世界银行 -加强蒙古健康饮食政策框架 Strengthening Mongolias Policy Framework for Healthy Diets

blisclosureAuthorizeduuliicscosrAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorized

StrengtheningMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

PublicDisclosureAuthorized

Health,Nutrition,&Population

THEWORLDBANK

IBRDDAIWORLDBANKGROUP

June2025

June2025

THEWORLDBANK

BRD.lDAIWORLDBANKGROUP

Strengthening

Mongolia’sPolicyFrameworkfor

HealthyDiets

Health,Nutrition,&Population

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisreportwasproducedandwrittenbyataskteamconsistingofLibbyHattersley(Consultant,HEAH2),UranchimegTsevelvaanchig(ExtendedTermConsultant,HEAH2),andKateMandeville(SeniorHealthSpecialistandTaskTeamLeader,HEAH2).

TheteamwouldliketosincerelythankstafffromtheNationalCenterofPublicHealth,MongolianNationalUniversityofMedicalSciences(SchoolofPublicHealth),MongolianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(CenterforImprovementofNutrition),UnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),andtheMinistryofHealthfortheirtimeandsupportforthisreport.

TheteamwouldalsoliketothankKyokoShibataOkamura(SeniorNutritionSpecialist,HHNGE)andChiaraDell’Aira(YoungProfessional,HHNGE)fortheirinsightfulcomments,BadamkhandBoldforheradministrativesupport,aswellasCarynBredenkamp(PracticeManager,HEAH2)andTaehyunLee(CountryManager,EACMF)fortheirguidance.

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TABLE

OFCONTENTS

Summary

4

1.Introduction

5

2.NCDs,OverweightandObesity,andUnhealthyDietsinMongolia

6

3.ProgresstowardGlobalandNationalNutritionTargets

11

4.Mongolia’sCurrentApproachtoPromotingHealthyDiets

14

5.AlignmentwithBestPracticeGuidance

18

6.RecommendationstoStrengthenMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

31

Conclusion

34

Appendixes

35

3

4StrengtheningMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS

BMI

Bodymassindex

BMS

Breast-milksubstitutes

CAD

coronaryarterydisease

CHD

congenitalheartdisease

CVD

Cardiovasculardisease

DALYs

Disability-AdjustedLifeYears

DRI

DietaryReferenceIntakes

FOP

Frontofpack

FOPNL

Front-of-packnutritionlabelling

GCNF

GlobalChildNutritionFoundation

GIFNA

GlobalDatabaseonImplementationofFoodandNutritionActions

HCI

HumanCapitalIndex

IHME

InstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation

iTFA

Industriallyproducedtrans-fattyacids

LDL

Low-densitylipoprotein

MNS

MongolianNationalStandard

MULS

MongolianUniversityofLifeSciences

NCDs

Noncommunicablediseases

NNS

NationalNutritionSurvey

NPM

Nutrientprofilemodels

PHO

Partiallyhydrogenatedoils

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SSB

Sugar-sweetenedbeverages

WCRF

WorldCancerResearchFund

WHA

WorldHealthAssembly

WHOCHOICE

GeneralizedCost-EffectivenessAnalysismethodology

WHO

WorldHealthOrganization

Health,Nutrition,&Population5

SUMMARY

T

hispolicynoterecommendsapackageofpriorityactionstostrengthenMongolia’spolicyframeworkforhealthydiets.TheserecommendationsarebasedonareviewofthecurrentpolicyframeworkagainstglobalbestpracticeandMongolia’sprogresstowardglobalandnationalnutritiontargets.

UnhealthydietsareamajordriverofmalnutritioninallitsformsandarewidespreadinMongolia.Malnutritionhashealth,educational,income,andproductivityconsequencesthatcripplehumanpotentialandsloweconomicgrowth.Investmentsinnutritionareamongthemostbeneficialinvestmentsacountrycanmake,generatingsignificantreturnsthroughhealthierpopulationsandhumancapitalformation.

TheGovernmentofMongolia’scommitmenttoimprovingnutritionhasachievedsignificantresultsinrecentdecades,particularlyinreducingchildundernutrition(stuntingandwasting).However,limitedtonoprogresstowardotherglobalandnationalnutritiontargets,particularlythoserelatingtohealthydiets,overweight/obesity,anddiet-relatednoncommunicablediseases(NCDs),indicatesaneedtoreviewandfurtherstrengthenMongolia’spolicyframework.

Evidence-based,cost-effectiveinterventionsforpromotinghealthydietsareoutlinedinglobalguidancedocuments.Asetofsevenhigh-impactinterventionshavedemonstratedcost-effectivenessandfeasibilityinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries:mandatoryproductreformulationpolicies;mandatoryfront-of-packnutritionlabelling(FOPNL);publicfoodprocurementandservicepolicies;behaviorchangecommunicationandmassmediacampaigns;restrictionsonmarketingofunhealthyfoodsandbeveragestochildren;protection,promotion,andsupportforbreastfeeding;andsugar-sweetenedbeverage(SSB)taxationaspartofcomprehensivefiscalpoliciestopromotehealthydiets.Thesesevenpolicytoolsarecomplementaryandworkbestwhenimplementedtogether,oralignedovertime,aspartofacomprehensive,multi-sectoralframeworkfornutrition.

Therearemajorgapsinimplementationofthesepriority,high-impactpoliciesinMongolia.TherolloutofMongolia’sschoollunchprogramandadoptionofSSBtaxlegislationintotheExciseTaxLawin2024havebeenimportantsteps.However,overallimplementationofbestpracticepolicyrecommendationsforhealthydietsinMongoliaisweak.Prioritypolicygapsincludealackofproductreformulationpolicies,front-of-packnutritionlabelling(FOPNL),restrictionsonmarketingofunhealthyfoodsandbeveragetochildren,andbehaviorchangecommunicationstrategies.Thereisalsoaneedtostrengthenschoolnutritionstandards;introduceongoingmonitoringandevaluationoftheschoollunchprogram;andstrengtheneffortstopromote,protect,andsupportbreastfeeding.Addressingthesegapswouldhavesignificantlong-termhealthandeconomicbenefitsforMongolia.Itisstronglyrecommendedthatastrategicallydesignedpackageofpoliciestoaddressthesegapsbeprioritizedforimplementation,basedoninternationalevidenceandexperiencesandadaptedtotheMongoliancontext.

6StrengtheningMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

INTRODUCTION

1

A

ccordingtotheHumanCapitalIndex(HCI),

1

childrenborninMongoliatodaywillbe61percentasproductivewhentheygrowupastheycouldbeiftheyenjoyedcompleteeducationandfullhealth.

2

NutritionunderpinseverycomponentoftheHCI.

3

Undernutrition(inadequateconsumptionofessential

nutrientsandcalories)canleadtostunting,wasting,andmicronutrientdeficiencies.Undernutritionduringthefirst1,000daysoflife(fromconceptionthroughtoachild’ssecondbirthday)reduceschildsurvivalratesandhassevereandlastingimpactsonachild’sphysicalandcognitivedevelopment,educationalattainment,andoverallhealthoutcomesacrosshis/herlifetime.Overnutrition(excessorimbalancedconsumption)increasesanindividual’sriskofdevelopingoverweight,obesity,andmultiplenoncommunicablediseases(NCDs),includingcardiovasculardisease(CVD)andtype2diabetes.ChildrenwhoexperiencesevereorchronicundernutritionatanearlyageareatincreasedriskofdevelopingNCDslaterinlife.Oncetheydevelop,NCDshaveprofoundandlong-termimpactsonindividuals,families,andsocieties.Theyloweranindividual’squalityoflife,workforceparticipation,andlifeexpectancyandsubstantiallyincreasehealthcarecosts.

Investmentsinnutritionareamongthemostbeneficialinvestmentsacountrycanmake,generatingsignificantreturnsthroughhealthierpopulationsandhumancapitalformation.4Bothunder-andovernutritionhavelifelongandintergenerationalconsequences,cripplingchildren’spotentialandtrappingtheminpoverty,perpetuatinginequalities,andhamperingeconomicgrowth.Investmentsinnutritioncanhavepowerful‘multipliereffects’acrossanindividual’slifetime,maximizinghumanpotentialandboostingeconomicproductivity.

UnhealthydietsareamajordriverofmalnutritioninallitsformsandarewidespreadinMongolia.Effectivegovernmentpoliciesareessentialtocreateenvironmentsthatsupportandpromotehealthydiets.ThispolicynoterecommendsapackageofpriorityinterventionstostrengthenMongolia’spolicyframeworkforhealthydiets.TheserecommendationsarebasedonareviewofMongolia’scurrentpolicyframeworkforhealthydietsanditsprogresstowardglobalandnationalnutritiontargets.

1TheHCImeasuresthepotentialproductivityachildborntodaycanexpecttoobtainbyher/his18thbirthdayrelativetoabenchmarkoffullhealthandcompleteeducation,onascaleof0to1.

2WorldBank.2023.“HumanCapitalCountryBrief:Mongolia.”WorldBankGroup,Washington,DC.

/en/

doc/64e578cbeaa522631f08f0cafba8960e-0140062023/related/HCI-AM23-MNG.pdf.

3.4Shekar,M.,K.S.Okamura,andDell’AiraC.Vilar-Compte,eds.2025.“InvestmentFrameworkforNutrition2024.”HumanDevelopmentPerspectives.WorldBank,Washington,DC.

Health,Nutrition,&Population7

2

NCDs,OverweightandObesity,andUnhealthyDietsinMongolia

N

CDsaretheleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityinMongolia,accountingfor72percentofalldeathsand66percentofallDisability-AdjustedLifeYears(DALYs)

5

in2021.6CVDs,includingischemicheartdiseaseandstroke,aretheleadingcauseofdeathandasignificantcauseofprematuredeaths.Oneinthree

Mongolians(35percent)diedfromCVDin2021withmorethanhalfofthesedeaths(51percent)occurringbefore70yearsofage.7Menaredisproportionatelyaffected,with57percentofallCVD-relateddeathsand70percentofallprematureCVD-relateddeathsin2021occurringinmen.8PrevalenceofhypertensioninMongolia(23.2percent)isamongthehighestintheregion.Theburdenoftype2diabetesisrisingrapidly,with14percentofadultwomenand15.8percentofadultmenestimatedtobelivingwithtype2diabetesin2022,upfrom6.7percentand8.9percent,respectively,in2000.

9

Risingprevalenceofoverweightandobesity—aleadingriskfactorformultipleNCDs,includingCVD,type2diabetes,andsomecancers—isamajorconcern.BasedonresultsfromMongolia’sSixthNationalNutritionSurvey(NNS,2024),morethanhalfofmen(57.4percent)andwomen(53percent)ages15–49years,andalmostoneinfourchildren(23.7percent)ages6–12years,areoverweightorobese.10PrevalenceofadultobesityisrisingfasterinMongoliathantheglobalaverage,particularlyamongmales(Figure1).Between2000and2022,obesityprevalencesurgedalmostfourfoldamongMongolianmenages18yearsandolder,from7.6percentto27.2percent,anddoubledamongwomen,from14.4percentto27.2percent.11Prevalenceofobesityisalsorisingamongschool-agechildrenandadolescents(5–19years),withaparticularlyrapidriseamongboyssince2010(Figure2andFigure3).

5DALYsisameasureoftheoverallburdenofdisease,includingbothyearsoflifelostduetoprematuredeathandyearsofhealthylifelostduetolivingwithadisability.OneDALYrepresentsthelossoftheequivalentofoneyearoffullhealth.

678IHME(InstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation).2024.GlobalBurdenofDisease2021:FindingsfromtheGBD2021Study.Seattle,WA:IHME.

9WHO(WorldHealthOrganization).2024.GlobalHealthObservatory.

1011NutritionStatusofthePopulationofMongolia:SixthNationalNutritionSurveyKeyIndicatorsReport.Ulaanbaatar,2024.

/mongolia/

media/7701/file/Nutrition%20status%20of%20the%20population%20of%20Mongolia.pdf.

8StrengtheningMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

Figure1.Prevalenceofobesityamongadults,18+years

Prevalenceofobesity(BMI>30kg/m2)(%)

25

20

15

10

5

0

1990199520002005201020152020

Mongolia(Woman)Mongolia(Men)Global(Woman)Global(Men)

30

Source:WHOGlobalHealthObservatory,2025.

Figure2.Prevalenceofobesityamongchildrenandadolescents,ages10–19years

Prevalenceofobesity(BMI>2SDabovemedian)(%)

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

19901995

Mongolia(Boys)

20152020

Global(Girls)

2000

Mongolia(Girls)

2010

Global(Boys)

2005

Source:WHOGlobalHealthObservatory,2025.

Health,Nutrition,&Population9

Figure3.Prevalenceofobesityamongchildren,ages5–9years

Prevalenceofobesity(BMI>2SDabovemedian)(%)

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

19901995

Mongolia(Boys)

20002005

Mongolia(Girls)

20152020

Global(Girls)

2010

Global(Boys)

Source:WHOGlobalHealthObservatory,2025.

UnhealthydietsarewidespreadinMongoliaandareamajormodifiableriskfactorforoverweight,obesity,andNCDs.Unhealthydietssignificantlyincreasetheriskofdevelopingmultiplemetabolicdisorders,includingelevatedbloodpressure,low-densitylipoprotein(LDL)cholesterol,andfastingplasmaglucose;highbodymassindex(BMI);andkidneydysfunction.DietaryriskfactorsaccountedforoneinfiveNCD-relateddeaths(20.5percent)and12.37percentofNCD-relatedDALYsinMongoliain2021.

12

Highintakesofsalt/sodiumandlowintakesoffruits,wholegrains,fiber,omega-3,andnutsandseedsweretheleadingdietaryriskfactors.Dietshighinredandprocessedmeatsandsugar-sweetenedbeverages(SSBs)werealsokeydietaryriskfactorsfortype2diabetes-relateddeathsandDALYs.

13

Excesssaltconsumptionisakeypublichealthconcern.AveragedailysaltconsumptioninMongoliaisestimatedat10.5gperperson,

14

morethandoubletheWHOrecommendedlimitof5gsalt(equivalenttoapproximately2gsodium)perpersonperday.HighsaltintakeincreasesbloodpressureandisakeyriskfactorforhypertensionandCVDs.Highsaltintakeisalsolinkedtostomachcancers—anotherleadingcauseofdeathinMongolia.Thecountryhasamongthehighestage-standardizedincidenceandmortalityratesduetostomachcancerintheworld.

12IHME2024.

13Ibid.

14WHO.2020.“FourthNationalSTEPSSurveyonthePrevalenceofNon-CommunicableDiseaseandInjuryRiskFactors-2019.”WHO,Geneva.

10StrengtheningMongolia’sPolicyFrameworkforHealthyDiets

Highintakesofredandprocessedmeats,highsugarconsumption(particularlyintheformofSSBs),andrisingconsumptionofprocessedfoodsarealsoconcerns.In2018,themeanSSBintakewasmorethantwicetheregionalaverageamongchildrenandadolescents(4.4versus2.1servingsperweekforages3–19years)andmorethanthreetimestheregionalaverageamongadults(3.1versus0.9servingsperweekforages20+years).15Accordingtothefindingsfromthelatest(Sixth)NNS(2024),71percentofmen,67.7percentofwomen,and36.7percentofchildrenages6–23monthshadconsumedsugarybeveragesthepreviousday.16Almosthalf(42.4percent)ofchildrenages12–18yearsreportedconsumingSSBsmorethantwiceweekly.Percapitaconsumptionofredmeatisveryhigh,particularlyinruralareas,17whileconsumptionofprocessedfoods,includingSSBs,confectionery,andrefinedgrains,ishighestinurbanareas.18Meatconsumptionisstronglylinkedtosocialnorms,particularlyamongmen.

Inadequatefruitandvegetableconsumptionandlowdietarydiversityaremajorchallenges.Reportedaveragedailypercapitaintakesoffruits(21g)andvegetables(55g)19inMongoliaisfarbelowrecommendedintakesofatleast400goffruitsandvegetablesperday.20AccordingtotheSixthNNSdata,only15.3percentofpregnantwomenhadconsumedallfiverecommendedfoodgroups(starchyfoods,vegetables,fruits,pulses,nutsorseeds)thepreviousday.21Lowdietarydiversityandlowintakesoffruitsandvegetablesareindicatorsofnutritionallyinadequatedietsandlinkedtopoornutritionandhealthoutcomes,includingmicronutrientdeficiencies,poormaternalandchildhealth,andincreasedriskofdevelopingNCDs.

Breastfeedingratesaredeclining,andasignificantproportionofchildrenarenotfedaminimumacceptablediet.AccordingtotheSixthNNSdata,59.6percentofinfantsareexclusivelybreastfedinthefirstsixmonthsoflife.22Lessthanoneinthreechildren(30.4percent)ages6–23monthsreceiveaminimumacceptablediet(basedonminimumdietarydiversityandminimummealfrequency),23withalmostoneinthreechildreninthisagegroup(31.8percent)reportedtohavenotconsumedanyfruitsorvegetablesthepreviousday.24

15Lara-Castor,L.,R.Micha,F.Cudhea,etal.2023.“Sugar-SweetenedBeverageIntakesamongAdultsbetween1990and2018in185Countries.”NatCommun14:5957.

/10.1038/s41467-023-41269-8

.

16,21,22NutritionStatusofthePopulationofMongolia:SixthNationalNutritionSurvey.Ulaanbaatar,2024.

/mongolia/media/7701/file/

Nutrition%20status%20of%20the%20population%20of%20Mongolia.pdf.

17Delgermaa,D.,M.Yamaguchi,M.Nomura,andN.Nishi.2023.“AssessmentofMongolianDietaryIntakeforPlanetaryandHumanHealth.”PLOSGlobPublicHealth3(3):e0001229.

/articles/PMC10021422/

;Bromage,S.,T.Daria,R.L.Lander,S.Tsolmon,L.A.Houghton,E.Tserennadmid,N.Gombo,R.S.Gibson,andD.Ganmaa.2020.“DietandNutritionStatusofMongolianAdults.”Nutrients12(5):1514.

18Bromageetal.2020.

19NationalStatisticsOffice.HouseholdSocioeconomicSurvey2018.

http://web.nso.mn/nada/index.php/catalog/LFS/dataset

.

20WHO/FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganization).2002.Diet,NutritionandthePreventionofChronicDiseases:ReportofaJointWHO/FAOExpertConsultation.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization.

23TheminimumacceptabledietisdefinedbyWHOasthefollowing:forbreastfedchildren:receivingatleasttheminimumdietarydiversityandminimummealfrequencyfortheirageduringthepreviousday;fornon-breastfedchildren:receivingatleasttheminimumdietarydiversityandminimummealfrequencyfortheirageduringthepreviousdayaswellasatleasttwomilkfeeds.

24NutritionStatusofthePopulationofMongolia:SixthNationalNutritionSurveyKeyIndicatorsReport.Ulaanbaatar,2024.

Health,Nutrition,&Population11

Unhealthydietsarestronglylinkedtofoodinsecurityandaninabilitytoaccesssufficient,affordable,andacceptablenutritiousfoods.AnestimatedoneinfiveMongolianhouseholds(19.6percent)wereunabletoaffordahealthydietin2022.25AccordingtofindingsfromtheSixthNNS,almostoneinfourhouseholdswithchildrenunderfiveyearsofage(21.6percent)aremoderatelyorseverelyfoodinsecure.26Mongolia’sharshagro-climaticconditionsandheavydependenceonimportsincreaseitsvulnerabilitytofoodpriceandsupplyshocks.27Poorcoldstorageandtransportinfrastructurefurtherconstrainfreshfoodsupplyinremoteareas.28

Investinginaddressingunhealthydietswouldhavesignificantlong-termhealthandeconomicbenefitsforMongolia.Forexample,everyMNT100,000investedinimplementingandscalingupasetofpriorityinterventionstoreducesaltintakes29wouldreturnanestimatedMNT1.69millionovera15-yearperiodthroughdeathsavertedandlaborproductivitygains—ahigherreturnoninvestmentthanscalingupalcoholandtobaccocontrolinterventions(whichwouldreturnMNT1.36millionandMNT1.30million,respectively,foreveryMNT100,000investedover15years).30

25FAOetal.2024.

26NutritionStatusofthePopulationofMongolia:SixthNationalNutritionSurveyKeyIndicatorsReport.Ulaanbaatar,2024.

27MULS(MongolianUniversityofLifeSciences).2023.ChallengesofFoodSecurityandNutritioninMongolia.Ulaanbaatar:MongolianUniversityofLifeSciences.

/profile/Kadirbyek-Dagys-2/publication/371530728_Challenges_of_Food_Security_and_Nutrition_in_Mongolia/links/652e7feb-

7d0cf66a67347bcb/Challenges-of-Food-Security-and-Nutrition-in-Mongolia.pdf.

28Dagys,K.,B.Agipar,S.Tsolmon,C.Ringler,K.Bellisario,andJ.Fanzo.2023.“MaximizingNutritioninKeyFoodValueChainsofMongoliaunderClimateChange.”FoodPolicy117:102468.

29SetoffourinterventionsdrawnfromthelistofWHO-recommendedinterventionsinAppendix3oftheNCDGlobalActionPlan2013-2020:(a)engagementofindustryinthereformulationoffoodproducts,(b)adoptionofstandardsforfrontofpack(FOP)labels,(c)integratededucationandcommunicationstrategiestoraiseawarenessaboutthehealthrisksanddietarysourcesofsalt,and(d)implementationofmulticomponentsaltreductionstrategiesincommunityset-tings.

30WHOandUNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme).2017.TheInvestmentCaseforNoncommunicableDiseasePreventionandControlinMongolia:ReturnonInvestmentAnalysis&InstitutionalContextAnalysis.Geneva:WHO.

/bitstream/handle/10665/259627/WHO-NMH-NMA-17.55-

eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Health,Nutrition,&Population13

3

Progresstoward

GlobalandNationalNutritionTargets

T

heGovernmentofMongolia’scommitmenttoimprovingnutritionhasachievedsignificantresultsinrecentdecades,particularlyinreducingchildundernutrition.Prevalenceofstunting(height-for-agemorethan2standarddeviations[SD]belowtheWHOChildGrowthStandardsmedian)amongchildrenunderfive

yearsdeclined,from30percentin2000to8.8percentin2023.

31

Wastingprevalence(weight-for-heightmorethan2standarddeviations[SD]belowWHOChildGrowthStandardsmedian)amongchildrenunderfivehasalsodeclined,from7.1percentin2000to0.9percentin2018.

32

However,therehasbeenlimitedtonoprogresstowardotherglobalandnationalnutritiontargets(Table1).

Prevalenceofanemiaamongwomenages15–49yearshasremainedvirtuallyunchangedsince2012,at14.5percent.TherateofexclusivebreastfeedinginMongoliaexceedstheglobaltargetof50percentbuthasbeendeclining,from65.7percentin2010to59.6percentin2023.WhileMongoliaisconsideredtohavemetthe2025globaltargetofnoincreaseinchildoverweight,

33

prevalenceofoverweightamongchildrenunderfiveyearsincreasedslightlyfrom9.8percentin2012to11.7percentin2023.Thisishigherthantheregionalaverageof8.2percentandputsMongoliawelloffcoursetomeettheextendedglobaltargettoreduceandmaintainchildoverweight(under5years)tolessthan3percentby2030.

34

Mongoliaisoffcoursetomeetotheroverweightandobesitytargets,withprevalenceofoverweightandobesityworseningamongadultsandadolescentsages12–17years,particularlyamongmales.Thereisnonationaltargetforoverweight/obesityamongschool-agechildren5–11years,yetprevalenceofobesityisrisingrapidlyamongboysinthisagegroup(Figure3).

Lackofcomprehensivedietaryintakedatamakesitdifficulttoassessprogresstowardnationaldietaryintaketargets.However,findingsfromthelatest(Sixth)NNSsuggestthatsuboptimaldietsarewidespread.

TheseresultsindicatethatwhileMongoliahasmadegoodprogressonsomekeynutritionpriorities(particularlychildstuntingandwasting),thereisaneedtoreviewandfurtherstrengthenthepolicyframeworktoaddresspoorprogresstowardothertargets,particularlythoserelatingtodiet-relatedNCDs,overweightandobesity,andhealthydiets.ThenextsectionreviewsMongolia’scurrentpolicyandregulatoryapproachtopromotinghealthydiets.

31UNICEF-WHO-WorldBankJointChildMalnutritionEstimates.

/data/gho/data/themes/topics/joint-child-malnutrition-estimates-unicef

-who-wb.

32UNICEF-WHO-WorldBankJointChildMalnutritionEstimates;NutritionStatusofthePopulationofMongolia:SixthNationalNutritionSurvey.Ulaanbaatar,2024.

33GlobalNutritionTargetCollaborators.2024.“Global,Regional,andNationalProgresstowardsthe2030GlobalNutritionTargetsandForecaststo2050:ASystematicAnalysisfortheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2021.”TheLancet404(10471):2543–2583;WHOGlobalNutritionTargetsT