2026年托福《听力》写作真题

2026年托福《听力》写作真题第一部分：听力Conversation1学生与教授讨论关于期中论文选题的问题。Professor:Goodmorning,Sarah.YouwantedtoseemeaboutyourmidtermpaperfortheHistoryofArchitectureclass?Student:Yes,ProfessorMiller.I’vebeenthinkingaboutthetopic,andI’mreallyinterestedintheGothiccathedrals.ButIfeellikethat’stoobroad.EveryonewritesaboutNotreDameorChartres.Professor:Itisapopularsubject,indeed.Butpopularitydoesn'tmeanyoucan'tfindauniqueangle.Whatspecificallyinterestsyouaboutthem?Student:Well,Iwasreadingabouttheconstructiontechniques.Specifically,howtheymanagedtobuildsuchtallstructureswiththematerialstheyhadbackthen.I’mfascinatedbytheflyingbuttresses.Professor:Theflyingbuttressisacrucialinnovation.Itallowedarchitectstoopenupthewallsforstainedglasswindowswithoutthewallscollapsingundertheweightoftheroof.Thatcouldbeagoodfocus.However,ifyouwanttobemoreoriginal,youmightlookintothelogisticalsideofthings.Student:Logistical?Professor:Yes.Howdidtheytransportthestone?Howdidtheycoordinatethelabor?Thesecathedralstookdecades,sometimescenturiestobuild.Therearerecordsshowingthatquarrymen,stonecarvers,andmasonsallhadtoworkinahighlycoordinatedsupplychain.Itwasarguablythefirst"large-scaleprojectmanagement"inhistory.Student:Thatsoundsinteresting!Ihadn'tconsideredthemanagementaspect.Doyouthinkthereareenoughprimarysourcesforthat?Professor:Actually,yes.Manymonasterieskeptdetailedaccountsofexpensesandwages.Andtherearesurvivingguildrecords.YoucouldcomparetheconstructionofonecathedralinFrancewithoneinEngland,lookingathowthelabororganizationdiffered.Student:Compare...maybeChartresandCanterbury?Professor:Excellentchoice.Justremember,thepaperisn'tjustaboutdescribingthebuildings.Itneedstobeananalysisoftheprocessandthesocio-economicfactorsinfluencingthatprocess.Student:Understood.I’llstartbylookingforthoseguildrecordsyoumentioned.Thanksforthedirection!1.Whydoesthestudentvisittheprofessor?A.ToaskforanextensiononherpaperB.TogethelpnarrowingdownherpapertopicC.ToborrowbooksaboutGothiccathedralsD.Tocomplainaboutthedifficultyoftheassignment2.Whatistheprofessor'sinitialreactiontothestudent'sinterestinGothiccathedrals?A.HethinksitistoodifficultatopicforanundergraduateB.HesuggestsshefocusonRomanesquearchitectureinsteadC.HeencouragesherbutsuggestsfindingaspecificangleD.Hewarnsherthattherearenotenoughsourcesavailable3.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatwastheprimaryfunctionoftheflyingbuttress?A.TodecoratetheexteriorofthecathedralB.TosupporttheroofweightsowallscouldhavewindowsC.ToreducethecostofconstructionD.Toallowforfasterconstructiontimes4.Whatspecificaspectofcathedralconstructiondoestheprofessorsuggestthestudentresearch?A.ThereligioussymbolismofthestainedglassB.TheengineeringprinciplesofthevaultedceilingC.ThelogisticsandlabormanagementofthebuildingprocessD.Thecomparisonofdifferentarchitecturalstyles5.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttherecordskeptbymonasteries?A.TheyaredifficulttoreadbecausetheyarewritteninLatinB.TheycontaindetailedfinancialandlaborinformationC.TheyaremostlyunreliableandexaggeratedD.TheyhavebeenlostordestroyedovertimeLecture1AstronomyClass:TheSearchforExoplanets.Professor:Todaywearegoingtocontinueourdiscussiononplanetarysystems,specificallyfocusingonthemethodsastronomersusetodetectexoplanets—planetsthatorbitstarsoutsideoursolarsystem.Now,asyouknow,exoplanetsareincrediblydistantandrelativelysmallcomparedtostars,sowecan'tjustpointatelescopeand"see"themdirectly,atleastnotusually.So,howdowefindthem?ThetwomostprolificmethodsaretheRadialVelocityMethodandtheTransitMethod.Let'sstartwiththeRadialVelocityMethod,alsoknownasthe"DopplerWobble"method.Imagineastarwithaplanetorbitingit.Weoftenthinkofaplanetorbitingastationarystar,butthat'snotquiteaccurate.Duetogravity,theplanetpullsonthestarjustasthestarpullsontheplanet.Theyactuallyorbitacommoncenterofmass.Becausethestarissomuchmoremassive,thiscenterofmassisusuallyinsidethestarorveryclosetoit,butitcausesthestartowobbleslightly.Now,ifthiswobbleismovingtowardsusandthenawayfromusasthestarspins,thelightcomingfromthestarwillbeaffectedbytheDopplereffect.Whenthestarmovestowardsus,itslightwavesarecompressed,shiftingthelighttowardstheblueendofthespectrum—blueshift.Whenitmovesaway,thewavesarestretched,causingaredshift.Bymeasuringtheseperiodicshiftsinthestar'sspectrallines,astronomerscandeducethepresenceofaplanetandevencalculateitsminimummass.However,thismethodworksbestformassiveplanetsthatareclosetotheirstars.Why?Becauseamassive,closeplanetexertsastrongergravitationalpull,causingamorenoticeablewobble.It'shardertodetectEarth-sizedplanetsthiswaybecausetheirpullistooweaktocreateameasurablewobbleinmoststars.Thisbringsustothesecondmethod:theTransitMethod.ThisiswhattheKeplerSpaceTelescopeusedtodiscoverthousandsofplanets.Atransitoccurswhenaplanetpassesdirectlybetweenitsstarandtheobserver—inthiscase,us.Whenthishappens,itblocksatinyfractionofthestar'slight.Student:Butthestarissohugecomparedtotheplanet,wouldn'tthechangeinbrightnessbeimpossibletosee?Professor:Averygoodquestion.Thechangeisindeedtiny.ForanEarth-sizedplanettransitingaSun-sizedstar,thebrightnessdropsbyonlyabout0.01%.Thatisliketryingtodetectthedimmingofalightbulbcausedbyagnatflyinginfrontofit.Itrequiresextremelyprecisephotometry.Butifwemeasurethestar'sbrightnesscontinuouslyovertime,weseeacharacteristicdipinthelightcurve.TheTransitMethodgivesustheplanet'ssizerelativetothestar.Ifwecombinetheradiusfromthetransitmethodwiththemassfromtheradialvelocitymethod,wecancalculatetheplanet'sdensity,whichtellsusifit'sgaseouslikeJupiterorrockylikeEarth.Also,iftheplanethasanatmosphere,someofthestar'slightwillfilterthroughitduringthetransit.Byanalyzingthatlight,wecanevendeterminetheatmosphericcomposition.Thisishowwelookforsignsoflife,likewatervapororoxygen.So,whileradialvelocitywasthepioneermethod,thetransitmethodhasreallyrevolutionizedthefield,allowingustofindnotjustmassivegiants,butsmaller,potentiallyhabitableworlds.6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?A.ToexplainwhydirectobservationofexoplanetsisimpossibleB.TocomparethesizeofplanetsinoursolarsystemtoexoplanetsC.TodescribetwoprimarymethodsfordetectingexoplanetsD.TodiscussthehistoryoftheKeplerSpaceTelescope7.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatcausesastarto"wobble"?A.Thestar'sinternalmagneticactivityB.ThegravitationalpullofanorbitingplanetC.TherotationofthegalaxyD.Theexpansionoftheuniverse8.HowdoestheDopplereffecthelpastronomersdetectplanets?A.Itchangesthecolorofthestar'slightasthestarmovestowardorawayfromEarthB.ItcausesthestartoblinkwhenaplanetpassesinfrontofitC.ItcreatesagravitationallenseffectthatmagnifiesthestarD.Itallowsastronomerstomeasurethetemperatureoftheplanet9.WhyistheRadialVelocityMethodbetteratdetectingmassiveplanets?A.MassiveplanetsaremorelikelytotransitthestarB.Massiveplanetscauseamoresignificantshiftinthestar'sspectrallinesC.MassiveplanetsemitmorelightD.Massiveplanetshavelongerorbits10.IntheTransitMethod,whatindicatesthepresenceofaplanet?A.Aperiodicshiftinthecolorofthestar'slightB.Asmall,temporarydecreaseinthestar'sbrightnessC.Awobbleinthestar'spositionD.Anincreaseinradiowavescomingfromthestar11.WhatadvantagedoestheTransitMethodhaveovertheRadialVelocityMethod?A.ItcandeterminetheatmosphericcompositionoftheplanetB.ItworksbetterwithstarsthatareveryfarawayC.ItdoesnotrequireatelescopeD.Itcandetectplanetsregardlessoftheirsize12.Whydoestheprofessormentionagnatflyinginfrontofalightbulb?A.ToillustratehowsmallaplanetiscomparedtoastarB.ToexplainwhythetransitmethodisinaccurateC.TodescribethebehaviorofinsectsinspaceD.ToshowhowdifficultitistodetectthetinychangeinbrightnessConversation2StudentandUniversityStaffMember.StaffMember:Hello,HousingOffice.HowcanIhelpyou?Student:Hi,I’mcallingbecauseI’mlivinginthedormsthissemester,inNorthHall,room304.And...well,there’samouseinmyroom.StaffMember:Oh,I’msorrytohearthat.Wetakepestcontrolveryseriously.Haveyouseenitrecently?Student:Yes,justlastnight.Iwasstudyinganditranoutfromunderthebed.I’vekeptmyroomprettyclean,butIthinkitmightbecomingfromtheroomnextdoorbecausetheyleavefoodoutsometimes.StaffMember:Isee.Well,first,Ineedtosubmitaworkorderforyou.Icansendsomeonefrommaintenancetosetatrap,orwecandoafullinspectionifyouprefer.Giventhatyoususpectitmightbeawiderissue,aninspectionmightbebetter.Student:Yes,aninspectionsoundsgood.Butthethingis,Ihaveachemistrylabfinaltomorrowmorning,andIreallyneedtostudy.Idon'twantpeopleinmyroommakingnoisewhileI’mtryingtowork.StaffMember:Ofcourse.Wecanscheduletheinspectionforthedayaftertomorrow.DoesThursdayat10AMwork?Student:Thursdayisfine.ButisthereanythingIshoulddointhemeantime?I’mabitworriedaboutmyfood.StaffMember:Definitely.Keepallfoodinsealedcontainers,preferablyhardplasticorglass,notjustplasticbags.Micecanchewthroughbags.Also,trytokeepclutteroffthefloorsotheyhavefewerplacestohide.Ifyouseeanydroppings,don'tsweepthemupdry;dampenthemfirsttoavoidspreadingdust,whichcanbeahealthhazard.Student:Okay,I’lldothat.Thanks.Also,doIneedtopayforthisservice?StaffMember:No,pestcontroliscoveredbyyourhousingfees.Youwon'tbecharged.Isthereanythingelse?Student:No,that’sall.Thanksforyourhelp.13.Whatisthestudent'sproblem?A.HelosthiskeytohisdormroomB.HehasapestinhisdormroomC.HeishavingaconflictwithhisroommateD.Heneedstomoveoutofhisdorm14.Whydoesthestudentsuspectthemouseiscomingfromthenextroom?A.HesawthemousecomingthroughthewallB.ThenextdoorstudentsleavefoodoutC.ThereisaholeinthesharedwallD.Thenextdoorstudentsreportedamouse15.Whatsolutiondoesthestaffmemberoffer?A.TomovethestudenttoadifferentroomimmediatelyB.TosendacattothedormitoryC.Toscheduleaninspectionforthestudent'sroomD.Togivethestudentpoisontosetout16.Whydoesthestudentwanttodelaytheservice?A.HewillbeawayonatripB.HeiswaitingforhisroommatetoreturnC.HeneedstostudyforanexamD.Hewantstobuytrapshimself17.Whatdoesthestaffmemberimplyaboutthepestcontrolservice?A.ItisusuallyveryexpensiveB.ItisincludedinthehousingfeesC.ItisonlyavailableonweekendsD.ItisrarelyeffectiveLecture2ArtHistory:TheInfluenceofPhotographyonImpressionism.Professor:Inthemid-19thcentury,theartworldwasturnedupsidedownbyanewinvention:photography.Forcenturies,theprimarygoalofpaintingwasrealism—tocapturetheworldexactlyasitappeared.Paintersweretrainedtocreateperfectperspectives,accurateanatomies,andrealisticlighting.Butsuddenly,amachinecoulddothatinafractionofasecondandwithmechanicalprecision.Thisledmanytoask:Ifphotographyhandlesrealism,whatisleftforpainting?TheImpressionists,emerginginthe1870sinFrance,werethefirstgrouptoreallygrapplewiththisquestion.Theydidn'tseephotographyasathreat,butratherasaliberation.Sincetheynolongerfelttheburdenofhavingtobe"recordersofreality,"theywerefreetoexplorehowthehumaneyeperceivesreality.ThereareseveralspecificwaysphotographyinfluencedImpressionism.First,composition.Earlyphotographsoftenhada"snapshot"quality.Becauseexposuretimeswerestillsomewhatlong,subjectscouldn'tmove,buttheframingcouldbeinformal.Photographerswouldoftencroptheirsubjectsabruptly—cuttingofffeetorheadsattheedgeoftheframe.Thiswasconsideredamistakeinacademicpainting,wherethewholesubjectwascarefullycentered.However,ImpressionistpainterslikeEdgarDegasadoptedthis"cut-off"style.Lookathisballetdancers;oftenthefiguresarepushedtotheside,partiallyobscuredbyotherfiguresortheedgeofthecanvas.Thisgivestheviewerthefeelingofstumblinguponaprivate,fleetingmoment,muchlikelookingataphotograph.Secondly,theconceptoftime.Beforephotography,apaintingwasasynthesisofmanymoments.Apaintermightpaintatreethatlooksfullandlush,eventhoughinreality,someleavesmighthavefallenthatmorning.Photographycapturedasingle,frozeninstant.TheImpressionistsbecameobsessedwiththetransient.Theywantedtocapturethespecificlightofaspecificmoment—thewaythesunhitsthewaterat4PMversus5PM.ClaudeMonetisfamousforpaintingthesamehaystackorcathedralatdifferenttimesofdaytoshowhowlightchangestheappearanceoftheobject.Thisideaofthe"series"isverysimilartoaphotographertakingmultipleshotsofthesamesubject.Finally,theuseofJapaneseprints,knownasJaponisme,whichwerefloodingintoFranceatthetime,alsoplayedarole,butphotographywasthetechnologicalcatalyst.Theflatnessoftheimage,theunusualangles—thesewerethingspainterssawinphotographs.So,wecanthinkofImpressionismnotasarejectionofmoderntechnology,butasadialoguewithit.Theyacceptedthecamera'sroleindocumentingfacts,andclaimedforthemselvestheroleofdocumentingemotion,sensation,andtheopticalexperienceofliving.18.Whatisthemaintopicofthelecture?A.ThetechnicallimitationsofearlyphotographyB.TheimpactofphotographyontheImpressionistmovementC.AcomparisonofMonetandDegasD.Thehistoryofthecamerainthe19thcentury19.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatwasthetraditionalgoalofpaintingbeforephotography?A.Toexpresstheartist'sinneremotionsB.TocreateabstractrepresentationsoftheworldC.TocapturetheworldwithrealisticaccuracyD.Tocriticizepoliticalevents20.HowdidtheImpressionistsviewphotography?A.TheyfeltthreatenedbyitspopularityB.TheysawitasatoolthatfreedthemfromstrictrealismC.TheyrefusedtouseitintheirworkD.Theybelieveditwasinferiortopainting21.WhatcharacteristicofearlyphotographydidDegasincorporateintohispaintings?A.TheblackandwhitecolorschemeB.The"snapshot"compositionwithcroppedfiguresC.TheuseofflashphotographyD.Theblurrybackgroundeffect22.WhydoestheprofessormentionClaudeMonet'shaystackpaintings?A.ToillustratetheImpressionistinterestinchanginglightB.ToshowMonet'sinterestinagricultureC.TocompareMonet'sstyletotraditionalJapaneseprintsD.Todemonstratetheuseofsyntheticpigments23.WhatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandImpressionism?A.ImpressionismwasadirectimitationofphotographyB.PhotographymadeImpressionismobsoleteC.ImpressionismwasaresponsetothecapabilitiesofphotographyD.ThetwoartformshadnoconnectionLecture3EnvironmentalScience:TheImpactofUrbanHeatIslands.Professor:Asurbanizationincreasesglobally,citiesarefacingagrowingenvironmentalchallengeknownasthe"UrbanHeatIsland"effect,orUHI.Anurbanheatislandisametropolitanareathatissignificantlywarmerthanitssurroundingruralareas.Thistemperaturedifferenceismostnoticeableatnightandduringthewinter.So,whatcausesacitytoretainsomuchheat?Theprimaryculpritisthesurfacematerials.Inruralareas,thegroundiscoveredwithvegetationandsoil,whichareporousandmoist.Whenthesunhitsthem,theyabsorbsomeheat,butalotofenergyisusedforaprocesscalledevapotranspiration—essentially,plantsreleasingwater.Thisprocesscoolstheair,muchlikesweatingcoolsourskin.Incontrast,citysurfacesarelargelymadeofasphalt,concrete,andbrick.Thesematerialsareimpermeableanddry.Theyhavewhatwecalllow"albedo,"meaningtheydonotreflectsunlightwell;instead,theyabsorbit.Theyalsohavehigh"thermalmass,"meaningtheystoreheatduringthedayandreleaseitslowlyatnight.Thispreventsthecityfromcoolingdownevenafterthesunsets.Anotherfactoristhe"canyoneffect"createdbytallbuildings.Inaopenfield,heatradiatesupwardsintotheatmosphereandescapesintospace.Inacity,tallbuildingstrapthisradiation.Theheatbouncesbackandforthbetweenthewallsandthestreet,furtherwarmingtheair.Plus,thelackoftreesmeansthereislessshadeandlessevapotranspiration.Andwecan'tforgetanthropogenicheat—heatgeneratedbyhumanactivities.Cars,airconditioningunits,industrialmachinery,andeventhebodyheatofmillionsofpeopleallcontributetoraisingtheambienttemperature.Ironically,asitgetshotter,peopleusemoreairconditioning,whichpumpswasteheatoutofbuildingsandintothestreets,creatingafeedbackloopthatmakestheproblemworse.TheconsequencesofUHIareserious.Itincreasesenergyconsumptionforcooling,whichleadstohighergreenhousegasemissions.Itworsensairqualitybecauseheatacceleratesthechemicalreactionsthatcreatesmog.Andmostcritically,itposeshealthrisks,particularlyduringheatwaves.Thestagnant,hotaircanbelethalfortheelderlyandthosewithrespiratoryissues.Tomitigatethis,cityplannersareadoptingstrategieslikeinstalling"greenroofs"—roofscoveredwithvegetation—toincreaseevapotranspiration.Theyarealsousing"coolpavements,"reflectivematerialsthatbouncesunlightback,andplantingmoretreestoprovideshade.Thesesolutionsareessentialformakingcitieslivableinawarmingclimate.24.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelecture?A.ToexplainthecausesandeffectsoftheUrbanHeatIslandeffectB.TocompareruralandurbanlifestylesC.TodiscussthebenefitsoflivinginacityD.Toadvocateforthereductionofindustrialactivities25.Accordingtotheprofessor,whydoruralareasstaycoolerthancities?A.TheyhavehigheralbedosurfacesB.TheyhavemorevegetationandmoistureC.TheyarelocatedathigheraltitudesD.Theyhavefewerbuildings26.Howdoesthe"canyoneffect"contributetohighertemperaturesincities?A.ItblocksthewindfromcoolingthecityB.IttrapsheatradiationbetweenbuildingsC.ItcausespollutiontosettleinthestreetsD.Itreducestheamountofsunlightreachingtheground27.Whatdoestheprofessoridentifyasasourceof"anthropogenicheat"?A.ThereflectionofsunlightoffwindowsB.TheheatstoredinconcreteduringthedayC.HeatgeneratedbyvehiclesandairconditioningD.Theevaporationfromriversrunningthroughthecity28.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheuseofairconditioningincities?A.ItistheonlyeffectivewaytostaycoolB.ItcontributestotheheatislandeffectC.ItistooexpensiveformostresidentsD.Ithasnoimpactontheoutdoortemperature29.WhichofthefollowingismentionedasastrategytoreducetheUrbanHeatIslandeffect?A.BanningcarsinthecitycenterB.UsingreflectivematerialsforpavementsC.CoveringbuildingswithdarkpaintD.IncreasingtheheightofskyscrapersLecture4BusinessManagement:TheLeanStartupMethodology.Professor:Traditionalbusinessmodelsofteninvolvespendingmonthsorevenyearsdevelopingaperfectproductinsecret,thenlaunchingitwithahugemarketingcampaign.Thisisoftencalledthe"Waterfall"approach.Theproblemis,intoday'sfast-pacedmarket,bythetimeyoulaunch,customerneedsmighthavechanged,oryoumightrealizeyoubuiltsomethingnobodywants.ThisiswheretheLeanStartupmethodologycomesin.PopularizedbyEricRies,theLeanStartupapproachisbasedontheprinciplesof"leanmanufacturing,"adaptedfornewbusinesses.Thecoreideaistoshortenproductdevelopmentcyclesbyadoptingacombinationofbusiness-hypothesis-drivenexperimentation,iterativeproductreleases,andvalidatedlearning.Thecycleisessentially:Build,Measure,Learn.Insteadofbuildingafinalproduct,youbuilda"MinimumViableProduct,"orMVP.AnMVPisthesimplestversionofaproductthatallowsateamtocollectthemaximumamountofvalidatedlearningaboutcustomerswiththeleasteffort.Itdoesn'thavetobeperfect;itjusthastofunctionenoughtotestahypothesis.Forexample,ifyouwanttobuildanewappforfooddelivery,youdon'tneedtobuildtheentireappwithacomplexbackendandpaymentprocessingsystemfirst.YourMVPmightjustbeawebsitethatlookslikeanappbuthashumansmanuallyhandlingtheordersinthebackground.Thisiscalleda"WizardofOz"MVP.Theuserthinksit'sautomated,butit'sactuallypeopledoingthework.Thisletsyoutestifpeopleevenwanttheservicebeforeyouinvestthousandsofdollarsincode.OnceyouhavetheMVP,you"Measure."Youlookatthedata.Arepeopleusingit?Aretheydroppingoffatacertainpoint?Crucially,youarelookingfor"actionablemetrics,"not"vanitymetrics."Vanitymetricsarethingslike"totalnumberofdownloads"whichmightlookgoodbutdon'ttellyouiftheproductisactuallybeingused.Actionablemetricsarethingslike"retentionrate"or"percentageofuserswhomakeapurchase."Basedonthisdata,you"Learn."Youeither"persevere"—continuewithyourcurrentstrategybecausethedatasupportsit—oryou"pivot."Apivotisafundamentalchangeinstrategy.Maybeyourealizepeopledon'twantfooddelivery,buttheydowantgrocerydelivery.Youchangetheproducttomatchthatneed.Thismethodologyminimizestheriskoffailure.Itpreventsentrepreneursfromwastingtimeandmoneyonfeaturesthatcustomersdon'tcareabout.Ittreatsthestartupnotasafactory,butasascientificexperimentdesignedtofindasustainablebusinessmodel.30.Whatisthemainideaofthelecture?A.TocriticizetraditionalmarketingcampaignsB.ToexplaintheLeanStartupmethodologyC.ToteachhowtowriteabusinessplanD.Tocomparedifferentmanufacturingprocesses31.Whatistheprimarydisadvantageofthe"Waterfall"approachmentionedbytheprofessor?A.ItistooexpensiveforsmallbusinessesB.IttakestoolongtodevelopaproductC.ItreliestooheavilyoncustomerfeedbackD.Itoftenresultsinproductsthatdonotmeetcurrentcustomerneeds32.Whatisa"MinimumViableProduct"(MVP)?A.ThefinalversionofaproductreadyformarketB.AproductwiththeminimumnumberoffeaturestotestahypothesisC.AproductthatissoldataverylowpriceD.Atheoreticalmodelthatneveractuallygetsbuilt33.Inthefooddeliveryappexample,whatisthepurposeofthe"WizardofOz"MVP?A.TotestthetechnicalfeasibilityoftheappB.ToseeifcustomerswanttheservicebeforebuildingthetechnologyC.Totrickcustomersintopayingforaservicethatdoesn'texistD.Toreducethecostofhiringdeliverydrivers34.Whatisthedifferencebetween"vanitymetrics"and"actionablemetrics"?A.VanitymetricsarealwayshigherthanactionablemetricsB.Actionablemetricshelpindecisionmaking,whilevanitymetricsjustlookimpressiveC.Vanitymetricsareusedbylargecompanies,actionablemetricsbystartupsD.Actionablemetricsarebasedonfeelings,vanitymetricsondata35.Whatdoesitmeanto"pivot"intheLeanStartupcontext?A.TogiveuponthebusinessideaB.TolaunchamassivemarketingcampaignC.TofundamentallychangethebusinessstrategybasedonfeedbackD.ToaddmorefeaturestotheMVP第二部分：写作WritingTask1:IntegratedWritingReadingPassage:Theextinctionofthelargeflightlessbirdknownasthemoa,whichwasnativetoNewZealand,hasbeenthesubjectofmuchscientificdebate.Whilethearrivalofhumansiswidelyacceptedastheprimarycause,thespecificmechanismsoftheirextinctionbetween1280and1440ADarestilldiscussed.Severaltheorieshavebeenproposedtoexplaintherapiddisappearanceofthesebirds.First,habitatdestructionisamajorfactor.TheearlyMaorisettlerspracticedextensiveslash-and-burnagriculturetoclearlandforfarmingandsettlements.Themoalivedindenseforestsandshrublands.Thesystematicburningoftheseenvironmentswouldhavedestroyedthenestinggroundsandfoodsourcesofthemoa,leadingtopopulationcollapse.Withouttheforestcover,thebirdswereexposedtoelementsandpredators,andtheirfoodsupplydwindledrapidly.Second,overhuntingbyhumanslikelyplayedasignificantrole.ArchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatmoawereaprimaryfoodsourcefortheearlyMaori.Thebirdswereeasytargetsbecausetheywereflightless,large,andpresumablyhadnoinstinctualfearofhumans(naivety).Thesheervolumeofmoabonesfoundatarchaeologicalsitessuggeststhattheywerehuntedintensively.Itisestimatedthathumanscouldhaveharvestedthebirdsataratefasterthantheycouldreproduce,leadingtoa"blitzkrieg"styleextinction.Third,theintroductionofnewdiseasesbyhumansortheircommensalanimals(likeratsanddogs)mighthavecontributed.Whenhumansarriveonanisolatedisland,theyoftenbringpathogenstowhichthelocalwildlifehasnoimmunity.Avirulentdiseasecouldsweepthroughthemoapopulation,killingthemoffbeforetheyhadachancetoadapt.Thistheoryissupportedbytherapidspeedoftheextinction,whichsometimesalignsmorewithepidemicpatternsthangradualpredation.ListeningTranscript:Professor:ThereadingpassagepresentsthreeplausibletheoriesregardingtheextinctionofthemoainNewZealand.However,recentresearchhascastdoubtonallofthem,oratleastsuggestedtheyarenotthecompletestory.First,regardinghabitatdestruction.WhileitistruethattheMaoriburnedsomeforest,recentpollenanalysissuggeststhattheamountofforestburnedwasactuallyquitelimitedduringtheperiodwhenmoawentextinct.Infac