二十一　选择性必修 第一册　Unit 5　Working the Land

二十一选择性必修第一册Unit5

WorkingtheLand(45分钟47.5分)Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题;每小题2.5分,满分20分)A(2025·广东模拟)

Here’saquickquiz.PersonAdoesafavorforyou.PersonBasksyoutodoafavorforhim.Whodoyoutendtolikemore?Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.Thisquirk(怪癖)ofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.

BenjaminFranklincameacrossthephenomenonin1736whenservingasaclerktothePennsylvaniaAssembly.Apowerfulmemberdidn’tcareforFranklinandthreatenedtomakelifemiserableforhim.Whattodo?Insteadofwinninghimoverwithsweettalk,Franklinaskedifhecouldborrowarareandvaluablebookthemanowned.Thisrequestalteredtheman’sattitudeandpavedthewayfortheirfriendship.Franklin’stakeaway:“Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbereadytodoyouanother,thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged.”

Severalstudieshaveconfirmedthis.ButhowcanweexplaintheBenFranklinEffect?Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance(失调).It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.Weresolvethistensionbychangingourmind.“Idon’tlikeJoe,butIamdoinghimafavor,”wemightthink.“SomaybeIdolikehim.”

Whilecognitivedissonanceexplainsalot,italonedoesn’texplaintheBenFranklinEffect.One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliative(亲和的)motivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomaintaingoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.Thisexplainsalotaboutaltruisticbehavior.Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.

Yetthereismuchwestilldon’tknowabouttheBenFranklinEffect.Doesitapplyequallyacrosscultures?Isthereapointbeyondwhichaskingafavormakesyouless,notmorelikable?Askingtoborrowabookisonething;askingtoborrowacarisanother.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会(良好的人际关系与社会交往)语篇内容本文介绍了富兰克林效应语篇结构Para.1IntroductiontoBenFranklinEffectPara.2TheoriginofBenFranklinEffectPara.3StudyandConfirmationofBenFranklinEffectPara.4ExplanationsofBenFranklinEffectPara.5DoubtaboutBenFranklinEffect【命题意图】1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?第二段主要通过BenjaminFranklin的经历说明富兰克林效应的起源。本题的命制旨在考查考生对说明文中举例子作用的把握2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?第三段主要讲述了人们对富兰克林效应的研究和确认,发现了其中的缘由并称之为cognitivedissonance。本题主要考查考生对这个缘由的理解3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?画线词是对上文的解释,同时在下句中用具体实例对画线词进行进一步阐释。命题者利用上下句之间的逻辑联系命制试题,很好地考查了考生对大意群的理解4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?最后一段体现了作者对富兰克林效应的质疑,有些情况下,富兰克林效应可能失效。本题主要考查考生从字里行间揣摩作者观点态度的能力1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?A.Toillustrateadilemmainmakingchoices.B.Tosuggestawayofstrikingupfriendships.C.Tostresstheimportanceofstrategicrequests.D.TointroducetheoriginoftheBenFranklinEffect.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第一段的“Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.ThisquirkofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.”和第二段内容可推断,作者提到本杰明·富兰克林的经历是为了介绍富兰克林效应的起源。故选D。2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?A.Reducingthetensioncausedbysocialcontact.B.Increasingthechanceofgettinghelpinreturn.C.Avoidingthediscomfortfromconflictingthoughts.D.Establishingacooperativecommunityofsharedtrust.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第三段的“Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance.It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.”可知,人们倾向于喜欢寻求帮助的人是因为认知失调,即避免持有矛盾的想法带来的不适。故选C。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Selfless.

B.Impolite.C.Aggressive. D.Responsible.【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliativemotivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomaintaingoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.”以及下文“Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.”可推断,画线词所在句说明人们希望通过帮助他人来保持良好的关系,这解释了无私的行为,因此推断画线词与selfless“无私的”意思相近。故选A。4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?A.Itmakeslittlesense.B.Itappliestomostcultures.C.Ithassituationallimitations.D.Ithasgreatpracticalsignificance.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知,作者认为富兰克林效应有情境限制。故选C。【失分剖析】第1题容易误选A。因为第一段中提到你可能更喜欢你帮助过的人,而不是帮助过你的人。这是一种“quirkofhumannature”,考生可能把这种怪癖理解成一种dilemma,从而造成误选。B(2024·湖北武昌检测)

Manyculturesaroundtheworldhaveagrainthatisnotgrownorevenknownoutsideitshomearea.Now,astaplegrainnativetoEthiopia,Teff,isappearingongroceryshelvesinAmerica.

TeffhasbeenanimportantpartoftheEthiopiandietforthousandsofyears.Likericeandwheat,itisacerealgrass.Teffisknownforitsfinegrainandusedmainlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.

TeffwasintroducedtotheUnitedStatesbyamannamedWayneCarlson,wholearnedaboutteffwhiledoingpublichealthworkinAfricainthemid-1970s.“IcametoknowteffbecauseIwaseatingitallthetimeandhostedbytefffarmers,”hesaid.Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.“Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.”

WayneandhiswifeElisabetharenotfarmersnordotheywanttobe.SotheyconvincedactualfarmersinIdahotogrowteffoncontractforthem.TheCarlsonsmilleditthemselves.

WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.

RichRosebergisafoodresearcheratOregonStateUniversity.HesaysteffproductionhasexplodedoverthepastdecadeintheU.S.HesaysmostteffgrownintheU.S.isfedtofarmanimals.InIdaho,however,wheretheCarlsonsarebased,Rosebergbelievesmoreoftheteffproductionisforhumanfood.Teffcontainslotsofcalcium,iron,proteinandfiber.RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章详细地介绍了苔麸这种原产于埃塞俄比亚的谷物如何被引入美国,并在美国市场上逐渐受到欢迎的过程。5.HowdotheEthiopiansmainlyuseteff?A.Byeatingthecerealgrass.

B.Byaddingitsgrainintoinjera.C.Bymixingitwithriceandwheat.

D.Byusingtheflourmadefromit.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段中“Teffisknownforitsfinegrainandusedmainlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.”可知苔麸以其细粒而闻名,主要用于制作面粉。埃塞俄比亚人主要使用苔麸粉来做食物,尤其是英吉拉,故选D项。6.AccordingtoWayne,whycanteffgrowwellinIdaho?A.IdahoislocatedclosetoEthiopia.B.Teffiseasytosurviveonitsown.C.IdahohasgeographicfeaturessimilartoEthiopia.D.TeffwasoriginallyintroducedtoEthiopiafromIdaho.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段中“Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.‘Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.’”可知,Wayne选择在Idaho种植苔麸是因为那里的地质特征与埃塞俄比亚相似,故选C项。7.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph5?A.WaynesenttefftohisEthiopianfriends.B.Wayne’steffdidnotsellwellatfirst.C.Wayne’steffwassoldonlytoEthiopians.D.WaynelostcontrolofhisTeffCompany.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第五段“WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.”可知,Wayne最初通过华盛顿特区的电话簿寻找埃塞俄比亚人的名字来推销他的产品,这说明了他最初销售并不顺利。故选B项。8.WhatisRichRoseberg’sattitudetoWayneintroducingteffintoAmerica?A.Favorable.

B.Pessimistic.C.Concerned. D.Disapproving.【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.”可知,Roseberg认为Wayne引进苔麸到美国是走在时代前列的,他对Wayne的做法持肯定态度。故选A项。Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)

Whileit’ssimpletonamemanyfamousmaleinventors,peoplemightbehard-pressedtonamesomefemaleinventors.

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Backonafreezingwinter’sdayin1902,MaryAndersonwastravelingbytramthroughNewYorkCity.Snowwasfalling,forcingthedrivertostoprepeatedlyandgetouttoclearit.Eachtimethedooropened,Marysufferedagustofwind.Shehadasuddengoodidea:whynotmakesomekindofarubberblade(刮片)thatcouldbeoperatedfrominsidethevehicle?

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What’smore,thedishwasherdatesbackevenearliertothe19thcenturyandtothedinnerpartiesheldbyaladycalledJosephineCochrane.Asafrequenthostess,shewantedamachinethatcouldwashdishesfasterthanhumans.

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Andfinally,shedevelopedwhatwastobecomethefirstcommerciallysuccessfuldishwasher.Interestingly,innovationwasinherblood:hergrandfatherhadinventedthesteamboat.

Lastly,oneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20thcenturymustsurelybethecomputerprogram.Intoday’sworldofprogramming,menvastlyoutnumberwomen.

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GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompiler(编译程序)in1952.

A.Andthat’sexactlywhatshedid.B.Thatwashowtheinventioncameintobeing.C.Asaresponse,sheconductedmanyexperiments.D.Firstly,whatledtotheinventionofthewindscreencleaner?E.Butbackinthe1940sand1950s,womenledthewayinthisnewfield.F.Forexample,wherewouldwebewithoutthewindscreencleaner?G.Yetwomenarebehindsomewidelyusedtechnologiesinthemodernworld.【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了四位伟大女性发明家以及她们的发明创造。9.【解析】选G。前文讲述人们很难说出一些女性发明家的名字,结合下文描述的几位伟大的女性和她们的成就可推断G项“然而,现代世界中一些广泛使用的技术背后是女性。”符合语境,承上启下。故选G。10.【解析】选D。后文讲述玛丽·安德森发明挡风玻璃清洁器的故事,因此推断D项“首先,是什么启发了挡风玻璃清洁器的发明?”符合语境,与下文的What’smore,Lastly呼应。故选D。11.【解析】选A。前文“Shehadasuddengoodidea:whynotmakesomekindofarubberbladethatcouldbeoperatedfrominsidethevehicle?”讲述玛丽想到了发明车内挡风玻璃清洁器的主意,结合常识这种东西发明出来了,因此推断A项“那就是她做的。”符合语境,故选A。12.【解析】选C。根据前文可知,作为一个经常举办晚宴的人,约瑟芬·科克伦想要一台洗碗速度比人类快的机器。后文讲述她发明了洗碗机,因此推断C项“对此,她进行了许多实验。”符合语境,承上启下。故选C。13.【解析】选E。前文讲述计算机编程领域男性多,下文讲述格蕾丝·霍珀发明了编译程序,因此推断E项“但在20世纪40年代和20世纪50年代,女性在这个新领域处于领先地位。”符合语境,与前文是转折关系,承接下文。故选E。Ⅲ.语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)(2025·八省联考)

In2010,theUNDepartmentofGlobalCommunicationsinstitutedlanguagedaysforeachoftheorganization’ssixofficiallanguages.Thegoalwastwo-fold:14.________(celebrate)culturaldiversityaswellastopromotetheequaluseofallsix15.________(tongue).

14.【解析】tocelebrate。考查非谓语动词。句意:目的是双重的:庆祝文化多样性,并促进所有六种语言的平等使用。本句谓语为was,此处为非谓语动词,应用celebrate“庆祝”的不定式,作目的状语,与topromote并列。故填tocelebrate。15.【解析】tongues。考查名词的数。句意:目的是双重的:庆祝文化多样性,并促进所有六种语言的平等使用。tongue“语言”为可数名词,由six修饰,应用复数形式。故填tongues。

Languageisthecarrierofcommunication,thebridgeofinteractionbetweennations,16.________thebondofunderstandingamongcivilizations.Atthesametime,alanguageanditsindividual17.________(write)formsmakeupthe“soul”ofanation’sculturaltradition.Everylanguageisworthyofrespectandshould18.________(treat)equally.

16.【解析】and。考查连词。句意:语言是沟通的载体,是国家间互动的桥梁,是文明间理解的纽带。thecarrierofcommunication、thebridgeofinteractionbetweennations和thebondofunderstandingamongcivilizations为并列关系,应用连词and连接。故填and。17.【解析】written。考查形容词。句意:语言及其独特的书写形式构成了一个民族文化传统的“灵魂”。本空修饰名词forms,需用written“书写的”,作前置定语,表示“书写的形式”。故填written。18.【解析】betreated。考查动词语态。句意:每一种语言都值得尊重,都应该被平等对待。主语Everylanguage与动词treat“对待”之间为被动关系,用betreated表被动,且位于情态动词should之后,be用原形。故填betreated。

TheUNChineseLanguageDaynotonlyprovidesauniqueplatform19.________theworldtobetterunderstandChina,butalso20.________(promote)languageandculturalexchangesintheworld.

19.【解析】for。考查介词。句意:联合国中文日不仅为世界提供一个更好地了解中国的独特平台,而且促进世界范围内的语言和文化交流。表示“为某人/某物提供某物”用固定短语providest