考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷362

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷362

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Whetheranatheistoracreationist,themostresearchedargumentswillinclinetowards

thesameconclusion:peopleareinherentlyevil.Creationistswhohingetheexistenceof

manonthestoryastoldbyMosesinthebookofGenesismustunderstandthat,as

backed?bythesamebook,Godcreatedbothgoodandevil.Iftheaccountofcreationis

tobebelieved,thenthecreationofevilisalsotobebelievedasapremeditateddesignof

thecreator.Evilcanthenbesaidascreatedtoexistwiththeothercreations.WhenAdam

andEveoccupiedtheGardenofEden,theyonlyhadtochoosebetweenlivingin

obedienceordisobedience.Inthisparticularcase,obediencecanbesaidtobegoodwhile

disobedienceisevil.IfGodknowseverything,thenhecouldbesaidtoknowthatAdam

andEvewoulddisobey.Whythendidhenotremovetheevilpartsotheycouldlivein

obedienceforever?Theanswerissimple;Man'sevilpariishisfreewill.Sloppingaman

frombeinginherentlyevilisthesameasimprisoningtheman.Thelevelofthis

imprisonmentdoesvary.Mandidnotbecomeevilaftereatingtheforbiddenfruit.No,he

wasevilrightfromthedust.Man'sfreewillishistendencytochooseevilwhenawareof

theexistenceandconsequencesofbothgoodandevil.Whatmakesamanchoosegood

aheadofevilisnothisfreewillbutthingsthataimtocheckhisfreewill.Theseinclude

morals,laws,religionetc.Fromthecreationistangle,allpeopleareinherentlyevil.From

theatheist'sangle,thewellresearchedconclusionremainsthesame.Inthefirstplace,

nothingcanbemoreevilthanchanceandevolution.Inthiscase,survivaldependsonthe

eliminationoftheunfitforthefittosurvive.Inanevolutionarysocietythatisnotevil,

boththefitandtheunfitwillhavethesamerightsandanequalchancetosurvive.But

thisisnotso.Everyinclinationoftheevolutionaryman,whetherconsciousor

unconscious,isdesignedtobeathisfellowmaninthesurvivalgame.Whatcanbemore

evilthanthis?Isitrobbery,murder,war,genocideorrape?None.Theyarcallthe

unpalatablechildrenoftheevolutionarymama.Theneedtosurvivegivesbirthtothem

all.Allpeopleareinherentlyevil.Ifiamnotevil,thenihaven'tlacedthechallengeto

surviveinanevilway.

1Creationismholdsthat.

A、evilexistsineverypersonasanaturalattribute

B、man'sevilpartwaselaboratelydesignedbyGod

C>humanbeingswerecrcaludloexistbythecrualor

D、goodandevilwerecreatedsimultaneouslybyGod

标准答案：C

知识点解析:根据第一段第二句中的"Creationistswhohingetheexistenceofmanon

thestoryastoldbyMosesinthebookofGenesis…”可知，创世论者认为人是上帝创造

的。所以，C应为答案。

2、Theauthorchallengesthenotionthat.

A、AdamandEvelivedintheGardenofEden

B、AdamandEvechosetoliveindisobedience

C、maleandfemaleweresimultaneouscreation

D、eviloriginatedfromeatingtheforbiddenfruit

标准答案：D-

知识点解析：根据第一段中的"Mandidnotbecomeevilaftereatingtheforbidden

fruit”可知，作者认为，人的恶并不是吃禁果造成的。所以，D应为答案。

3、Theauthorarguesthatgood.

A^wasproducedtogetherwithevilbyGod

B、resultsfromtheconstraintonfreechoice

C、acharacteristiceverypersonisbornwith

D、iswhateveryhumanbeingpursuesinlife

标准答案：B「

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“Man'sfreewillishistendencytochooseevil...What

makesamanchooscgoodaheadofevilisnothisfreewillbutthingsthataimtocheckhis

f?eewil「可知，作者认为,人的自由意志倾向于选为坏,人的善源于对自由意志的

约束。所以，B应为答案。

4、Theauthorarguesfromtheatheist'sanglethat.

A、theexistenceofGodisoutofthequestion

B、ourdestinydependsonchanceandevolution

C、toeliminatetheunfitforthefitisundesirable

D^theinclinationtowinthesurvivalgameisevil

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第二段中的"Everyinclinationoftheevolutionaryman...isdesigned

tobeathisfellowmaninthesurvivalgame.Whatcanbemoreevilthanthis?”可知，从

无神论者的角度考虑，在进化过程中，适者生存本身就是恶。所以，D应为答案。

5、Theauthorprimarilyintendstoshowthat.

A^allmenarebornwithanevilquality

B、theneedtosurvivebringsaboutevil

C、allmenandwomenaiecreatedequal

D^bothchanceandevolutionareimmoral

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第一段第一句和最后一句，以及第二段最后一句都提到的

“peopleareinherentlyevi「可知，本文的结论是，人性本恶。所以，A应为答案。

"Thegoodnewsisthatnoexistentialcatastrophehashappened,"declaredNickBostrom.

"Notone.Yet."Bostrom,directorofOxford'sFutureofHumanityInstitute,openedwhat

hethinksmightbethefirsteverconferencetocomprehensivelyconsiderthegamutof

GlobalCatastrophicRisks.ByexistenlialcaiaslnwhesBostrommeansthathumanityhas

survivedextinctionsofar.However,hequicklypointedout99.9percentofallspecies

areextinct.BostromcitedtheTobasuper-eruption73,000yearsagowhichmayhave

producedaglobalwinterthatreducedthepopulationofhumanancestorstofewerthan

500fertilewomen(thoughsomedisagree).OurNeanderthalrelativesdiedoutbetween

33,000and24,000yearsago.InOurFinalHour,LordMartinReespredictedthatthere

wasonlya50percentchancethatourcivilizationwouldsurviveto2100.Bostrom

justifiedthebroadtopicofglobalcatastrophicrisksbypointingtocommoncausallinks,

e.g.,super-volcanoes,asteroidstrikes,andnuclearwarsallhavethepotentialtoproduce

disastrousglobalcooling.Catastrophicscenariosalsopresentcommonmethodological,

analytical,andculturalchallenges.And,arguesBostrom,awiderviewofpotential

catastrophesisnecessaryfortheadoptionofproperpoliciesandinformedprioritization.

Toassistinthiseffort,theconferenceislaunchingtheeponymousvolume,Global

CatastrophicRisks.Bostromdidnotethatpeopletodayaresaferfromsmalltomedium

threatsthaneverbefore.Asevidencehecitesincreasedlifeexpectancyfrom18yearsin

theBronzeAgeto64yearstoday(theWorldHealthOrganizationsthinksit's66years).

Andheurgedtheaudiencenottoletfutureexistentialrisksoccludeourviewofcurrent

disasters,suchas15millionpeopledyingofinfectiousdiseaseseveryyear,3million

fromHIV/AIDS,18millionfromcardiovasculardiseases,and8millionperyearfrom

cancer.Bostromdidnotethat,"Allofthebiggestrisks,theexistentialrisksareseentobe

anthropogenic,thatis,theyoriginatefromhumanbeings".Thebiggestrisksinclude

nuclearwar,biotechplagues,andnanotechnologyarmsraces.Thegoodnewsisthatthe

biggestexistentialrisksareprobablydecadesaway,whichmeanswehavetimeto

analyzethemanddevelopcountermeasures.Tomorrow,theOxfordconferenceonGlobal

CatastrophicRiskswillhavemoreedifyingpresentationsonproposalsforrecovering

fromsocialcollapsesoccasionedbycatastrophes:howtorationallyconsidertheendof

theworld;howtoavoidMillennialistcognitivebiases;howtoinsureagainst

catastrophes;howecologicaldiversitycouldaffecthumanprospects;andthetragedyof

theuncommons.

6、Bysaying"existentialcatastrophe",Bostromreferstothecatastrophewhich.

A、humanspecieswillnotsurvive

B、fewpeoplesurviveifithappens

C^hashappenedtohumanssofar

D、resultsintheruinoftheearth

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第一段中的"Thegoodnewsisthatnoexistentialcatastrophehas

happened,"和"ByexistentialcatastrophesBostrommeansthathumanityhassurvived

extinctionsofar”上下文，A应为答嗓。

7、BostromcitedtheTobasuper-eruptiontoillustratethat.

A>theextinctionofaraceismorethanprobable

B>existentialcatastropheisnottotallyimpossible

C、humanbeingscanhardlysurviveglobalwinter

D^humanpopulationmaybereducedtohundreds

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“However,hequicklypointedout99.9percentofall

speciesareextinct.BostromcitedtheTobasuper-eruption73,000yearsagowhich

mayhaveproducedaglobalwinterthatreducedthepopulationofhumanancestorsto

fewerthan500fertilewomen…”上下文，B应为答藁。

8、Bostromarguesthatawiderviewofpossiblecatastrophe.

A^keepsusinformedofcurrentprioritizations

B>helpsusmeetunexpectedfuturechallenges

C、reducesthelikelihoodofglobalcatastrophes

D、contributestotheadoptionofproperpolicies

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第二段中的“And,arguesBostrom,awiderviewofpotential

catastrophesisnecessaryfbrthcadoptionofproperpolicies..D应为答案。

9、Bostromnotedthatfutureexistentialrisks.

A、arisefromhumanactivities

B、arcrelatedtocurrentdisasters

C、canbeavoidedthoughdreadful

D、originatefromnewtechnologies

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第三段中的"Bostromdidnotethat,4A1Iofthebiggestrisks,the

existentialrisksareseentobeanthropogenic,thatis,theyoriginatefromhuman

beings.'Thebiggestrisksincludcnuclcarwar»biotechplagues,andnanotechnology

armsraces”上下文，A应为答案。

10、ThedominantthemeoftheOxfordconferenceonGlobalCatastrophicRisks

is.

A、thepossibilitytorecoverfromsocialcollapses

B、theeffectofecologicaldiversityonthefuture

C^whetherhumanitywillsurvivethe21stcentury

D、howtocombattheimminentglobalcatastrophe

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“InOurFinalHour,LordMartinReespredictedthat

therewasonlya50pcrccntchancethatourcivilizationwouldsunivcto2100”和第三段

+的“Thegoodnewsisthatthebiggestexistentialrisksareprobablydecadesaway,

whichmeanswehavetimetoanalyzethemanddevclopcountermeasures”上下文，C应

为答案。

In1971,accordingtotheAssociationofDepartmentsofEnglish,abouteightoutofevery

100bachelor'sdegreeswereawardedtoEnglishmajors.Today,thatfigurestandsatjust

ashadeoverfouroutof100,withanequallyprecipitousdeclineevidentinforeign

literatureenrollmentsaswell.Asthenation'slitdepartmentsgobeggingforstudents,

theywoulddowelltoconsultJohnCarey'sbrilliant,funny,andinsightfulWhatGood

AretheArts,whichmakesacompellingandpersuasivecasethatcreativeexpression一

especiallythewrittenword—isabsolutelycentraltoarichandthoughtfullife."Literature

doesnotmakeyouabetterperson,thoughitmayhelpyoutocriticizewhatyouare,,

writesCarey,aformerOxfordprofessorandauthorof,amongotherbooks,1992,sThe

IntellectualsandtheMasses,astunningreappraisalofBritishmodernistsashate-filled

classwarriorsterrifiedbythebreakdownofsocialhierarchy.11Butitenlargesyourmind,

anditgivesyouthoughts,wordsandrhythmsthatwilllastyouforlife."Ironically,in

makinghiscaseforthearts,Careyspendsmostofhisbooktearingdownwhathe

considersspeciousjustificationsforthem.WhereKant.HegelandSchopenhauerargued

forartassacred,spiritualandtranscendent,Careyinsistssimplythat"anythingcanbea

workofart"andthatstandardsoftasteandbeautyareirreduciblysubjective.Nordoeshe

haveanysympathyforleft-wingcriticsofmassartsuchasTheodorAdornoandWalter

Benjamin,whoviewedpopularcultureasameansofsocialcontrol.Similarly,new

theoriesaboutaestheticsrootedincognitivescienceandevolutionarypsychology,while

interesting,failtoexplainthewiderangeofindividualresponsestospecificpiecesofart,

nottomentionchangingtastesovertime.IfCareyfindsnotheoryoftheartsfully

convincing,heremainstheiradamantchampion.Inwhatsmacksofspecialpleading.

Careycontendsthatliteratureisfirstamongthearts,mainlybecauseitistheonlyartthat

isexplicitlycapableofreasoning.Thechiefimplicationofthisisthatliteraturecan

moralizeinthebestwaypossible.NotinaWilliamBennettBookofVirtuessense,which

holdsthatifpeopleconsumetherightsortofmessages,theywillbeuprightcitizens.

Rather,Careywritesthattheworld'sboundlessliterarycanon"isafieldofcomparisons

andcontrasts,spreadinginfinitelyoutwards",challengingreaderstobemorethoughtful

aboutthepastfromwhichtheyspring,thepresentinwhichtheylive,andthefuture

whichtheywillcreate.

11、JohnCarey'sworkWhatGoodAretheArts.

A、ispopularintheworldofliterature

B、challengesreaderstobethoughtful

C、revealsthevalueofliteraturetolife

D、castslightonthedecuneofliterature

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第二段中的“…WhatGoodAretheArts,whichmakesacompelling

andpersuasivecasethatcreativeexpression...isabsolutelycentraltoarichandthoughtful

life"，C应为答案。

12、JohnCareyclaimsinhisbookthatliterature

A、enrichesone'slife

stimulatesone^growth

C>inspiresone'sconfidence

D、enhancesone'sreputation

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第二段的“…creativeexpression-especiallythewrittenword一is

absolutelycentraltoarichandthoughtfullifb”和I第三段的“Butitenlargesyourmind,

anditgivesyouthoughts,wordsandrhythmsthatwilllastyouforlife,\A应为答案。

13、JohnCareymaintainsthat.

A、nothinginone'slifeisn'taworkofart

B、artissacred,spiritualandtranscendent

C、therearesufficientjustificationsforarts

D、standardsoftasteandbeautyvarygreatly

标准答案：D'

知识点解析：根据第四段最后一句"Careyinsistssimply...thatstandardsoftasteand

beautyareirreduciblysubjective"，D应为答案。

14、JohnCareythinksthatnewtheoriesaboutaestheticsare.

A^farfromcompelling

B、rootedinmodernsciences

C、inconsistentwithhistheory

D、asconvincingastheycanbe

标准答案：A:

知识点解析：根据第五段第二句”…newtheoriesaboutaesthetics...failtoexplainthe

widerangeofindividualresponsestospecificpiecesofart,nottomentionchanging

tastasovertiiYie,\A应为答案。

15、JohnCareyarguesthatliteratureis.

A、theonlymoralizedformofart

B、bothenlighteningandinstructing

C、fullofcomparisonsandcontracts

D、characterizedasbeingreasonable

标准答案：B、

知识点解析：根据全文最后一句”...theworld'sboundlessliterary

canon...challengingreaderstobemorethoughtfulabout...B应为答案。

Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesme

wanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhen

RonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter'ssolarpanels

fromtheWhiteHouseroof.Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashed

alternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutof

business.AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushis

doingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoil,whichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropof

profitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinue

withthataim.Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustry,

controlledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressfor

renewables.Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantsto

floatallboats(notjustyachts)whilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.That

nuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentwearc

inbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatall,itshouldonlybeabridge(a"necessary

evil")toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafe,cleanenergysources.Muchis

happeningnowinthatregard,spurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobal

warmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60,000

homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.Windpowerhas

quadrupledsince2000and,thoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergrid,

itispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesof

developmentinMaryland,Texas,Massachusetts,NewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogcn-

andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimagined

evenfiveyearsago.Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblems,nottheleastofwhichisits

waste,whichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestays

radioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.Evenifplansfor

doingthatareeverrealized,deadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountry,

throughcommunities,subjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalarge

accidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbefore,but

evenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-

stylemeltdownsarenotlikely,nuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiation,a

potentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern.

16、Theauthorlliink^thattheuseofnuclearcncigy.

A、hampersglobalwarmingeffectively

toavoidglobalwarmingisdoubtful

CNisinevitablewiththeshortageofoil

D、isneces