

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷472

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共万题，每题7.0分，共

15分。）

LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsome

mammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,others

arenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.[Cl].Very

occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildup

areasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindof

rockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,

oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate.[C2]Nearlyallof

thefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateraction,andmostof

theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemany

kindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichwcknownothing.[C3].There

werealsocrablikecreatures,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.The

bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,the

otherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,often

withthousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.

[C4].Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhavea

shellcomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.

Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.

ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.[C5].About

75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.The

mammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimals

suchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinct,were

knowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbone

carvings.[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsare

known.[BJNeverthcless,wcknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbones

andshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils,fromthemwecantelltheirsize

andshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.|C|Thefirstanimalswithtrue

backboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300

millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,

appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampy

poolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayerisformed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptiles

andfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,

andintheair.|D|Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimals

evolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeoverlargeareasoftheworld.|E|Theearliest

animalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.

Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthestar­

fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

[F]Whenananimaldies,ihebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawayby

streamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedinthe

seaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwould

falluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.|G]Manyfactors

caninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybe

replacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,or

simplyreducedtoamorestableform.

1、[Cl]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：画线处位于第一段末尾，考查画线处前后的语义关系发现，前文中说

动物灭绝了，暗含的意思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子

说我们可以对这些动物形成准确的印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，

四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有B项。此外，第二段开头Veryoccasionally

iherocksshowimpressionofskin,rocks的前面使用了定冠词the修饰，这表明

rocks在前文中一定出现过，但第一段中并没有出现关于rocks的内容，冈此可以

确定，关于rocks的内容一定出现在要填入的选项中。B项中出现了动物的骨骼被

保存在therocks中变成化石的论述，由此可以判断B项是正确答案。

2、[C2]

标准答案：F

知识点解析：本题出现在第三段首句，从答题策略来看，应当重点看后文的叙述，

后文中water重复了两遍，说明water是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能

会在上下文中出现，即我们要填入的信息中出现water的复现词或同义词。对比选

项，F项中出现了lake,stream,river,sea等同类词汇，因此可以判断F项为正确

答案。本题最大的干扰项为G项，因为G项一开始就有howfossilsatepreserved与

卜文Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocks…所表达的内容从

形式上来看似乎是吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织（organism）

可能转化成几种形式，而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearlyallofthefossils

thatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateraction,语义上主要说明水的运

动对于化石保存下来所起的作用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。

3、[C3]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补

充和说明，这就证明本题前面的句子中应当与also后的crablikecreatures（类似螃蟹

的生物）相并列的内容，或者出现了有关“类似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比较选

项可以发现,E项中出现的信息Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongtheseare

thesea—lilies,relationsofthestar-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedby

alongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks描述了一些生物具有“类似螃蟹的信息”：had

longarinsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorock（有长触角且通过

长茎吸附到海床或岩石上）。因此，E项是正确答案。

4、[C4]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：下文一开始就出现了指示代词these,这说明试题前面的句子表明了

一类事物，也就是说，试题部分应该有“some,several,many”或类似的词，对比

答案只能是A项Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkinds

areknown.里面出现/manydifferentkindsof,这个短语和后面的指示代词these

形成了对应关系。

5、(C51

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章前面几段讲的都是动物不断进化的过程，而下文中的时间状语

About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasover表明文章对地球上动物进化过

程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺序，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存

在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可能会提到比75millionyearsag。更早

的时间。通过对比选项可知C项中的两个表示时间的短语375millionyears和150

millionyears和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具有了延续性，是正确答案。此外，

划线处后的About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe

groupsdiedout中的Reptile在前文中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因

而正确答案的选项中一定有这个词。只有C项中有Theamphibiansgaverisetothe

reptilesfbrnearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthe

sea,andinthesea,andintheair,所以正确答案只能是C项。

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferencefbreatingout:

consumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32

percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach

38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefood

servicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretail

demandofIto2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peopleare

gettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingat

homearealisticalternative.|B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope1slargestmarkets

areatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.

Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,and

expansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirown

backyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarket

retailersneed.[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthe

foodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexible

trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,iiisuptothebuyer,ratherthanthe

seller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyan

ever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhow

longthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.[D]AI1inall,thisclearlyseemstobea

marketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructure,

andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketing

intelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywell

expecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.

Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,

especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitive

dynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthese

differencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheir

particularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneeded,too.[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesale

marketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italyand

Spain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Deirandcomesmainlyfromtwo

sources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystores,whichunlikelargeretailchains,are

toosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcaterto

consumerswhentheydon'tcatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnack

machinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknown

inthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurantsandcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarket

forfoodanddrinkisgrov/ingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthe

figures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.[F]Forexample,wholesalefood

anddrinksalescometo$168billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnited

Kingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverall

marginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservice

sectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthe

competitivedynamicsof:hisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasiblefor

wholesalerstoconsolidate.[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlarge

retaiIers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheir

hand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreap

considerablegains.Order:

1.—*2.*'3.—*,4.—一|E[—*5.|]

6、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文章的结沟应是：提出问题一分析问题一解决问题。B项首句就提出

了欧洲食品零售所面临的问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章的中心问题，

而且本项中也不需要上文的补充呼应，其他选项都有关键词要求和上文相衔接，

小可能在首段出现，故B项为止确答案。

7、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：第一段确定为B项，其最后一句话“But”后指出了虽然食品零售商面

临着发展停滞的问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在的市场——就是他们身边的

“wholesalefoodandtrade"。而F项中的第一句话便举例说明法国、德国、意大利

等国家的食品批发产业的市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%。在“Moreover”后，

又进一步说明批发的利润在很大程度上高于零售的利润。因此可以判断此项是针

对第一段进行的举例说明，故F项为正确答案。

8、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：上一段（F项）讲的是食品批发商的优势，而D项第一句“Allinall,

thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhich…''是总结性的句子，显然是对上文的总

结，这是从“Allinall”这个关键词看出来的，即上文中提到的食品批发的优势，由

此可以推出这是针对"bigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesaling”的

“market”。因此D项为正确答案。

9、

标准答案：G

知识点解析:上段（D段）最后一句提出的“particularabilities”以及“Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo”，即零售商也需要一些新技能及不为人熟

知的商业模式。而G项第一句提到的“theserequirements（这些要求）”指的就是上面

提到的技能。因此G项为正确答案。

10、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：此题可用排除法。现在可用的只有A项和C项。根据文意的分析，

发现前文E项中最后一句"twoopposingtrends”在A项中得到了体现，即一方面由

于人们更多地外出就餐增加了对食品批发的需求，而另一方面人们乂开始感到焦

虑。而C项第一句提到“suchvariations”，在上文中找不到对应的替代内容，故排

除。因此可以推出A项为正确答案。

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthe

humanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsanda

medicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthe

humanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglish

dropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:

literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearcdisciplinesthatarcgoingoutof

style:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%

inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheir

undergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducated

personshouldpossess.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata"generaleducation'1

shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecausethey

havebeenread"—theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabout

halfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearcsimply

toofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.

Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmore

bachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequirefewer

teachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavethe

professiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]Onereasonwhyitis

hardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytop

Americanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbe

kuplscpaialu,lauglilindiffurcnlsuliouls.ManysludciilscxpciicnucbothvariuUcs.

AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,

futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebefore

embarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessions

bythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.The

growthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearch

grantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfas

researchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeinto

aprerequisitefbrasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmerican

professorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr

Menand,isthat"theknov/ledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationare

transmissiblebutnottransferable.0Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustoverthe

productionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayin

which"theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinueto

thinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,

investigateandcriticize."Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecome

lessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."Yetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddoesnot

say.[G]Thesubtleandin:elligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:Reformand

ResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingof

applyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.Forsomething

curioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorof

EnglishatHarva