考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷36

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷36

一、阅读9翻译句子）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

Atthemoment,therearetworeliablewaystomakeelectricityfromsunlight.[Fl]Yiu

canuseapanelofsolarcellslocreateihecuirenldireclly、byliberalingeleclronsfroma

semiconductingmalerialsuchassilicon.Oryoucanconcenirateihesun'sraysusing

minors,boilwaterwi〔hthem,andemploy[hesteam〔odriveagenerator.Bothwork.But

bothareexpensive.GangChenoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandZhifeng

RenofBostonCollegethereforepropose,inapaperinNatureMaterials,analternative.

Theysuggestthataphenomenoncalledthethcrmoclcciriceffectmightbeusedinstead一

andtheyhavebuiltaprototypetoshowthattheideaispractical.Intheirview,three

thingsareneededtocreateaworkablesolar-thermoelectricdevice.Thefirstistomake

surethatmostofthesunlightwhichfallsonitisabsorbed,ratherthanbeingreflected.

Thesecondistochooseathermoelectricmaterialwhichconductsheatbadly（sothat

differentpartsremainatdifferenttenipcratures）butelectricitywell.[F2]Thethirdisto

becertainthatthetemperaturegradientwhichthatbadlyconductingmaterialcreatesis

notfritteredawaybypoordesign.Thetworesearchersovercamethesechallenges

throughcleverengineering.Thefirsttheydealtwithbycoatingthetopofthedevicewith

oxidesofhafnium,molybdenumandtitanium,inlayersabout100nanometresthick.

[F3]Theselayersactedliketheanti-reflectivecoatingsonspectaclelensesandcaused

almostallthesunlightfallingonthedevicetobeabsorbed.Theseconddesideratum,of

lowthermalandhighelectricalconductivity,wasachievedbydividingthebismuth

tellurideintopelletsafewnanometresacross.[F4]Thaldoesnotaffecttheirelecirical

conductivily,butnanoscaleparticleslikeihisareknowntoscalierandobstruclthe

passageofheatihroughimDerfectlyunderstoodquantum-mechanicalprocesses.Thethird

objective,efficientdesign,involvedsandwichingthenanostructuredbismuthtelluride

betweentwocopperplatesandthenenclosingtheupperplate（theonecoatedwiththe

light-absorbingoxidcs）andthebismuthtellurideinavacuum.Thecopperplates

conductedheatrapidlytoandfromthebismuthtelluride,thusmaintainingthe

temperaturedifference.Thevacuumstoppedtheapparatuslosingheatbyconvection.

Theupshotwasadevicethatconverts4.6%ofincidentsunlightintoelectricity.[F5]

Thatisnotgieatcomparedwiththe20%andmoreachievedbyasilicon-basedsolaicell,

the40%managedbyasolar-thermalturbine,oreventhe18-20%ofoneofthenew

generationofchcaDandcheerfulthin-filmsolaicells.Butitisenough,DrChenreckons,

fortheprocesstobeworthconsideringformassproduction.

1、[Fl]

标准答案：你可以使用一块太阳能电池板从硅等半导体材料中释放电子来直接制造

电流。也可以用镜子集中太阳光线，利用它们烧开水，利用蒸汽驱动发电机。

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[F2]

标准答案：第三是确保那种导热性差的材料产生的温度变化不会因为设计缺陷而白

白浪费。

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[F3]

标准答案：它们的作用类似玻璃眼镜上面防反射的覆盖层，使所有落到设备上的阳

光都被吸收。

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[F4]

标准答案：它们的导电性不会因此受到影响，但是人们知道像这样的纳米级颗粒会

分散开来并通过人们还尚未完全理解的量子力学过程阻碍热量通道。

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、[F5]

标准答案：以硅晶为基础的太阳能电池的转化率为20%甚至以上，太阳能热力泯

轮的为40%,就连一种新一代价廉物美的薄膜太叶能电池的转化率也能达到18%

一20%。

知识点解析：暂无解析

[Fl]Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfuencedbyscience,bulIheirform

andfunclion,iheirdimensionsandappearance,weredelenninedbylechnologisls,

arlisans,designers、invenlors,andengineers—usingnonscienlificmodesofihought.

Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbe

reducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,

nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbal

thinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterial

surroundings.[F2]Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexislnoibecauseofgeometryor

themiodynamics,bulbecausetheywerefirstapictureinihemindsof〔hosewhobuilt

them.Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseeninnearlyevery

artifactthatexists.[F3]ForexamDle,indesigningadieselengine、alechnologistmighr

impressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusingan

inluitivesenseofrighlnessandfilness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustion

chamber?Whereshouldbevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Such

questionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysical

requirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Some

decisionssuchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,

butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.Designcourses,then,should

beanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentral

mechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestock-in-tradeoftheartist,

notthescientist.[F4]Becausepercemiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentailhard

thinking,nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentof

cognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.Butitisparadoxical

thatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohave

drawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistorical

recordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilities

werenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.[F5]

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethe

backgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solvingarenotprovided,wccanexpectto

encountersillybulcostlyeirorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,

earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunable

tooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurd

randomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations;

theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilya

probleminmathematics.

6、[Fl]

标准答案：许多日常使用的事物明显受到了科学的影响，但它们的形状和功能，它

们的大小和外观，是由工艺人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师运用非科学思维

模式来设计的。

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[F2]

标准答案：金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因为几何学或热力学，而是因

为在它们的制造者的头胸中事先存在了这样一幅画面。

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[F31

标准答案：比如说，在柴油发动机的设计中，通过不断使用关于合适感和适当感的

直观体会，一个工艺人员得以用他个人的非语言思维来影响到机器本身。

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[F4]

标准答案：因为人们认为感受的过程不需要“硬思维”，非语言思维被认为比语言和

数学思维要低级，是认知过程发展的一个原始阶段。

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[F5]

标准答案：如果不能开设设计课程（它能在一个高度分析性工程学课程体系中提供

解决实际问题的背景知一；只）.我们就会在先进的工程系统中遇到愚蠢并会导致极大

损失的错误。

知识点解析：暂无解析

TimothyBerners-LeemightbegivingBillGatesarunforthemoney,buthepassedup

hisshotatfabulouswealth—intentionally—in1990.[Fl]That'swhenhedecidednotto

patentthetechnologyusedtocreatethemostimportarHsoftwareinnovationinthefinal

decadeofthe20thcentury:theWorldWideWeb.Berners-Leewantedtomakethev/orld

aricherplace,notamasspersonalwealth.Sohegavehisbrainchildtousall.Bcrnci's-

Leeregardstoday'sWebasarebelliousadolescentthatcanneverfulfillhisoriginal

expectations.[F2]By2005,hehopestobeginreplacingitwiththeSemanticWeb-a

smartnetworkthatwillfinallyunderstandhumanlanguagesandmakecomputers

virtuallyaseasytoworkwithasotherhumans.AsenvisionedbyBerners-Lee,thenew

Webwouldunderstandnotonlythemeaningofwordsandconceptsbutalsothelogical

relationshipsamongthem.Thathasawesomepotential.Mostknowledgeisbuiltontwo

pillars:semanticsandmathematics.Innumber-crunching,computersalreadyoutclass

people.[F3]Machinesthata、eequallyadroitaldealingwithlanguageandreasonwon't

justhelppeopleuncovernewinsights;theycouldblazenewtrailsontheirown.[F4]

EvenwithafairlycrudeversionofthisfutureWeb,miningonlinerepositoriesfor

nuggels(“knowledgewouldnolongerforcepeopleI。wadeihroughscreenalterscreen

ofexlraneousdata.Instead,computerswoulddispatchintelligentagents,orsoftware

messengers,toexploreWebsitesbythethousandsandlogicallysiftoutjustwhat's

relevant.Thatalonewouldprovideamajorboostinproductivityatworkandathorns.

Butthere'sfarmore.Softwareagentscouldalsotakeonmanyroutinebusinesschores,

suchashelpingmanufacturersfindandnegotiatewithlowest-costpartssuppliersand

handlinghelp-deskquestions.TheSemanticWebwouldalsobeabottomlesstroveof

eurekainsights.Mostinventionsandscientificbreakthroughs,includingtoday'sWeb,

springfromnovelcombinationsofexistingknowledge.TheSemanticWebwouldmake

itpossibletoevaluatemorecombinationsovernightthanapersoncouldjuggleina

lifetime.SurescientistsandotherpeoplecanpostideasontheWebtodayforothersto

read.Butwithmachinesdoingthereadingandtranslatingtechnicalterms,relatedideas

frommillionsofWebpagescouldbedistilledandsummarized.Thatwilllifttheability

toassessandintegrateinformationtonewheights.TheSemanticWeb,Berners-Lee

predicts,willhelpmorepeoplebecomemoreintuitiveaswellasmoreanalytical.[F5]

IlwillfosterglobalcollahoralionsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturalpersDectives、we

haveabetterchanceoffindingtherightsolutions10thereallybigissues—likethe

environmenlandclimatewarming.

II、[FU

标准答案：当时伯纳斯・李决定不为那项用来创造20世纪90年代最重要的软件发

明——万维网——的技术申请专利。

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、[F2]

标准答案：到2005年，他希望开始用语义万维网取而代之，这是•种将最终理解

人类语言并使电脑在事实上像其他人类一样容易合作的智能网络。

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、[F3]

标准答案：在处理语言和逻辑方面同样熟练的机器将不止帮助人们洞察到新的知

识，还可能为它们自己开辟新的道路。

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、[F4]

标准答案：即使使用未来网络的一个很粗糙的版本.人们在网上知识的宝库中淘金

时，也不必再艰难地翻阅一屏乂一屏的无关数据了。

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、[F5]

标准答案：它将促进不同文化背景的人之间的全球性合作，因此我们有更好的机会

找到那些真正的重大问题的正确解决方案，如环境和气候变暖问题。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent-A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-type

offspring.[Fl]Buiiheenvironmentmuslalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceif

competitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeam旦iorfactorinthelivesof

theirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschool,whichis,by

itsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatall

costsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.[F2]The

CUITCINpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesagainsttheclock

producesatwo-laycrsystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typcsseeminsomewaybetterthan

theirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:remember

thatPhcidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoice,

weconquer!Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionate

emphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthose

thingstheydowell.[F3]Themeritsofcom