机构研究报告-Environmental pollution worldwide-外文版培训课件

POLITICS

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SOCIETYEnvironmentalpollutionworldwideCHAPTER

01OverviewAveragePM2.5concentrationinthemostpollutedcountriesworldwidein2023(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)MostpollutedcountriesbasedonPM2.5concentrationglobally2023PM2.5concentrationinµg/m³0102030405060708090BangladeshPakistan79.973.7India54.4TajikistanBurkinaFasoIraq4946.643.843UnitedArabEmiratesEgypt42.442.2NepalDRCongoKuwait40.839.939.237.6BahrainQatar3Description:BangladeshhadanaveragePM2.5concentrationofnearly80microgramspercubicmeterofair(µg/m3)in2023,becomingthemostpollutedcountryintheworld.Thiswasover25µg/m³morethantheaveragePM2.5concentrationinIndia.ThehighlevelsofpollutioninBangladeshcanbeexplainedbythecountry'spersistenttraffic,constructionactivities,andindustrialfumes–inparticularfrombrickkilns,whicharehighlyreliantoncoal.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):IQAirMunicipalsolidwastegenerationworldwidein2020,andprojectionsfrom2030to2050(inbillionmetrictons)Globalmunicipalsolidwastegeneration2020-2050ActualProjection4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.03.783.232.682.1320202030204020504Description:Globalmunicipalsolidwastegenerationisprojectedtogrowbyover75percentby2050,reachingnearly3.8billionmetrictons,inascenariowherenourgentactionistaken.In2020,morethantwobillionmetrictonsofmunicipalsolidwasteweregeneratedworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2020;Projectionsinabusiness-as-usualscenarioSource(s):ISWA;UNEPProportionofbodiesofwaterwithgoodambientwaterqualityworldwideasof2023,byregionProportionofwaterbodieswithgoodqualityworldwide2023,byregion120%100%97.3%81.6%80.6%78.7%80%60%40%20%0%67.3%57.4%51%33.1%AustraliaandNewZealandCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth

LatinAmericaandEuropeandOceania(excl.Aus

Sub-SaharanAfrica

NorthernAfricatheCaribbean

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andNZ)

andWesternAsiaEasternAsia5Description:Asof2023,theregionoftheworldwiththehighestshareofwaterbodieswithgoodwaterqualitywasOceania,reporting97.3oftheirwaterresourcesingoodstate.SuchfiguresdonotincludeAustraliaandNewZealand,though.Nonetheless,thosetwocountriesalsohaverelativelyhighwaterquality,with80.6percentoftheirwaterbodiesreportinggoodquality.ReadmoreNote(s):WorldwideSource(s):UnitedNations;UN-WaterAveragelifeexpectancylossduetoleadingexternalriskstohumanhealthworldwideasof2022(inyears)Averagelifeexpectancylossworldwide2022,byexternalriskAveragelifeexpectancylossinyears0.4

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1.00.00.21.21.41.61.82.0PM2.5relativetoWHO*Tobacco1.91.69Child&maternalmalnutritionMaternal&neonataldisordersAlcoholuse1.361.120.430.40.390.35TransportinjuriesUnsafewater&sanitationNeglectedtropicaldiseases&malariaHIV/AIDS0.28Nutritionaldeficiences0.076Description:Globally,ambientparticulatepollution(PM2.5)isestimatedtocuttheaverageperson'slifeexpectancyby1.9years.Thisiscomparabletotheaveragelossoflifeduetosmoking(1.7years).

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;*PM2.5relativetoWHOGuidelinebardisplaysthereductioninlifeexpectancyrelativetotheWHOguideline(5μg/m3)ascalculatedbylatestAQLI(2022)data.ReadmoreSource(s):EPIC(AQLI);IHME;WHOAnnualnumberofdeathsfromselectriskfactorsworldwidein2021(inmillions)Numberofdeathsworldwidefromselectriskfactorsin2021Numberofdeathsinmillions402681012HighbloodpressureAirpollution(outdoor&indoor)Smoking10.858.086.18Highbloodsugar5.29OutdoorparticulatematterpollutionObesity4.723.713.65HighcholestralIndoorairpollutionDiethighinsodiumAlcoholuse3.111.861.81DietlowinfruitsDietlowinwholegrainsLowbirthweight1.681.551.547Description:In2021,highbloodpressurecontributedtoaround10.85milliondeathsworldwide,whiletherewerearound3.71milliondeathsduetoobesity.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2021Source(s):IHME(GBD);OWIDCHAPTER

02AirpollutionAnnualaverageparticulatepollution(PM2.5)levelsworldwidefrom2000to2022(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)AnnualaveragePM2.5concentrationsworldwide2000-202232.031.030.029.028.027.026.025.024.023.022.02000

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20229Description:Theglobalaverageconcentrationofparticulatematter(PM2.5)was24.2microgramspercubicmeterofair(μg/m3)in2022.Thisnotonlyrepresentedadeclineof17percentfrom2010levelsbutwasalsothelowestconcentrationofthispollutantrecordedsincetheturnofthecentury.Despitethesignificantdecline,PM2.5levelsin2022werestillfivetimesaboveWHOairqualityguidelines.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2000to2022Source(s):EPIC(AQLI)Annualemissionsofairpollutantsworldwidefrom1990to2022,bytype(inmillionmetrictons)Globalairpollutantemissions1990-2022,bytypeNitrogenoxide(NOx)Carbonmonoxide(CO)Ammonia(NH3)Sulfurdioxide(SO₂)Blackcarbon(BC)Non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOC)700600500400300200100010Description:Globalemissionsofcarbonmonoxide(CO)decreasedbyroughly29percentbetween1990and2022,to425millionmetrictons.Byvolume,COisthemostproducedairpollutantworldwideamongmajortypes.Itisaproductoftheincompleteburningofcarboninfuelsfromavarietyofsources,includingmotorvehicles,boilers,andcertainindustrialprocesses.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1990to2022Source(s):OWID;PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory(CommunityEmissionsDataSystem(CEDS))AveragePM2.5concentrationsinselectedmajorcitiesworldwidein2023(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)Globalairpollutionlevels2023,byselectcityPM2.5concentrationinµg/m³20

250510153035404550Jakarta,IDMumbai,INDubai,UE43.843.843.6Cairo,EG42.4Beijing,CN34.1Guangzhou,CNMexicoCity,MXLagos,NG23.522.321.8Lima,PE19.7Singapore,SGRome,IT13.413.1RiodeJanerio,BRNewYork,US11.711.611Description:Airpollutionlevelsincitiesvarygreatlyaroundtheworld,thoughtheyaretypicallyhigherindevelopingregions.In2023,thecitiesofJakartaandMumbaihadbothaveragePM2.5concentrationsof43.8microgramspercubicmeter(μg/m³).Bycomparison,PM2.5levelsinLosAngelesandLondonwerelessthan10μg/m³.Nevertheless,pollutionlevelsinthesefourmajorcitiesareallhigherthantheWorldHealthOrganization'shealthylimit,whicharesetatanannualaverageoflessthan[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):IQAirNumberofdeathsattributabletoairpollutionworldwidefrom1990to2021(inmillions)Globalnumberofdeathsfromairpollution1990-20218.58.38.228.28.138.078.048.028.018.17.997.957.97.827.97.77.57.37.797.727.727.57.341990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202112Description:Therewereapproximately8.1milliondeathsworldwidein2021attributabletoairpollution,representinganincreaseof10percentcomparedwith1990.Approximately38percentofthesedeathswerelinkedtohouseholdairpollutionfromburningsolidfuelsforcooking,heating,orotherdomestictasks.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1990to2021Source(s):HealthEffectsInstitute;IHMENumberofdeathsattributabletoairpollutionin2000and2021,byregionGlobaldeathsfromairpollutionbyregion2000-2021Numberofdeaths20211,000,00020000500,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,0003,167,0003,225,000EastAsiaandPacificSouthAsia2,680,0001,977,000988,200985,300East,West,Central&SouthernAfricaEuropeandCentralAsiaMiddleEastandNorthAfricaLatinAmericaandCaribbeanNorthAmerica569,5001,040,000339,700241,300259,500268,30067,600155,50013Description:EastAsiaandPacificandSouthAsiaarethetworegionsthatrecordthehighestnumberofairpollution-relateddeathsworldwide.In202,theseregionssaw3.2and2.7milliondeathsfromairpollution,respectively,withthemajorityoftheseꢀdeathsoccurringinChinaandIndia.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2000and2021Source(s):HealthEffectsInstitute;IHMEEstimatednumberofdeathsfromairpollutionworldwidein2021,bytype(inmillions)Globaldeathsduetoairpollution2021,bytype5.04.724.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.03.110.49DeathsfromambientparticulatematterpollutionDeathsfromhouseholdairpollutionDeathsfromambientozonepollution14Description:Ambientparticulatematterpollutionwasthelargestsourceofairpollution-relatedprematuredeathsworldwidein2021,followedbyhouseholdairpollutionfromsolidfuels.Globally,theleadingꢀcauseofairpollutiondeathsin2021wasChronicObtrusivePulmonaryDisease(COPD).ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;*AirpollutionreferstopollutionfromPM2.5(outdoorandindoors)andozone.Figureshavebeenrounded.Releasedatehasbeensetasdateofsiteaccess

ReadmoreSource(s):HealthEffectsInstitute;IHMECHAPTER

03LandpollutionDistributionofmunicipalsolidwastetreatmentanddisposalworldwidein2020,bymethodGlobalmunicipalwastedisposalshare2020,bymethodWaste-to-energy13%Uncontrolled*38%Recycling19%Landfill30%16Description:In2020,nearly40percentofglobalmunicipalwastewasdisposedofinanuncontrolledform,likelyendingupinopendumpsorburned.Recyclingonlyaccountedfor19percentofmunicipalwastedisposalthatyear,withanother30percentendingupinlandfills.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2020;*Uncontrolledreferstowastenotcollectedanddumpedorburned,orcollectedwastethatisdumpedorburnedatthefinaldestinationReadmoreSource(s):ISWA;UNEPSizeofsomeofthelargestlandfillsworldwideasof2024(inacres)Largestlandfillsworldwide2024,byareaSizeinacres05001,0009271,5002,0002,500ApexRegional(LasVegas,UnitedStates)BordoPoniente(MexicoCity,Mexico)*Laogang(Shanghai,China)2,200830Malagrotta(Rome,Italy)*680630570500PuenteHills(LosAngeles,UnitedStates)*Sudokwon(Incheon,SouthKorea)DelhiLandfills(NewDelhi,India)Deonar(Mumbai,India)326272227WestNewTerritories(HongKong)Xinfeng(Guangzhou,China)17Description:Asof2024,theApexRegionalLandfillinLasVegas,UnitedStatescoveredabout2,200acresofland,makingitthelargestlandfillsiteintheworld.Holdingaround50milliontonsofwaste,theApexRegionalLandfillreceivesapproximately10,000tonsofwasteeverydayandisprojectedtohavealifetimeofover250yearsatcurrentrates.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2024;*PermanentlyclosedSource(s):OwlcationDailyvolumeofwastedumpedatthelargestlandfillsworldwideasof2024(intons)World'sbiggestdumpsitesbydailyvolume2024Wastevolumesintonsperday5,000

10,0000Sudokwon(Incheon,SouthKorea)BordoPoniente(MexicoCity,Mexico)*ApexRegional(LasVegas,UnitedStates)PuenteHills(LosAngeles,UnitedStates)*WestNewTerritories(HongKong)Laogang(Shanghai,China)15,00020,00025,00020,00012,00010,50010,3006,2006,0006,0006,000Xinfeng(Guangzhou,China)*DelhiLandfills(Delhi,India)Deonar(Mumbai,India)*5,500Malagrotta(Rome,Italy)*4,00018Description:Thousandsoftonsofwastearesenttotheworld'slargestlandfillseveryday.TheApexRegionallandfillsiteinLasVegas-thelargestlandfillsiteinworldbyarea-receivesmorethan10,000tonsofwasteeveryday.However,theSudokwonlandfillsiteinSouthKoreareceivesconsiderablymore,atupto20,000tonsofwasteperday.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2024Source(s):OwlcationGlobalannualtreecoverlossin2023,bydominantdriver(inmillionhectares)Globaltreecoverloss2023,bydominantdriver10998765432108.056.64.460.12WildfireForestryShiftingagricultureCommoditydrivendeforestationUrbanization19Description:In2023,wildfiresweretheleadingdriveroftreecoverlossworldwide,amountingtoapproximatelyninemillionhectaresoftreecoverloss.Shiftingagriculture-wheresmalltomedium-scaleforestandshrublandconversionforagriculturearelaterabandonedandfollowedbysubsequentforestregrowth-rankedthird,contributingtoroughly6.6millionhectaresoflossthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023;valuesbasedonoriginaltreecoverdensitygreaterthan30percentin2000.Source(s):GFWAreaharvestedforselectedfoodcropsworldwidefrom1961to2022(inmillionhectares)Areaharvestedforselectedfoodcropsworldwide1961-2022Cocoa,beansCoffee,greenOilpalmfruitSoybeansSugarcane160140120100806040200196119631965196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112013201520172019202120Description:Theharvestedareaforsoybeansworldwidehasincreasedsubstantiallysincethe1960s.In1961theareafromwhichsoybeanswasgatheredwas23.82millionhectaresbutby2022theareahadincreasedtoover133.7millionhectares.Thishascoincidedwiththeriseinsoybeanproductionforlivestockfeed.Theareaharvestedforothercropssuchasoilpalmfruit,sugarcane,andcoffeehavealsoincreasedconsiderablytomeetgrowingdemand.Thishashadanadverseimpactonthe[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1960to2022Source(s):FAOGlobalconsumptionofagriculturalfertilizerfrom1965to2022,bynutrient(inmillionmetrictons)Globalfertilizerconsumption1965-2022,bynutrientNitrogen(N)Phosphoruspentoxide(P₂O₅)Potassiumoxide(K₂O)2502001501005040.5448.9538.5137.6146.7336.237.74

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78.2270.05198560.49198042.82197531.4218.6601965197019901995201520162017201820192021202221Description:In1965,theconsumptionofchemicalfertilizersstoodatsome46.3millionmetrictons.By2022,thisamounthadincreasedto187.92milliontons.Inthatlatteryear,nitrogenfertilizersaccountedforaround58percentofthetotalglobalconsumption,whereasphosphateandpotashfertilizersheldsharesof23and18percent,respectively.Mineralfertilizersarewidelyusedinagriculturetoimprovesoilfertilityandachievehighercropyields.Theytypicallycontainoneormoreof[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1965and2022Source(s):InternationalFertilizerIndustryAssociationProportionofdegradedlandworldwidefrom2015to2019,byregionGloballanddegradation2015-2019,byregionProportionoflanddegradedReportingyear201910%Baselineyear201515%0%5%20%25%30%14.04%CentralAsia&SouthernAsiaEasternAsia&South-easternAsiaLatinAmerica&theCaribbeanNorthAmerican&EuropeOceania10.26%23.89%21.62%21.89%15.67%12.09%10.15%8.65%8.06%14.63%Sub-SaharanAfrica6.7%7.19%WesternAsia&NorthAfrica3.78%22Description:Between2015and2019,theestimatedproportionoflanddegradationinSub-SaharanAfricaincreasedfrom6.7percentto14.63percent.Thiswasthefastestrateofdegradationoverthisperiodwhencomparedtootherregions.TheregionwiththelargestproportionoflanddegradationisEasternAsiaandSouth-easternAsia,atalmost25percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2015to2019Source(s):UnitedNations(ConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD))CHAPTER

04WaterpollutionDistributionoffactorscausingwaterpollutionworldwideasof2023Causesofwaterpollutionworldwide2023Naturalfactors2%Atmosphericdeposition2%Constructionactivities3%Oilspills&chemicalaccidents5%Industrialdischarges29%Improperwastedisposal8%Stormwaterrunoff10%Municipalwastewater18%Agriculturalrunoff23%24Description:Thetwobiggestfactorscausingwaterpollutionworldwideareindustrialdischargesandagriculturalrunoff.Meanwhile,oilspills,despitetheirsignificantmediaattention,onlyaccountforasmallshareofwaterpollution.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):Expert(s)(M.K.Nallakaruppanetal.);NatureMostcommonitemsfoundduringtheInternationalCoastalOceanCleanupin2023Numberwasteitemsfoundinoceansworldwide2023,bytypeNumberofitems1,000,0000500,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,000CigarettebuttsPlasticbeveragebottlesPlasticbottlecaps1,947,4831,358,870853,086Foodwrappers762,803PlasticgrocerybagsOtherplasticbags563,390510,524PlasticfoodcontainersPlasticcups,plates441,696438,097415,957PlasticstrawsandstirrersPapercupsandplates375,81025Description:Cigarettebuttswerethemostcommonwasteitemfoundduringthe2023InternationalCoastalCleanup,withover1.9millioncollectedglobally.Plasticbeveragebottleswerethesecondmostcollectedwasteitem,followedbyplasticbottlecaps.Intotal,morethan14millionwasteitemswerecollectedfrombeachesandtheocean.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;September2023;Basedon486,045totalvolunteersSource(s):OceanConservancyLargestoiltankerdisastersworldwidefrom1967to2023,byquantityofspilledoil(in1,000metrictons)Largestglobaloiltankeraccidents1967-2023,byquantityofspilledoilSpillsizeinthousandmetrictons050100150200250300350AtlanticEmpress(1979)ABTSummer(1991)CastillodeBellver(1983)AmocoCadiz(1978)Haven(1991)287260252223144Odyssey(1988)132TorreyCanyon(1967)SeaStar(1972)119115113Sanchi*(2018)Urquiola(1976)1001009595IrenesSerenade(1980)HawaiianPatriot(1977)Independenta(1979)26Description:TheAtlanticEmpresstankerspilled287thousandmetrictonsofoiloffTobagoin1979.Thiswasthelargestoiltankerdisasterbyquantityofspilledoilsince1967.Bycomparison,duringtheABTSummeroiltankerspillthatoccurredin1991,some260thousandmetrictonsofoilwasspilledoffofthecoastofAngola.Atthetimeofthedisaster,thevesselhadservicedthemaritimeoilcargoindustryforalmost18years.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1967to2023;*Theonlyspillofnon-persistentoil.ReadmoreSource(s):ITOPFVolumeofoilleakedfromtankerincidentsworldwide1970to2023(inmetrictons)Globaloiltankerspillsvolume1970-2023700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,00001970

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202227Description:Theamountofoilspilledfromoiltankersworldwidewasapproximately2,000metrictonsin2023.Thiswasanotabledecreasecomparedtothepreviousyear.In2018,atotalof116thousandmetrictonsofoilwasleakedfromoiltankerincidents,thelargestquantityleakedin24years.Mostofthequantityleakedin2018wasattributabletotheincidentinvolvingtheMTSanchiintheEastChinaSea.Sincethe1970'sand1980's,theaverageannualamountofoilspilledfromtankershas[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1970to2023Source(s):ITOPFCountrieswiththelowestproportionofbodiesofwaterwithgoodambientwaterqualityworldwideasof2023Proportionofwaterbodieswithgoodqualityworldwide2023,byworstcountryShareofwaterbodies0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%BahrainIndonesiaMalta4.5%5%6.67%BurkinaFasoIndia9%10%NetherlandsHungaryCzechia12.67%12.98%15.53%Estonia18.5%GreeceSpainLithuaniaBelgium20.37%21.6%22.36%26.25%28Description:Asof2023,approximately56percentofwaterbodiesarou