西蒙波伏瓦《第二性》资料

SimonedeBeauvoir:IntroductiontotheSecondSexMarch22,2006S.deBeauvoirandJ.P.SartreTheSecondSexWomanasthesecondsexThesecondsexderivedfromthefirstsexWomeninthepositionofthe“other”Whatdoesitmeantobean“other”?IandtheotherWeandtheotherTheSecondSex(1949)DualityofthesexesDualityofsexesinthehistoryofideasThemaleandthefemaleacc.totraditionalunderstandingthatgoesbacktoancientphilosophyThemaleistherationalbeing,thefemaledeviatesfromthemaleThomasAquinas:“Thefemaleisanimperfectmale”TraditionalunderstandingofdualityofthesexesMaleRationalityCultureMind,soulTheroleofmenistobepaterfamiliasandgovernsocietyFemaleBodyNatureEmotionsTheroleofwomenistobearandrearchildrenTheSecondsexThedivisionofconsciousnessin“self”and“other”Menhavebetterchances,haveabetterpositionofpowerSexualdifferenceImmanence:Tobestuckinacondition,notbeabletogobeyonditWomenarepoorer(stillwomenonlyoneca3%-5%ofthewealthoftheworld)SimonedeBeauvoir:IntroductiontotheSecondSexOtherminorities(BlacksinUS,Jewsetc.Otherminorities(BlacksinUS,Jewsetc.SimonedeBeauvoir:IntroductiontotheSecondSexThemaleistherationalbeing,thefemaledeviatesfromthemaleOtherminorities(BlacksinUS,Jewsetc.MenandwomenshouldworktogetherMainideaofthebookSexandGenderWhatdoesitmeantobean“other”?WomenarenotaminorityinthesamemannerasforexampleBlacksintheUSThesecondsexderivedfromthefirstsexWomenaccordingtotraditionaldualityofthesexesTraditionaldualityofthesexesandEssentialismAccordingtotraditionaldualisitictheoriesaboutsexualdifference:SexualdifferenceisunderstoodtobebasedondifferentanatomyofthesexesTheanatomyofwomenpredestinesthemtofulfillcertainrolesWomenarethus“essentially”differentfrommenOldbelievethatthereisawomen’snatureoressenceThisbeliefisthebasisoftraditionalideasaboutthedivisionofsexualrolesinsocietyEssentialismaboutsexualdifferenceWomen´sessence=womenhavecertainattributes,allwomenandeverywhereandatalltimesThisisbiologicalessentialismAccordingtoitwomenhavebiologicalbasisthatmakesthemcognitivelyandmorallydifferentfrommen(lessrationalandlessmorallyaccountable)EssentialismEssentialismaboutsexualdifferenceisthereforeaverymuchcriticizeddoctrineImpossibledoctrine:EssencemeansthatallwomenhavetobeinacertainwayIfthereisoneexceptiontothisitisimpossibletotalkaboutessenceofallwomenIsitneverthelesspossbletotalkaboutsexualdifference?SexualdifferenceMenandwomenaredifferent,biologicallyAretheydifferentpsychologically,cognitively?Perhapsnotmuchmorethanmenaredifferentfromoneanother,justaswomenaredifferentfromoneanotherButarethere“tendencies”or“styles”thatarecommontowomenandcommontomenthatcouldallowustodefinesexualdifference?PerhapsEssentialismHastherebeenanessentialismaboutmen?AccordingtoBeauvoirnottothesamedegreeasaboutwomenMenhavebeenassociatedwithbeing“human”.Thehumanisman.WomanhasthusbeenconsideredlessthanhumaninthehistoryofourcultureMenhavebeenthemeasureaccordingtowhichwomenhavebeendefined.Thewomanisdefinedaccordingtowhichshelacksbeingaman(Aristotle)Butarethere“tendencies”or“styles”thatarecommontowomenandcommontomenthatcouldallowustodefinesexualdifference?Thefemaleistheother,thelesserWomenshouldgetoutofimmanence,andusetheirtranscendenceThewomanisdefinedaccordingtowhichshelacksbeingaman(Aristotle)Thefemaleistheother,thelesserIandtheotherThehumanisman.Menhavebeenassociatedwithbeing“human”.TheroleofwomenistobearandrearchildrentoBeauvoirwomenandblacksareseenastheyaremorebodies,moreanimalictoBeauvoirBeauvoirAretherereallywomen?asksBeauvoirShemeans,isthereawoman’sessence?ShedeniesthatWomenandmenarehoweverdifferentTheirdifferencesaredeterminedbyhistorical,socialcircumstances,andalsodifferentbodiesThatdoesnothavetoleadtobiologicalessentialismSexandgenderToavoidessentialismaboutsexualdifferenceanglo-americanfeministsmakethedistinctionbetweenSexandGenderSexisbiologicalsexGenderhastodowiththesocial,historicaldeterminatesofthedifferenceofmenandwomenSexandGenderThisdistinctionisbasedontheideaofsocialconstructionofthedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenBeauvoir:“Oneisnotbornawoman,butbecomesawoman”SexualdifferenceTheSecondsexItmattersofwhatsexoneisbornMenhavebetterchances,haveabetterpositionofpowerWomenhavelesspowerinpolitics,insocietyWomenarepoorer(stillwomenonlyoneca3%-5%ofthewealthoftheworld)Womenarenotasfreeasmen,acc.toBeauvoirItisbecausewomenhavebeendefinedasbeing“other”,asbeingdifferentWhyabookaboutthesecondsex?FirstandsecondsexBeingthesecondseximpliesthatwomanisseenas“thesex”Thereforeemphasisonwomen’sbody,sexualityThemaleisseenastheone,as“man”andrelatedtohiscognitivecapatiesThefemaleistheother,thelesserAllthatisdifferenct,negativeTheotherWhydidwomenbecomethesecondsexandlandinthepositionoftheother?Beauvoir’sexplanationThedivisionofconsciousnessin“self”and“other”SelfdefinesitselfbydemarcatingitselfagainstanotherSelfhasmorepowerandcan“other”theotherone,puthim/herinthepositionoftheotherIndividualsandsocietydothis(Iandother,Weandothers)IandotherHegeliandilaecticofmasterandslave:thestruggleforpowerandrecognitionbetweentwoindividualsThestrongeronebecomes“master”,theonewholoosesthefightbecomesthe“other”NotonlywomenareinthepositionoftheotherOtherminorities(BlacksinUS,Jewsetc.)SystemofoppositesWomenarenotaminorityinthesamemannerasforexampleBlacksintheUSWomenhavealwaysbeenwithmenWomendonothaveacommonhistorylikeBlacksandlikeJewsWomenhavenotformedthemselves(acc.toBeauvoir)asagroup,likeotherminoritiesItisnowbeginning,sheclaimsWomenarebeginningtorefusebeingtheotherThesituationofwomeninFranceinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyAcc.toBeauvoirwomenandblacksareseenastheyaremorebodies,moreanimalicTheonewhoisinsecureabouthismasculinityismorearroganttowardswomenTheSecondsexwaspublished1949WomeninFrancehadrecentlygainedtherighttovoteAbortionwasillegalandevenpunishedwithdeathinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyPre-pilltimes,lesscontroloverprocreationthannowTimeforchangeMendonotrecognizewomenasequ