教学材料《建筑英语》-Unit Two

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ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureThefirstdesigningideawasthatbuildingsshouldbelongandlowratherthanshortandtall—theyshouldseemalmosttobehuggingyou.Theroofwouldbeheldupbycolumns,andnotbythewalls.Theroofshouldseemtobefloatingovertheground.Theseconddesigningideawassymmetry:bothsidesofthebuildingshouldbethesame,balanced,justasTaoismemphasizedbalance（Fig.2-1）.EvenasearlyastheShangDynasty,about1500B.C.,Chinesebuildingslookedprettymuchlikethis,withcurvedtileroofsandlongrowsofpillars.ArchitectureFeaturesChineseancientarchitectureconstitutestheonlysystembasedmainlyonwoodenstructuresofuniquecharmingappearance.上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureThisdiffersfromallotherarchitecturalsystemsintheworldwhicharebasedmainlyonbrickandstonestructures.Woodenposts,beams,lintelsandjoistsmakeuptheframeworkofahouse.Wallsserveastheseparationofroomswithoutbearingtheweightofthewholehouse,whichisuniquetoChina[3].Asafamoussayinggoes,“Chinesehousewillstillstandwhentheirwallscollapse.”Thespecialtyofwoodrequiresantisepsismethodstobeadopted,thusdevelopsintoChineseownarchitecturalpaintingdecoration[4].Coloredglazeroofs,windowswithexquisiteappliquédesignandbeautifulflowerpatternsonwoodenpillarsreflectthehigh-levelofthecraftsmen’shandicraftandtheirrichimagination.上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureArchitectureandCultureArchitectureandculturearetightlyrelatedtoeachother.Inasense,architectureisthecarrierofculture.StylesofChineseancientarchitecturearerichandvaried,suchastemples,imperialplaces,altars,pavilions,officialresidencesandfolkhouse,whichgreatlyreflectChineseancientthoughts—theharmoniousunityofhumanbeingswithnature（Fig.2-2）.TherearetwotypicaltypesoftheChineseancientarchitecturerepresentingtheprofoundinfluenceofChineseculture,whichareFengShuiandMemorialArch.上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureFengShui:ChinesetraditionaltheoryespeciallydirectstheprocessofarchitecturalconstructiononthebasisofthecultureofTheBookofChanges.Itsemphasisisconcernedwiththeharmoniousunityofhumanbeingswithnature.MemorialArch:ItisthederivativeofChinesefeudalsociety,alsocalledPailou,uniquetoChina,wasbuilttohonorgreatachievementandvirtueofancestors[5]（Fig.2-3）.Todaybasedonitstraditionalsoil,Chinesearchitecturehasabsorbedforeignarchitecturalcultureandcontinuedtoforgeaheadbycomplyingwiththerequirementsofourtimeandusingnewarchitecturaltechniques.上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureNewWordsarchitecture[ˈɑ:kitektʃə]n.建筑，建筑学civilize[ˈsivilaiz]v.使文明，教化continent[ˈkɒntinənt]n.洲，大陆territory[ˈterit(ə)ri]n.领土，范围civilization[ˌsivilaiˈzeiʃən]n.文明，文化philosophy[fiˈlɒsəfi]n.哲学column[ˈkɒləm]n.柱，圆柱emphasize[ˈemfəsaiz]v.强调上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitecturedynasty[ˈdinəsti]n.王朝，朝代curved[kɜ:vd]adj.弧形的，曲线的tile[tail]n.瓦，瓷砖pillar[ˈpilə]n.柱子，支柱feature[ˈfiːtʃə]n.特征，特点constitute[ˈkɒnstitjuːt]v.构成，组成architectural[ˌɑːkiˈtektʃərəl]adj.建筑的，建筑学的brick[brik]n.砖post[pəʊst]n.柱，桩，杆beam[biːm]n.梁上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitecturelintel[ˈlint(ə)l]n.过梁，（门或窗的）楣joist[dʒɒist]n.托梁，搁栅collapse[kəˈlæps]vt.使倒塌，使坍塌specialty[ˈspeʃəlti]n.独特之处，特点adopt[əˈdɒpt]vt.采用，采取antisepsis[æntiˈsepsis]n.防腐，消毒glaze[gleiz]v.给……上釉，使光滑，使光亮exquisite[ˈekskwizit]adj.精致的，优美的appliqué[ˌæpliˈke]n.贴花，嵌花，补花imperial[imˈpiəriəl]adj.帝国的，皇帝的上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitecturealtar[ˈɔltɚ]n.祭坛，圣坛pavilion[pəˈviljən]n.亭，阁楼reflect[riˈflekt]vt.反映profound[prəˈfaʊnd]adj.深厚的，意义深远的absorb[əbˈsɔːb]v.吸收Prsases&Expressionsaccountfor说明，占，解决，得分accordingto依照ratherthan与其……倒不如……inasense在某种意义上上一页下一页返回TextA

ABriefIntroductiontotheAncientChineseArchitectureonthebasisof以……为基础MemorialArch（Paifang）牌坊forgeahead稳步前进，开拓进取complywith遵从，服从上一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureChinesearchitectureisasoldasChinesecivilization,ofwhichitisanintegralpart[1].Consideringsocial,economical,politicalandtechnologicaldevelopmentsreflectedinarchitecture,thedevelopmentsofChinesearchitecturecanbedividedintothefollowingsixmainstages.TheFirstStage:Before220A.D.Startingfromtheearlyprimitivesociety,tothedeclineoftheHanDynastyin220A.D.,thisstagemarkstheChinesearchitecturaldevelopmentfromstart-uptoearlymaturestage.Naturalcaveisanaturalwaytosolvethehousingproblemofourancestors.下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureFrom206B.C.to220A.D.,Chinaenteredintothestageoffullymaturedfeudalism.ThepalacesoftheHanemperorsweresomagnificentthattheyhad“athousanddoorsandtenthousandwindows.”Towintheblessingsofgods,veryhightowerswerebuiltintheroyalgarden.Meanwhile,businesswithWestAsiabroughtintheWestculturalfactorsinarchitecture,suchasarch,humanfiguresusedasarchitecturalembellishments,etc.IntroductionofBuddhismalsogreatlyenrichedthearchitectureofChina.上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureTheSecondStage:BuddhistInfluence,3rdto6thCenturyInthisperiod,Chinesearchitecturewasgreatlyinfluencedby,andabsorbedmostfrom,IndianandCentralAsianculture.Buddhisttemplesandpagodaswerebuiltalmosteverywhere.Theprincipalremainsofthisperiodaremanyrock-cutorcavetemplesandsomeraremasonrypagodas.Someofthecavetemples,suchasthoseatYungang,MaijiShanandTianlongarearchitectedinhighstandard.TheoldestBuddhistpagodainChinatodaywasalsobuiltinthisperiod.上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureHenanSongshanSongYueTemple,builtinAD520,about40metershighandembellishedwithafewmotifsofIndianorigin,symbolizedanewarchitecturalforminChina[2].TheThirdStage:theGloriousTangDynasty,7thto9thCenturyBytheendofthesixthcentury,Chinawasunifiedagain.Paintings,sculpture,music,dancingwereallenrichedwithWesternelements.Architecturealsoreacheditsheydaybothtechnologicallyandartistically.TheoldestspecimenofthetimberstructuresexistinginChinadatedbacktoTangDynasty,whichillustratedthecarpenter’smasteryart[3].上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureThewoodenpagodawasgraduallysubstitutedbymasonrystructures.Newformsofpagodaswereinnovatedconstantly.“Multistoriedpagoda”and“multi-eavedpagoda”appearedinthisperiod.TheFourthStage:LargeEnsemblesStandardizationandRefinement,10thto14thCenturyThemaindevelopmentsofthisstagearetheexpensesinthearchitecturalgroups’scalesandtheadvancesmadeinarchitecturalrefinements.上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureInordertosavematerialsandlabor,speedthedesignandconstructionprocessoflarge-scalebuildings,themethodofstylizationandstandardizationwasemployed[4].ThecompilationandpublicationoftheYing-tsao-fa-shihisanhistoricaleventinthedevelopmentofChinesearchitecture.Therearestillaconsiderablenumberofedificesfromthisperiodstandingtoday.Exceptforfewbridges,allarereligiousbuildings—templesoftimberconstructionandpagodasinmasonrystructures.Onthepagodalayout,starkcrossaxislayoutisintroduced.Pagodasofthisperiodarebuiltinvariousforms.Insteadofthesquarelayout,theoctagonbecamethemostpopularonethenandthereafter.上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureTheFifthStage:AgeofPekingandEuropeanInfluence,1368—1949InnumerablebuildingsinMingandQingDynastiessurvivedfromthetwiceexpansionofPeking.Thecity,withitspalacesandgardens,isthemostimportanthistoricalsitesandoneofthemostmagnificentarchitecturalworks.Duringthenineteenthcentury,capitalismandimperialismbroughtWesternarchitecturalconceptstoChina.Insomecoastalcities,eventhecityofthenineteenth-centuryEuropewasreproducedinthe“concessions”acquiredbyimperialists[5].上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureThearchitectureofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturyinChinareflectsmostfaithfullythefeaturesofsemi-feudalisticandsemi-colonialChinesesociety.Inthecountrysideandsmallertowns,traditionalChinesebuildingisstillpeople’schoice.Butinlargercities,the“foreign-stylehouse”prevails.TheSixthStage:theAgeofPeople’sArchitecture,after1949In1949,theChinesepeopleliberatedthemselvesandfoundedthePeople’sRepublicofChina.AnewepochhadbegunforChinesearchitecture.上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitectureNewWordsintegral[ˈintigrəl]adj.完整的decline[diˈklain]n.下降，减少feudalism[ˈfju:dəlizəm]n.封建制度emperor[ˈempərə]n.皇帝，君主arch[ɑːtʃ]n.弓形（物）embellishment[imˈbeliʃmənt]n.装饰，修饰Buddhism[ˈbudizm]n.佛教enrich[inˈritʃ]vt.使富裕，使富有pagodas[pəˈgəudə]n.宝塔motif[məuˈti:f]n.装饰图案上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitecturesculpture[ˈskʌlptʃə]n.雕刻illustrate[ˈiləstreit]vi.（用图、实例等）说明，阐明（+with）edifices[ˈedifis]n.大建筑物axis[ˈæksis]n.轴octagon[ˈɔktəgɔn]n.八边形innumerable[iˈnjuːmrəbəl]adj.无数的magnificent[mægˈnifisnt]adj.宏伟的imperialism[imˈpiəriəlizm]n.帝国主义prevail[priˈveil]v.流行，战胜上一页下一页返回TextBHistoryofChineseArchitecturePrsases&Expressionsbedividedinto被分解CentralAsianculture