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/专题03非谓语动词密码速通(考点全解析)考点序号考点聚焦考点一动词不定式考点二动词ing形式考点三过去分词考点四独立主格结构脉脉|络|重|构动词不定式:基本形式为todo,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征,往往有将来意味。其被动式为tobedone,进行式为tobedoing,完成式为tohavedone,完成被动式为tohavebeendone,完成进行式为tohavebeendoing。动名词:形式为doing,既具有动词的某些特征,又具有名词的句法功能,相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作。其被动式为beingdone,完成式为havingdone,完成被动式为havingbeendone。现在分词:形式为doing,相当于形容词、副词,往往有现在意味,表示主动和进行。其被动式为beingdone,完成式为havingdone,完成被动式为havingbeendone。过去分词:形式为done,相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义。及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成,不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。考考|点|精|讲考点一动词不定式【知识精讲】一.动词不定式的形式、时态和语态用法:1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”;否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。Thedoctoradvisedmetotakemedicine.医生建议我吃药。Hetoldmenottodoso.他叫我别那么做。2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化:(1)一般式:主动语态→todo;被动语态→tobedone(2)完成式:主动语态→tohavedone;被动语态→tohavebeendone(3)进行式:主动语态→tobedoing;被动语态→(无)(4)完成进行式:主动语态→tohavebeendoing;被动语态→(无)二.动词不定式的用法用法:1.不定式作名词的用法:不定式可以像名词一样,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。不定式作主语和表语Theyagreedtogiveittomethenextday.不定式作宾语他们同意第二天将它给我。Idon’twishthesubjecttoberaisedagain.不定式作宾语补足语我不希望再提起这个话题。2.不定式作副词的用法:不定式可作副词用,修饰动词或形容词,在句中作状语,表目的、原因、结果等。Hecametogiveusatalkyesterday.不定式表目的他昨天来(为了)给我们作报告。Iamsorrytohearthesadnews.不定式表原因听到这个坏消息,我很难过。Iwastootiredtomove.我累得不能动了。不定式表结果3.不定式作形容词的用法:不定式作形容词用时,修饰名词或代词,在句中担任定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后,二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系,也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系,且不定式为不及物动词时,不定式后要加上相应的介词。Ihavenofriendstohelpme.不定式tohelp和名词friends是主谓关系我没有朋友来帮助我。Ihavetoomanythingstodo.不定式todo和名词things是动宾关系我有太多事情要做。提示:动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语(不定式短语)移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“forsb.”前的形容词常表客观属性,“ofsb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。Itisdifficultforthestudentstoreadthebook.学生们读这本书有点儿难。Itiscarelessofhimtobreakthecup.他太粗心了,把杯子打碎了。在hope,demand,agree,refuse等后可接不定式作宾语,但不能接不定式作宾语补足语,即不能说hope/demand/agree/refusesb.todo。不定式作宾语补足语,如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系,不定式用主动式;如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系,不定式用被动式。注意:不定式与疑问词who,what,which,when,where,how等连用构成不定式短语,在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。Whattodoisabigproblem.做什么是个大问题。Ididn’tfindoutwhentoleave.我不清楚何时出发。Shewilltelluswheretogoandwhentostart.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。Thequestionishowtogetthere.问题是如何到那儿去。三.动词不定式的省略用法:1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。Iheardhersinginthekitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。2.两个(以上)不定式并列,尤其是由and或or连接时,第二个不定式中常常省略to。Ipromisedtofinishmyhomeworkand(to)handitinonetime.我答应完成作业并按时交上。3.but,except,besides等前有行为动词do时,后可跟不带to的不定式。Theenemycandonothingbut/exceptsurrender.敌人除了投降,别无选择。4.在hadbetterdosth.;had/wouldratherdosth.;had/wouldratherdosth.thatdosth.;cannotbutdosth.等句型中,省略了to。Shewouldrathersavemoneythanbuyclothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。5.一个动词在前面已经出现过,再次以不定式形式出现时,为避免重复,可省略不定式中的动词原形,而只保留to。Hedoesn’tgojoggingasheusedto.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。提示:当一个不定式被省略时,如为“todo”型不定式,to要保留下来,表示省略了一个不定式;如为“tobe”型或“tohavedone”型不定式,则保留to,并加be或have。-Wouldyouliketobeateacher?你想当老师吗?-Yes,I’dliketobe.是的,想。四.动词不定式的重要句型用法:1.ask/tellsb.(not)todosth.表示“请/告诉某人(不要)做某事”。Hermotheraskedhertowashthedishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。2.want/wish(sb.)todosth.表示“想(让某人)去做某事”。Iwant/wishtobeanactress.我想成为一名女演员。3.hopetodosth.表示“希望做某事”。Ihopetodoitmyself.我希望亲自做这件事。4.too+形容词/副词+(to)dosth.表示“太……(以致)不能……”。Hewastoonervoustosayaword.他太紧张了,以至于说不出一句话来。5.too...+forsb.todosth.表示“对某人来说,太……以致不能……”。Itistoodarkforhimtoseeanythingintheroom.房间里太黑,他什么也看不见。6.形容词+enoughtodosth.表示“太……(以至)不能……”。Mysonisoldenoughtogotoschool.我儿子足够大了,到上学的年龄了。【巩固提升】1.Iregret(tell)youthattheflightyoubookedhasbeencanceledduetobadweather.2.Thecaptaincanalwaysfindaway(encourage)histeammembers.3.Iexaminedthechick(雏鸟)anditseemedfine.Mynextworkwas(construct)anestandanchoritinatree.4.Whenyouplananexerciseroutine,thefirstthing(consider)iswhatyouexpecttoimprove:heartandlungefficiency.5.(ignore)thepotentialrisksofartificialintelligencewouldbeextremelyshort-sighted.6.Sportwillencourageyou(maintain)apositiveandbalancedoutlook.7.Hewrotealetter

(request)permissiontojointheschool’smusicclub.8.Thesportsmeetingislikely(cancel)onaccountoftheheavyrain.9.TraditionalChinesesealmakersoftenusetianhuangstone,whichisdifficult(carve)becauseofitsrelativesoftness.10.Thebraveboyprefers(solve)problemsbyhimselfratherthanaskforothers’help.11.Withsomanychallengingtasks(complete),hefeltsortofanxious.12.Youneedtoeatfoodsrichinprotein(help)yourmusclesrecoverandrepairthemselvesafterexercise.13.Wemustgraspeveryopportunityto(strength)culturalexchangewithothercountries.14.Practisingtaichihasinspiredme(explore)theChineseculturebehindit.15.Thisweek,weintend(put)thistheorytothetestbyaskingyou,ourreaders,towriteatitleforthispicture.16.Onthewhole,hehasthepotential(become)aworld-classmusician.17.Theydon’thavethecourage(apologize)fortheiractions.18.Weshouldmakeeveryeffort(solve)theproblem.19.Printedbooksareexpensiveandnoteasy(carry).20.Theywanted(design)amachinethatwasbothattractiveanduseful.考点二动词-ing形式【知识精讲】一.动词-ing形式的概述用法:动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种,由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下(以及物动词do为例):(1)一般式:主动语态→doing;被动语态→beingdone(2)完成式:主动语态→havingdone;被动语态→havingbeendone(3)完成进行式:主动语态→havingbeendoing;被动语态→(无)如果是不及物动词,则没有被动语态,主动语态也没有完成进行式,以不及物动词go为例,其一般式为going,完成式为havinggone。Theboyisfondofplayingfootball.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这只松鼠很幸运,差一点被抓到。提示:动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。Notknowinghowtodyethesilkred,hewenttoherforhelp.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色,他去向她求助。二.动词-ing形式的用法用法:1.动词-ing形式作主语,表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。Readingbooksmakesonewise.读书使人明智。2.动词-ing形式作表语,表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。Herinterestiscollectingshoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit,advise,consider,enjoy,can’thelp,feellike等。Ienjoylisteningtorockmusic.我喜欢听摇滚乐。4.动词-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。Thereisaswimmingpoolinmycard.我的院子里有一个游泳池。5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel,hear,smell,listento,leave,keep,set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系,且表示动作正在进行,状态正在持续。Whatshesaidsetmethinkingdeeply.她说的话使我深思。6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。Walkinginthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.走在街上,我遇见了一个朋友。提示:动词-ing形式作主语时,有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语,常见句型为:It’snouse/nogood/useless/notanyuse+(sb’s)doing...It’snogoodtalkingtohim.同他谈没用。【巩固提升】1.Manyoldpeoplego(jog)forexerciseintheparkintheearlymorning.2.Ipreferreadingto(watch)TVinmysparetime.3.Thosescientistswhodedicatetheirlivestotheouterspaceexplorationareworth(learn)from.4.Manykidsareaddictedto(surf)theInternet,sotheyhavelostinterestinstudy.5.Therefore,it’shightimewetookmeasurestopreventwater(pollute).6.Currently,(earn)alivinghasbecomemorechallengingforordinarypeople.7.Theyendedup(quarrel)becauseofasmallthing.8.Everythingthatisworthdoingisworthyof(do)well.9.Remember,yourtrueselfisthemostbeautifulversion,worthyof(love)andcherished.10.Despite(refer)tothedictionary,hestillcouldn’tunderstandthelongsentence.11.SanxingduiMuseumisthelargestmuseuminSouthwestChinawithalargenumberofpreciousrelics(date)asfarbackas5,000yearsago.12.Not(grow)upinChina,he’sawareofhisknowledgegaps.13.(star)TomHanks,ForrestGumpisdefinitelyamovieyoushouldnotmiss!14.TheRepublicanParty,(refer)tothemselvesproudlyas“thepartyofLincoln”,istakingpowerinAmerica.15.Many(struggle)artistsintheearly20thcentury,despitetheirremarkabletalent,livedinpovertybecausetheirworkswerenotrecognizedbythemainstreamsocietyatthattime.16.Thecoins(date)fromtheyear275ADto221BCweredugupontheisland.17.Zuocao,(sit)attheback,playsgongs,bowls,andclappers.18.Theparkisopentopeopleofallages,(range)fromyoungchildrentotheelderly.19.Likecars(run)onpetrol,yourbodyburnscarbohydratesforenergy.20.(date)backtoover2,000yearsago,theSilkRoadconnectedChinawiththeWest.

考点三过去分词【知识精讲】一.过去分词的概述用法:过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形加-ed”,但也有不规则的形式,不规则动词的过去分词要逐个记忆。过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。Lookatthebrokenglasses.看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。二.过去分词的用法用法:1.过去分词作表语,表示被动或者表示主语所处的状态。Iwaspleasedatthenews.听到这个消息,我很高兴。2.过去分词作定语,一般都含完成和被动之意。但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动意义,只表示完成意义。Therearemanyfallenleavesontheground.地上有许多落叶。3.过去分词可在动词see,feel,hear,notice,watch,make,let,get等后作宾补,宾补和宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系。Iheardthewindowsbeatenbyraindrops.我听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。4.过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随、结果等。Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.虽然受伤了,那位勇敢的战士继续战斗。【巩固提升】1.Despitethenoisefromtheoutside,thestudentmanagedtokeephisattention(concentrate)ontheteacher’sexplanation.2.TheBack-to-SchoolSpeech(deliver)byPresidentObamatoAmericanhighschoolstudentsin2009encouragedthemtostudyhardandtobetheauthorsoftheirowndestinies.3.(complete)in610,thecanalgrewmoreandmoreimportantthroughoutChinaoverthenext500years.4.Hewassittingbythewindowwithhishead(bury)inadetectivenovel.5.Withmanytreasures(bury)inthetomb,thearchaeologistsworkedcarefully.

6.Withthematch

(postpone)duetoheavyrain,theteampracticedindoorsinstead.7.YuanLongping,often(refer)toas“FatherofHybridRice”,hassavedmillionsoflives.8.Theearthquakeleftthousandsofpeople(trap)inthecity.

9.(adapt)fromtheworkbyVictorHugo,themusicaltellsapowerfulandmovingstoryoflove.10.(bury)inpracticingcalligraphy,theteenagerdidn’tnoticeitwasgettingdark.考点四独立主格结构【知识精讲】一.独立主格结构的概述用法:独立主格结构由名词或主格代词加上其他成分(非谓语动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成,在语法上是一个独立的短语,不是句子;在意思上依附于整个句子,其作用相当于状语从句,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随状况等。独立主格结构可置于句首或句尾,其逻辑主语与句中主语不同,不指同一人或同一物。Springcomingon,thetreesturngreen.春天来了,树都变绿了。表时间,独立主格中逻辑主语是spring,句中主语是thetreesGarysatsilently,eyesclosed.加里静静地坐着,双眼紧闭。表伴随,独立主语中逻辑主语是eyes,句中主语是Gary二.独立主格结构的构成及用法用法:1.名词/主格代词+不定式:名词或代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,这种结构可位于句首或句末,不定式多表示将来的动作。Theteachertohelpus,wewillsucceed.有老师的帮助,我们就能成功。2.名词/主格代词+现在分词:名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。Timepermitting,wecanfinishthework.若时间许可,我们就能完成这项工作。3.名词/主格代词+过去分词:名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.发出信号后,汽车开始前进。4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词/介词短语:形容词、副词或介词短语常用来说明或代词的特征、性质或所处状态。Themeetingover,thestudentsweredismissed.会议结束,学生们解散了。5.Therebeing+名词/代词。Therebeingnobuses,Ihadtowalkhome.因为没有车,我不得不步行回家。提示:“with/without+名词/代词宾格+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”的作用相当于独立主格短语,在句中可作时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随等状语。另外,此结构还可作后置定语,修饰其前的名词。Ican’tgoout,withalotofhomeworktodo.表原因我不能出去,因为有许多作业要做。Theclassroomisverybrightwithallthelightsturnedon.表原因教室里所有的灯都开着,非常明亮。Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingatthesky.表方式他躺在草地上,眼睛注视着天空。【巩固提升】1.byhisflushedcheeks,Shrekisactuallyveryconcernedabouttheelectionresultandquitenervousaboutit.(judge)2.Hecamein,rain(stream)fromhisclothesandhair.3.Differentoccasions(take)intoaccount,tablemannersdifferalot.4.Hemadenumerouscontributionstotheworld,themostwell-known(be)thegeneraltheoryofrelativity.5.Mary(come)back,theydiscussedittogether.6.Everything(take)intoconsideration,theybelievedthemselvesmoreandreturnedtotheirpositions.7.(judge)fromthehappyshoutsoutsidetonight,I’msuretheyhavewonthegame.8.Thepartywillbeheldinthegardenasscheduled,weather(permit).9.(judge)fromwhathesaid,heisanoldhandinthisfield.10.Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather(permit).【答案】permitting一.单句语法填空1.Thereisnopoint(compare)youwithothersallthetime.2.Missingtheapplicationdeadlinemightpreventmefromtouniversitythisyear.(admit)3.Withoutenoughinformation,wedecidedtopostpone(make)anydecision.4.Aftermovingtoanewcountry,manypeopleendup(adapt)tothelocalcustomswithoutevenrealizingit.5.TheaccidentonthemorningoflastSundayresultedinthree.(kill)6.LastJuly,itrainedheavilyinthesouth,(cause)seriousfloodinginseveralprovinces.7.ThecrowdfilledthesquareduringtheNationalDay.(celebrate)8.(realize)theimportanceofkindness,hedecidedtovolunteerinthecommunity.9.Thebridgeis2,890metreslong,withthemainspan(stretch)1,420metres.10.Jackstoodinfrontoftheclass,completely(forget)everywordthathehadpreparedforhisspeech.11.Thefoldablechair(design)byShirleyismosthelpfultotheelderly.12.Evenif(invite)to,Iwon’tgotosuchalecture.13.Theconductorlikestohavehisroom(decorate)withredlanterns.14.(inspire)byagirlsingingoneofhisworks,Ericaskedhisfanstomakemorevideosandjoinedthemtogetherintooneperformance.15.(equip)withessentialknowledgeandskills,I’msureIwilladapttothenewworkenvironmentquickly.16.(judge)fromthecurrentsituation,anewplanshouldbeputforwardassoonaspossible.17.Weather(permit),wewillgohikingthisSunday.18.Listeningtomusicenablesus(feel)relaxed.19.Wemanaged(get)overtheadversitiesinlearningEnglish.20.Despitethedifficultsituation,DrBethunedidwhateverhecould(assist)theChinesepeople.二.语法填空A阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。MyfriendandIhavebeencloseforseveralyears.We’rehardlyoutofeachother’ssight.ButlastSaturdayshe1(break)myheart.2(origin),weplannedtoseeafilmthatafternoon,butinthemorning,Ilearntfromamessagepostedonsocialmediathatshehadacold.Igaveher3calltellinghertomakea4(recover)athomeandshethankedmeformythoughtfulness.5mysurprise,however,shewasseenchattingwithanothergirlinacafeonSaturdayafternoon,whenshe6(expect)tostayathome.Obviously,sheliedaboutherillness.Iwasfilledwith7(angry)andavoidedmeetingheralldayandstilldon’tfeellikemakingany8(respond)toheronlinemessages.Idon’tknow9Ishouldforgiveherifsheignoresmyfeelingsorrefusestobackdown.Somepeopleadvisemetohaveafullandfranktalkwithherwhileotherssuggest10(rethink)ourrelationship.Iamatatotalloss.B阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Jeremywroteamessagetoawebsiteabouthishealthproblems,inwhichhesaidhe1(feed)upwithgettingsickallthetimeandfeltawkward2(fail)PEexams.Inresponsetohismessage,Dr.Martin3(recommend)long-distancerunningasitbringslotsofbenefits.First,itdoesn’tneedanyspecial4(equip).Also,runningstrengthensourimmunesystem,preventsdiseasesandhelpsusgetinshape.Besides,anybody5isfeelingdowncangoforaruntocheer6(them)up.Athirty-minuteruncanproviderelief7achesortensionthatonemaybesufferingduetostress.8(avoid)injuries,itisimportanttowarmupandcooldown9(proper).Justkeeprunning.Nothinggivesmoresatisfactionthanrealizing10youarecapableofwithallthesweatandhardwork.C阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Chinesechess,alsoknownasXiangqi,shinesbrightlyasatraditionalintellectualgamewithalong-standinghistory.IthasnotonlybeenapastimefortheChinesepeopleforcenturiesbutalsoacarrierofprofoundculturalconnotations(内涵意义).TheoriginofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod.Atfirst,itwasamilitary-themedboardgame1wasusedtosimulate(模拟)battleformationsandstrategies.Overtime,itevolvedandspreadamongthegeneralpublic,2(become)apopularformofentertainment.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,intheTangDynasty,Chinesechess

3(go)throughsignificantimprovements,andthemodern-dayformofthegamestartedtotakeshape.In2008,Chinesechesswas

4(official)listedasanationalintangibleculturalheritage(非物质文化遗产)inChina.Thisrecognitionisatestamenttoitslong-standinghistory,culturalsignificance,anditsrole5thesocialandculturallifeoftheChinesepeople.As6intangibleculturalheritage,ChinesechessisnotonlyagamebutapartofChina'sculturalidentity,passeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Itrepresentsthe7(wise)andcreativityoftheChinesenationandhasbecomeanimportantsymbolofChinesetraditionalculture.Thegovernmentandvariousculturalinstitutionshavebeenmakingefforts8(protect)andpromoteChinesechess,organizingtrainingprograms,competitions,andculturalexchangeactivitiestoensure9(it)continuousdevelopmentandinheritance(传承).Nowadays,Chinesechess10(play)bymillionsofpeopleworldwide.

专题03非谓语动词密码速通(考点全解析)考点序号考点聚焦考点一动词不定式考点二动词ing形式考点三过去分词考点四独立主格结构脉脉|络|重|构动词不定式:基本形式为todo,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征,往往有将来意味。其被动式为tobedone,进行式为tobedoing,完成式为tohavedone,完成被动式为tohavebeendone,完成进行式为tohavebeendoing。动名词:形式为doing,既具有动词的某些特征,又具有名词的句法功能,相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作。其被动式为beingdone,完成式为havingdone,完成被动式为havingbeendone。现在分词:形式为doing,相当于形容词、副词,往往有现在意味,表示主动和进行。其被动式为beingdone,完成式为havingdone,完成被动式为havingbeendone。过去分词:形式为done,相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义。及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成,不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。考考|点|精|讲考点一动词不定式【知识精讲】一.动词不定式的形式、时态和语态用法:1.不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”;否定式为“not/never+to+动词原形”。Thedoctoradvisedmetotakemedicine.医生建议我吃药。Hetoldmenottodoso.他叫我别那么做。2.动词不定式没有人称、数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化:(1)一般式:主动语态→todo;被动语态→tobedone(2)完成式:主动语态→tohavedone;被动语态→tohavebeendone(3)进行式:主动语态→tobedoing;被动语态→(无)(4)完成进行式:主动语态→tohavebeendoing;被动语态→(无)二.动词不定式的用法用法:1.不定式作名词的用法:不定式可以像名词一样,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。不定式作主语和表语Theyagreedtogiveittomethenextday.不定式作宾语他们同意第二天将它给我。Idon’twishthesubjecttoberaisedagain.不定式作宾语补足语我不希望再提起这个话题。2.不定式作副词的用法:不定式可作副词用,修饰动词或形容词,在句中作状语,表目的、原因、结果等。Hecametogiveusatalkyesterday.不定式表目的他昨天来(为了)给我们作报告。Iamsorrytohearthesadnews.不定式表原因听到这个坏消息,我很难过。Iwastootiredtomove.我累得不能动了。不定式表结果3.不定式作形容词的用法:不定式作形容词用时,修饰名词或代词,在句中担任定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后,二者在逻辑上既可是主谓关系,也可是动宾关系。当不定式与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系,且不定式为不及物动词时,不定式后要加上相应的介词。Ihavenofriendstohelpme.不定式tohelp和名词friends是主谓关系我没有朋友来帮助我。Ihavetoomanythingstodo.不定式todo和名词things是动宾关系我有太多事情要做。提示:动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语(不定式短语)移到句末。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。“forsb.”前的形容词常表客观属性,“ofsb.”前的形容词常表主观感情或态度。Itisdifficultforthestudentstoreadthebook.学生们读这本书有点儿难。Itiscarelessofhimtobreakthecup.他太粗心了,把杯子打碎了。在hope,demand,agree,refuse等后可接不定式作宾语,但不能接不定式作宾语补足语,即不能说hope/demand/agree/refusesb.todo。不定式作宾语补足语,如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系,不定式用主动式;如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系,不定式用被动式。注意:不定式与疑问词who,what,which,when,where,how等连用构成不定式短语,在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。Whattodoisabigproblem.做什么是个大问题。Ididn’tfindoutwhentoleave.我不清楚何时出发。Shewilltelluswheretogoandwhentostart.她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。Thequestionishowtogetthere.问题是如何到那儿去。三.动词不定式的省略用法:1.某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。Iheardhersinginthekitchen.我听见她在厨房里唱歌。2.两个(以上)不定式并列,尤其是由and或or连接时,第二个不定式中常常省略to。Ipromisedtofinishmyhomeworkand(to)handitinonetime.我答应完成作业并按时交上。3.but,except,besides等前有行为动词do时,后可跟不带to的不定式。Theenemycandonothingbut/exceptsurrender.敌人除了投降,别无选择。4.在hadbetterdosth.;had/wouldratherdosth.;had/wouldratherdosth.thatdosth.;cannotbutdosth.等句型中,省略了to。Shewouldrathersavemoneythanbuyclothes.她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。5.一个动词在前面已经出现过,再次以不定式形式出现时,为避免重复,可省略不定式中的动词原形,而只保留to。Hedoesn’tgojoggingasheusedto.他不再像过去一样慢跑了。提示:当一个不定式被省略时,如为“todo”型不定式,to要保留下来,表示省略了一个不定式;如为“tobe”型或“tohavedone”型不定式,则保留to,并加be或have。-Wouldyouliketobeateacher?你想当老师吗?-Yes,I’dliketobe.是的,想。四.动词不定式的重要句型用法:1.ask/tellsb.(not)todosth.表示“请/告诉某人(不要)做某事”。Hermotheraskedhertowashthedishes.她妈妈让她洗碗。2.want/wish(sb.)todosth.表示“想(让某人)去做某事”。Iwant/wishtobeanactress.我想成为一名女演员。3.hopetodosth.表示“希望做某事”。Ihopetodoitmyself.我希望亲自做这件事。4.too+形容词/副词+(to)dosth.表示“太……(以致)不能……”。Hewastoonervoustosayaword.他太紧张了,以至于说不出一句话来。5.too...+forsb.todosth.表示“对某人来说,太……以致不能……”。Itistoodarkforhimtoseeanythingintheroom.房间里太黑,他什么也看不见。6.形容词+enoughtodosth.表示“太……(以至)不能……”。Mysonisoldenoughtogotoschool.我儿子足够大了,到上学的年龄了。【巩固提升】1.Iregret(tell)youthattheflightyoubookedhasbeencanceledduetobadweather.【答案】totell【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:我很遗憾地告诉你,你预订的航班因恶劣天气已被取消。regrettodosth.为固定搭配,意为“很遗憾要去做某事”。故填totell。2.Thecaptaincanalwaysfindaway(encourage)histeammembers.【答案】toencourage【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:队长总能找到办法鼓励队员。此处为固定短语awaytodosth.意为“做某事的方法”,其中不定式作后置定语修饰名词way。故填toencourage。3.Iexaminedthechick(雏鸟)anditseemedfine.Mynextworkwas(construct)anestandanchoritinatree.【答案】toconstruct【详解】考查动词不定式。句意:我仔细检查了这只小鸡,发现它状况良好。接下来我的任务是搭建一个巢穴,并将其固定在树上。动词construct意为“建造”,主语work“工作”为抽象名词,所以应用todo不定式作表语。故填toconstruct。4.Whenyouplananexerciseroutine,thefirstthing(consider)iswhatyouexpecttoimprove:heartandlungefficiency.【答案】toconsider【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:当你计划锻炼计划时,首先要考虑的是你期望改善的东西:心肺效率。名词thing被序数词thefirst修饰,其后应用动词不定式作后置定语,即“thefirstthingtodo”即“要做的第一件事”。故填toconsider。5.(ignore)thepotentialrisksofartificialintelligencewouldbeextremelyshort-sighted.【答案】Toignore/Ignoring【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:忽视人工智能的潜在风险将是极其短视的。句中已有谓语动词“wouldbe”,空处需填非谓语动词形式,空处在句中作主语,可用动名词形式ignoring表示“忽视人工智能的潜在风险”(这种行为本身)是极其短视的,侧重于描述一个普遍事实或一般性行为;也可用不定式形式toignore强调“去忽视……”这个具体的选择或行动,与句中的情态动词would完美搭配。句首单词首字母大写。故填Toignore/Ignoring。6.Sportwillencourageyou(maintain)apositiveandbalancedoutlook.【答案】tomaintain【详解】考查不定式。句意:运动将鼓励你保持积极而平衡的心态。此处为“鼓励某人做某事”,表达为encouragesb.todosth.,故此处应用不定式作宾补,故填tomaintain。7.Hewrotealetter

(request)permissiontojointheschool’smusicclub.【答案】torequest/requesting【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:他写了一封信,请求获得加入学校音乐俱乐部的许可。wrotealetter是为了requestpermission,此空可用动词不定式torequest作目的状语,表示“为了请求”,说明写信的目的。此外,He与request是主谓关系,此空也可用现在分词requesting,作状语。故填torequest/requesting。8.Thesportsmeetingislikely(cancel)onaccountoftheheavyrain.【答案】tobecancelled【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:由于下大雨,运动会很可能被取消。belikelytodosth.可能做某事。而thesportsmeeting与cancel之间是被动关系,所以要用不定式的被动形式。故填tobecancelled。9.TraditionalChinesesealmakersoftenusetianhuangstone,whichisdifficult(carve)becauseofitsrelativesoftness.【答案】tocarve【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:中国传统印章匠人常使用田黄石,这种石料因为质地相对较软,所以很难雕刻。在“主语+be+形容词+todo”结构中,不定式todo用主动形式表示被动含义,本句中which指代tianhuangstone,“石料很难被雕刻”直接用isdifficulttocarve表达即可。故填tocarve。10.Thebraveboyprefers(solve)problemsbyhimselfratherthanaskforothers’help.【答案】tosolve【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:这个勇敢的男孩宁愿自己解决问题,也不愿寻求别人的帮助。prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.为固定短语,意为“宁愿做某事,也不愿做某事”,所以空处需用动词不定式tosolve作宾语。故填tosolve。11.Withsomanychallengingtasks(complete),hefeltsortofanxious.【答案】tocomplete【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:有这么多有挑战性的任务要完成,他感到有些焦虑。句中已有felt,空处作非谓语动词,结合语意可知,他感到焦虑,由此推知此处表示“任务尚未完成,需要去做”,所以空处应使用动词不定式形式表示即将要做的动作,使用主动形式表示被动意义。故填tocomplete。12.Youneedtoeatfoodsrichinprotein(help)yourmusclesrecoverandrepairthemselvesafterexercise.【答案】tohelp【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:你需要食用富含蛋白质的食物,以帮助你的肌肉在运动后得以恢复和修复。此处help作目的状语,用不定式。故填tohelp。13.Wemustgraspeveryopportunityto(strength)culturalexchangewithothercountries.【答案】strengthen【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:我们必须抓住每一个机会来加强与其他国家的文化交流。修饰名词opportunity,需用动词不定式作后置定语,已有动词不定式符号to,空处需填动词原形。故填strengthen。14.Practisingtaichihasinspiredme(explore)theChineseculturebehindit.【答案】toexplore【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:练习太极激励我去探索其背后的中国文化。固定搭配inspiresb.todosth.“激励某人做某事”,后接动词不定式,作宾语补足语。故填toexplore。15.Thisweek,weintend(put)thistheorytothetestbyaskingyou,ourreaders,towriteatitleforthispicture.【答案】toput【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:本周,我们打算通过请各位读者为这张图片写标题来检验这个理论。intendtodosth.是固定搭配,意为“打算做某事”,此空应是动词不定式toput。故填toput。16.Onthewhole,hehasthepotential(become)aworld-classmusician.【答案】tobecome【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:总的来说,他有成为世界级音乐家的潜力。havethepotentialtodosth.为固定搭配,意为“有做某事的潜力”,此处应用动词不定式作定语。故填tobecome。17.Theydon’thavethecourage(apologize)fortheiractions.【答案】toapologize【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:他们没有勇气为自己的行为道歉。本句谓语为don’thave,此处为非谓语动词,且havethecouragetodosth.为固定搭配,表示“有勇气做某事”,所以此处应用动词apologize“道歉”的不定式toapologize,作后置定语,修饰名词courage。故填toapologize。18.Weshouldmakeeveryeffort(solve)theproblem.【答案】tosolve【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:我们应该尽一切努力解决这个问题。本句谓语为shouldmake,此处为非谓语动词,作目的状语,表示“为了解决这个问题”,用动词solve“解决”的不定式形式。故填tosolve。19.Printedbooksareexpensiveandnoteasy(carry).【答案】tocarry【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:纸质书价格昂贵,而且不容易携带。此处为“be+形容词+todo”的固定结构,此结构中不定式用主动形式表示被动含义,用来描述事物的属性或特征,空处应用动词carry的不定式形式。故填tocarry。20.Theywanted(design)amachinethatwasbothattractiveanduseful.【答案】todesign【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:他们想要设计出一台既美观又实用的机器。短语wanttodosth.表示“想要做某事”,所以空处应使用动词不定式形式作宾语。故填todesign。考点二动词-ing形式【知识精讲】一.动词-ing形式的概述用法:动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种,由动词原形加-ing构成。其时态和语态如下(以及物动词do为例):(1)一般式:主动语态→doing;被动语态→beingdone(2)完成式:主动语态→havingdone;被动语态→havingbeendone(3)完成进行式:主动语态→havingbeendoing;被动语态→(无)如果是不及物动词,则没有被动语态,主动语态也没有完成进行式,以不及物动词go为例,其一般式为going,完成式为havinggone。Theboyisfondofplayingfootball.这个男孩喜欢踢足球。Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这只松鼠很幸运,差一点被抓到。提示:动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。Notknowinghowtodyethesilkred,hewenttoherforhelp.由于不知道怎样把丝绸染成红色,他去向她求助。二.动词-ing形式的用法用法:1.动词-ing形式作主语,表示经常性、事物化、抽象化的行为。Readingbooksmakesonewise.读书使人明智。2.动词-ing形式作表语,表示较抽象的习惯性动作或主语的特征、性质。Herinterestiscollectingshoes.她的爱好是收集鞋子。3.动词-ing形式可作动词宾语或介词宾语。后跟动词-ing作宾语的动词与短语有admit,advise,consider,enjoy,can’thelp,feellike等。Ienjoylisteningtorockmusic.我喜欢听摇滚乐。4.动词-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰词的用途或经常性或进行中的动作。Thereisaswimmingpoolinmycard.我的院子里有一个游泳池。5.动词-ing形式可在动词feel,hear,smell,listento,leave,keep,set等后作宾补。宾语和宾补在逻辑上是主谓关系,且表示动作正在进行,状态正在持续。Whatshesaidsetmethinkingdeeply.她说的话使我深思。6.动词-ing形式作时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随、结果等状语。Walkinginthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.走在街上,我遇见了一个朋友。提示:动词-ing形式作主语时,有时用it作形式主语来代替动名词短语,常见句型为:It’snouse/nogood/useless/notanyuse+(sb’s)doing...It’snogoodtalkingtohim.同他谈没用。【巩固提升】1.Manyoldpeoplego(jog)forexerciseintheparkintheearlymorning.【答案】jogging【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意:许多老年人一大早就

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