新编简明英语语言学教程16章期末复习

ChapteroneIntroduction

Li什么是语言学

1.1.1定义

语言学Linguistics

Linguistic,i.generail,define,a.th.scientifi.stud.o.language

*

1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2

普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

Th.stud.o.languag.a..whol.i.ofte.calle.Genera,linguistics.

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,

iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Th.stud.o.ho.sound,ar.pu.togethe.an.use.i.communicatio.i.ca

lie.phonology.（音位学）

Th.stud.o.th.wa.i.whic.morpheme,ar.arrange,t.for.word.ar.ca

lie.morphology.（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoform

sentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）

Th.stud.o.meanin.i.languag.i.calle,semantics.（语义学）

Th.stud.o.meanin.i.contex.o.us.i.calle,pragmatics.（语用学）

1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics成对的概念

辨析差异必考P3

（1）Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定及描写

Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguage

peopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaims

tolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhat

theyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Moder,linguistic,differ,fro.traditiona.grammar.Traditiona.g

rainma.i.prescriptiv.whil.moder,linguistic,i.descriptive.Th.

tas.o.linguist,i.suppose,t.describ.th.languag.peopl.actuall

,use.whethe.i.i."correct,o.not.

规定性Prescriptive

I.aim.t.la.dow.rule.fo.

correct,behavior,t.tel.peopl.wha.the.shoul.sa.an.wha.shoal.

no.say.

描述性Descriptive

.linguisti.stud.describe,an.analyze,th.languag.peopl.actual

1.use.

(2)Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时

Th.descriptio.o..languag.a.som.poin.i.tim.i..synchroni.stud

y.th.descriptio.o..languag.a.i.change,throug.tim.i..diachro

ni.study.I.moder,linguistics,synchroni.stud.i.mor.important

*

历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Th.stud.o.languag.chang.throug.time..diachroni.stud.o.langu

ag.i..historica.study,whic.studie.th.historica.developmen.o

.languag.ove..perio.o.time.

共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Th.stud.o..give,languag.a..give.time.

(3)Speechandwriting口头语及书面语

Speec.an.writin.ar.th.tw.majo.medi.o.communication.Moder,li

nguistic.regard,th.spoke,for.o.languag.a.primary,bu.no.th.w

ritte.form.Reason,are.1.Speec.precede,writing.2.Ther.ar.sti

1.man.language,tha.hav.onl.th.spoke,form.3.I.term.o.functio

n.th.spoke,languag.i.use.fo..wide.rang.o.purpose,tha.th.国ri

tten.an.carrie..large,loa.o.communicatio.tha.th.written.

(4)Langueandparole语言和言语必考名解P4

Th.Swis.linguis.F.d.Saussur.mad.th.distinctio.betwee.langu.

an.parol,earl.20t.century.

Langu.refer,t.th.abstrac.linguisti.syste.share,b.al.th.memb

er.o..speec.community,an.parol,refer,t.th.realizatio.o.lang

u.i.actua.use.Saussur.mad.th.distinctio.i.orde.t.singl.ou.o

n.aspoc.o.languag.fo.seriou.study.H.believe,wha.linguist,sh

oul.d.i.t.abstrac.langu.fro.parole,t.discove.th.regularitie

・governin.th.actua.us.o.languag.an.mak.the.th.subject,o.stu

d.o.linguistics.

语言langue(抽象)

Th.abstrac.linguisti.syste.share,b.al.member,o..speec.commu

nity.

言语parole（具体）

Th.realizatio.o.langu.i.actua.use.

（5）Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用

Propose,b.America,linguis.N.Chomsk.i.th.lat.1950,s.

H.define,competenc.a.th.idea,user'.knowledg.o.th.rule.c.hi

.language,an.performanc.th.actua.realizatio.o.thi.knowledg.

i.linguisti.communication.H.believe,th.tas.o.th.linguist,i.

t.discove.an.specif,th.languag.rules.

语言能力Competence（抽象）

Competenc.i.th.idea,user'.knowledg.o.th.rule.o.hi.language.

语言运用performance（具体）

Performanc.i.th.actua.realizatio.o.thi.knowledg.i.linguisti

.communication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

（6）Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语法和现

代语法

I.i.generail,believe,tha.th.beginnin.o.moder,linguistic,wa.

marke.b.th.publicatio.o.F•d.Saussure..boo.

“Cours,i.Genera.Linguistics,i.th.earl.20t.century.Befor.th

a.i.traditiona.grammar.

Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodern

linguistics:

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammaris

prescriptive.

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,not

thewritten.

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsoin

thatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

（Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsare

basedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言

学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基

础。

traditiona.gramme,i.prescriptive,i.i.base.on.high,writte.la

nguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究'高级'书面语.）

L2什么是语言

1.2.1定义

语言language:

Languag.i..syste.o.arbitrar.voca.symbol,use.fo.huma.communi

cation.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系.

1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage必考P8

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethat

distinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别及其他任何动物的交际体系的限定

性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性(创造性)

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Culturaltransmission文化传递

(Darbitrariness

Ther.i.n.logica.connectio.betwee.meaning,an.sounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignof

sophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohave

anunlimitedsourceofexpressions

(2)Productivity

Animal,ar.quit,limite.i.th.message,the.ar.abl.t.send.

⑶Duality

Languag.i..system,whic.consist,o.tw.set.o.structure.,o.tw・1

evels.

⑷Displacement

Languag.ca.b.use.t.refe.t.context,remove,fro.th.immediat.si

tuation.o.th.speaker.

(5)Culturaltransmission

Huma,capacit.fo.languag.ha..geneti.basis,bu.w.hav.t.b.taugh

.an.learne.th.detail,o.an.languag.system,thi.showe.tha.lang

uag.i.culturall.transmitted,no.b.instinct,animal,ar.bor..vit

.th.capacit.t.produc.th.se.o.call,peculia.t.thei.species.

1.2.3Functionsoflanguage语言的功能

Descriptivefunction,expressivefunction,socialfunction

SixelementsofaspeecheventspecifiedbyJakobson:

Addresser-Emotive感情功能

Addressee-Conative意动功能

Context-Referential所指功能

Message-Poetic诗歌功能

Contact-Phaticcommunion寒暄功能

Code-Metalinguistic无语言功能

ChapterTwoPhonology

2.2Phonetics（语音学）

2.2.1定义

Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itis

concernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld's

languages.

是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音

2.2.2Organsofspeech

3个区域：thepharyngealcavity咽腔-thethroat,thecral

cavity口腔-themouth,nasalcavity鼻腔-thenose

清音Voiceless

Whe.th.voca.cord.ar.draw.wid.apar.,lettin.ai.g.throug.witho

u.causin.vibratio.,th.sound,produce,i.sue..conditio,ar.call

e.voiceles.sounds.

浊音Voicing

Sound,produce,whil.th.voca.cord.ar.vibratin.ar.calle,voice,

sounds.

2.2.3宽式音标和严式音标

宽式音标Broadtranscription

Th.transcriptio.o.speec.sound,wit.lette.symbol,only.

严式音标Narrowtranscription

Th.transcriptio.o.speec.soun.wit.letter,symbol,an.th.diacri

tics.

送气Aspirated

不送气Unaspirated

2.2.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类

Vowelandconsonant元音辅音

Vowel

Th.sound,i.th.productio.o.whic.n.articulator,com.ver.clos.t

ogethe.an.th.ai.strea.passe,throug.th.voca.trac.withou.obst

ructio.ar.calle,vowels.

ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

a:intermsofthemannersofarticulation（发音方式）：

Stops（爆破音）:pbtdkg6

Fricatives（摩擦音）：/f//v//0//d//s//z//P/”h//r/

8

Affricatives（塞擦音）:/tj//ds/

Liquids（清音）：/I//r/

Nasals（鼻音）：/m,n,H/

Glides（滑音）:/wj/

b:intermsofplaceofarticulation（发音部位）

bilabials（双唇音）:/pbmw/

labiodentals（唇齿音）:/fv/

dentals（齿音）:/3//0/

alveolars（齿龈音）：/tdnlrs/6

palatals（腭音）：/jJ3tJd/5

velars（软腭音）:/kgn/

glottal（喉音）:/h/

ClassificationofEnglishvowels

a:thepositionofthetoneinmouth:front,central,back,

b.th.opennes.o.th.mouth,close,semi-close,semi-ope.an.open..

••

c:theshapeofthelips:roundedandunrounded

d:thelengthofthevowels:tenseandlaxorlongandshort

2.3Phonplogy音位学

2.3.2Phone,phonemeandallophone

音素Phone

.phoneti.uni.o.segment.

音位Phoneme

.collectio.o.abstrac.soun.features..phonologica.unit.

音位变体Allophones

Differen.phone,whic.ca.represen..phonem.i.differen.environm

ent.ar.calle,th.cllophone.o.tha.phoneme.

2.3...explai.th.sequentia.rul.an.th.assimilatio.rul..

序列规则Sequentialrules

Rule.tha.gover.th.combinatio.o.sound,i..particula.language.

同化规则Assimilationrules

Th.assimilatio.ml.assimilate,on.soun.t.anothe.by.copyin.’

.featur.o..sequentia.phoneme,thu.makin.th.tw.phone,similar.

省略规则Deletionrule

It'saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobe

deletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.

2.3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

重音Stress

声调Tone

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythediffering

ratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

语调Intonation

ChapterThreeMorphology形态学

3.2Openclassandclosedclass

Openclasswords实词，词数可增加

Closedclasswords虚词，词数稳定

3.3Morphemes词素

词素Morpheme

Th.basi.uni.i.th.stud.o.morpholog.an.th.smalles.meaningfu.u

ni.o.language.

自由词素FreeMorpheme

Fre.morpheme,ar.independen.unit.o.meanin.an.ca.b.use.freel.

al.b.themselves.

黏着词素Boundmorphemes

Boun,morpheme,ar.thes.morpheme,tha.cano.b.use.b.themselves,

mus.b.combine,wit.othe.morpheme,t.for.word.tha.ca.b.use.ind

ependently.

3.4

词根Root

Roo.i.th.bas.for.o..wor.whic.canno.b.furthe.analyze,withou.

tota.los.o.identity.

词缀Affix

Th.collectiv.ter.fo.th.typ.o.formativ.tha.ca.b.use.onl.whe.

adde.t.anothe.morpheme.

3.5Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorpheme

派生Derivationalmorphemes:themorphemeswhichchangethe

categoryorgrammaticalclassofwords

E.g.modern---moderniz.length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.

曲折Inflectionalmorphemes:themorphemeswhichareforthe

mostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifysuchconceptsas

tense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntactic

category,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,

E.g.a.Number,table,apple,cars

b)Person,finitenessandaspect:

talk/talks/talking/talkedc)Case:John/John,s

派生词Derivation

复合词Compounds

ChapterFourSyntax句法学

句法学Syntax:Abranchof1inguisticsthatstudieshowwcrds

arecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgovernthe

formationofsentences.(句法学是研究词是如何组成句子以及如

何支配句子构成规则的一个语言学分支)

Phrasecategoriesandtheirstructures短语分类及结构

Phrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaround

acertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchas

nounphrase:NP(N),verbphrase:VP(V),adjectivephrase:AP

(A),andprepositional:PP(P).

Thestructure:specifier+head+complement

Head(中心厝)thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed

Specifier(标志成分)thewordsontheleftsideoftheheads

Complement(补足成分)----thewordsontherightsideofthe

heads

Phrasestructurerules:

Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementof

elementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule,

suchas:

N.(Det限定词....(PP)..........

e.g.thos.people,th.fis.o.th.plate,prett.girls.

V.(Qual修饰词....(NP)……

e.g.alway.pla.games,finis,assignments.

AP(Deg程度词)+A+(PP)....veryhandsome,verypessimistic,

familiarwith,veryclosetoPP(Deg)+P+(NP)....ontheshelf,

intheboat,quitenearthestation

SfNPVP(Asentenceconsistsof,orisrewrittenas,anoun

phraseandaverbphrase)Doinsertion:Insertinterrogative

dointoanemptyInflposition.

句法类型Syntacticcategory

.wor.o.phras.tha.perform..particula.grammatica.functio.sue

.a.th.subjec.o.object.

表层结构S-structare

.leve.o.syntacti.representatio.afte.th.operatic,o.necessar.

syntacti.movement.

深层结构D-structare

.leve.o.syntacti.representatio.befor.th.operatio.o.necessar

.syntacti.movement.

普遍语法Generalgrammar

.syste.o.linguisti.knowledg.whic.consist,o.som.genera,princ

iple.an.parameter,abou.natur.language.

N.，

th.studen.wh.like,linguistics,consist,o.Det..an..wit.De.bei

n.th.Specifie.,.th.head..th.complement.NP（…）有冠词、名词和

子句组成，冠词是指示语，名词是核心词，子句是补足语。

4.6.5MoveQandconstraintsontransformations。位移和转

换的限制必考（定义和作用）

ThisgeneralruleisreferredtoasMovea,where“alpha”

isacovertermforanyelementthatcanbemovedfromoneplace

toanother.

（我也不知道作用是啥，就会用）

这章重点就是画图

Chapter5Semantics

语义学Semantics:thestudyofmeaningfromthelinguisticpoint

ofview（对意义的研究）

同义词Synonymy

I.refer,t.th.samenes.o.clos.similarit.o.meanin.o.w.ca.sa.th

a.word.ar.clos.i.meanin.ar.calle,synonyms.

多义词Polysemy

I.refer,t.differen.word.ma.hav.th.sam.o.simila.meaning,th.s

am.on.wor.ma.hav.mor.tha.on.meaning.

同音（形）异义Homonymy

I.refer,t.th.phenomeno.tha.word.hav.differen.meaning,hav.th

.sam.form.i.e.differen.word.ar.identica.i.soun.o.spelling,o

・i.both.

上下义关系Hyponymy

.I.refer,t.th.sens,relatio.betwee..mor.general,mor.inclusiv

.wor.an..mor.specifi.word.th.wor.whic.i.mor.genera,i.meanin

.i.calle,superordinate,an.th.mor.specifi.word.ar.calle,it.h

yponyms.

反义词Antonymy

It'.th.ter.use.fo.oppositenes.o.meanin.o.differen.dimensio

n.

预设Presupposition

It'•・semanti.relationshi.o.logica.connection..presuppose.B.

蕴涵EntaiIment

Entailmen.ca.b.illustrate,b.th.foliowin.to.sentence,i.whic.

sentenc..entail,sentenc.B.

.A.Mar.marrie..blond,heiress.

B:Markmarriedablonde.

句子间的意义关系senserelationbetweensentences

.i.synonymou.wit.Y..互为同义、同对错

.entail.Y.包含关系-X包含Y

.presuppose.Y.假设、推.由X推测出Y

.i..contradiction.矛盾句

.i.semantical!,anomalous.不等逻辑、缙误逻辑

5.2.3Contextualism语境论必考，考啥未知P64自己看书

5.5.1Componentialanalysis

语义成分分析Componentialanalysis

Componentia.analysi.i..wa.propose,b.th.structur.semanticist

s（结构i吾义学）t.analyz.wor.meaning.

Th.approac.i.base.upo.th.belie,tha.th.meanin.o..worl.ca.b.d

issecte.int.meanin.components,calle,semanti.features（语义特

征）.

述谓分析Predicationanalysis

Awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning.

主项（论元）argument+（谓词）predicate

Eg.（Th.dogs）主.（barks）谓词.

带一个主项的述谓ono-placepredication

Chapter6pragmatics

语用学Pragmatics必考

Thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffect

successfulcommunication.

Thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication;the

studyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.

Pragmatics=semantics+context

语境Context

Itisgenerallyconsiderdasconstitutedbytheknowledge

sharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

语句意义及话语意义SentencemeaningV.Sutterancemeaning

Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasa

self-containedunitinisolation,thenwetreatitasa

sentence.

Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertain

situationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitas

anutterance.

Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealization

oftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationof

communication,orsimplyinacontext.

6.2

言语行为理论Speechacttheory必考P80

It7.a.importan.theor.i.th.pragmati.stud.o.language,it7..p

hilosophica.explsnatio.o.th.natur.o.linguisti.communication

・i.aim.t.answe.th.questio."wha.d.w.d.whe.usin.language?.

Th.concep.o.causative,performatives,th.locutionar.act（言内

行为）.th.illocutionar.act（言外行为）.th.perlocutionar.act

（言后行为）

an.th.categorie.o.illocutionar.ac.suggeste.an.formulate,b.J

.R.Searl.constitut.th.speec.ac.theory.

言内行为LocutionaryAct

.locutionar.ac.i.th.ac.o.utterin.words,phrase.,clauses,it'

.th.ac.o.conveyin.litera.meanin.b.mean.o.syntax,lexico.an.p

honology.

言外行为HlcotioaaryAct

A.i1locutionar.ac.i.th.ac.o.expressin.th.speaker'.intontio

.it'.th.ac.performe.i.sayin.something.

言后行为PerlocutionaryAct

Perlocuationar.Ac.i.th.ac.performe.b.o.resultin.fro.sayin.s

omelhing.it'.th.consequenc.o.,o.th.chang.brough.abou.b.th.

utterance.

SearleJsclassificationofspeechact必考P82

阐述性

Representatives---1.commi.th.speake.t.somethingJ.bein.t