雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《医学专业英语（中南）》单元测试考核答案

第1题a)Thepossibilityofmovingtoward_____patientsandtheresponsibilitiesthatitimpliesundoubtedlywithchangepsychologist’sfuturerole.AmeditatingBmedicatingCmediatingDmediatizing第2题b)Themaincompositionsoftherespiratory______aretheairwaysandlungs.AsynthesisBsyngeneicCsystemDsystole第3题c)Heartfailureoccurswhentheheartisunabletomaintain______cardiacoutputforthebody’sneed.AsufficientBsubsequentCsuffocationDsuccessive第4题d)Thephysicianmusthavetheexactdosageandtime_____foradministrationwrittenonthechart.AdurationBspanCfrequencyDinterval第5题e)Recentstudiessuggestangiotensinhasalong-termpressor_____.AefficacyBeffectorCeffectDeffusion第6题Whatistype2diabetes?Thecellsinyourbodyneedinsulintochangeglucose,thesugarthatcomesfromthefoodyoueat,intoenergyyouneedtolive.Withoutinsulin,thissugarcannotgetintoyourcellstodoitswork.Itstaysinyourbloodinstead.Yourbloodsugarlevelthengetstoohigh.Type2diabetesusuallybeginswithinsulinresistance.Thismeansthatyourpancreasismakingenoughinsulin,butyourcellsarenotabletouseit.Whenyourcellsdon’tgetthesugartheyneed,yourpancreasworksharderatfirsttomakemoreinsulin.Butafterawhile,yourpancreasstopsbeingabletomakeenoughinsulin.Highbloodsugarcanharmmanypartsofthebody.Itcandamagebloodvesselsandnervesthroughoutyourbody.Youwillhaveabiggerchanceofgettingeye,heart,bloodvessel,nerve,andkidneydisease.Yourweight,levelofphysicalactivity,andfamilyhistoryaffecthowyourbodyrespondstoinsulin.Peoplewhoareoverweight,getlittleornoexercise,orhavediabetesinthefamilyaremorelikelytogettype2diabetes.Type2diabetesisusuallyfoundinadults,whichiswhyitusedtobecalledadult-onsetdiabetes.Butnowmoreandmorechildrenandteensaregettingittoo.Type2diabetesisadiseasethatyouwillalwayshave,butyoucanlivealongandhealthylifebylearninghowtomanageit.Howistype2diabetesdiagnosed?Mostlikelyyoufoundoutthatyouhavediabeteswhenyousawyourdoctorforaregularcheckuporforsomeotherproblem.Yourdoctorprobablydiagnosedtype2diabetesbyexaminingyou,askingaboutyourhealthhistory,andlookingattheresultsofbloodsugartests.Howisittreated?Ahealthydiethelpskeepyourbloodsugarundercontrolandhelpspreventheartdisease.Eatingtherightamountofcarbohydrateateachmealisveryimportant.Carbohydrateisfoundinsugarandsweets,grains,fruit,starchyvegetablesandmilkandyogurt.Adietitianoracertifieddiabeteseducatorcanhelpyouplanyourmeals.Eatingrightandgettingmoreexerciseareenoughforsomepeopletocontroltheirbloodsugarlevels.Othersalsoneedtotakeoneormoremedicines,includinginsulin.Youmayneedtotakeotherstepstopreventotherproblemsfromdiabetes.Theseproblemsarecalledcomplications.Peoplewithdiabetesaremorelikelytodiefromheartandbloodvesselproblemslikeheartattackandstroke.Ifyouare30orolder,talktoyourdoctorabouttakingalow-doseaspirineachdaytohelppreventtheseorotherlargebloodvesseldiseases.Youmayalsoneedmedicineforhighbloodpressureorhighcholesterol.Ifyousmoke,quittingmayhelpyouavoidproblemswithyourheartandlargebloodvessels.(478)AdoptedfromNorthShoreUniversityHealthSystem(NorthShore)at:https://www./globalassets/diabetes/patienteducation/educationpackettypeiidiabetes.pdff)Fromthefirstparagraphwemaygettoknowthatthesugarwetake-inviafoodshouldbedigestedtothecellsotherwiseitwill_________.AhurtourinsulinBaccumulatedatthebloodstreamCerodeourpancreasDpoisonourbloodvessels第7题g)Insulinresistanceastheauthormentionedinthepassageisthatyourbodycannotmakefulluseof______,andthenthepancreasstopstoproduceitinanormalway.AinsulinthatpancreasproducedBinsulinthatthecellsproducedCinsulinthatproducedforbloodDinsulinthatproducedforpancreas第8题h)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingitemisNOTmentionedtothesufferersoftype2diabetes?ATheageofthesufferers.BThegenderofthesufferers.CThelife-longdurationofthedisease.DThediseasecanbecontrolled第9题i)Whendiagnosingtype2diabetes,whichofthefollowingtestindexisnotthemajorreferencefactor?APhysicalcheck-upresults.BResultsofbloodssugar.CInterviewofyourhealthhistory.DX-rayreportsforyourchest.第10题j)Asforthetreatmentmethod,ifapatientover30yearsoldthedoctorwouldsuggestthepatienttotake__________asaspecialmeanstopreventthelesionstobloodvessels.Aalow-doseaspirineachdayBmedicinesforcomplicationsCaspecialdietDaspecialinsulininjection第11题Anesthesiologyisthepracticeofmedicinewhichinvolvestheperioperativecareofpatientsandthetreatmentofpain.Thefieldispredominatelya(k)_________specialty,whichcaresforpatients(l)_____pre-operatively,post-operativelyandincriticalcareunits.Italsoinvolvesthetreatmentofacuteandchronicpainasoneofitsmajor(m)_____.Thepracticeofanesthesiologyincludesawide(n)______ofpatients:allages,alldegreesofillnessesandbothsexes.Thesubspecialtiesinclude:pediatric,cardiac,neuro,obstetrical,ambulatoryanesthesiaaswellascriticalcaremedicineandpainmanagement.Individualsinterestedinanesthesiologyarethosewhoenjoyphysiologyandapplied(o)_______intheclinicalsetting.Theymustbecomfortablewithmanagingacutelifethreateningproblemsandenjoyworkingintheoperatingroom.k)Aclinic-focusedBhospital-basedCbed-sidedDproblem-based第12题l)AacutelyBseverelyCadvancedDsharply第13题m)AkindsBranksCfieldsDsubspecialties第14题n)ArangesBraysCspectrumDcategories第15题o)AmedicineBpharmacologyCpathologyDanatomy第1题1)Selectthebestanswerandwritetheletterofyourchoiceofeachnumber.a)Theword“carcinogenic“isformedwithprefixofAcardio-Bcarbo-Ccarcin-Dcarbam-第2题b)Theword“earwax”isa______wordwithearandwax.AcompoundingBprefixingCcombatingDcomplexing第3题c)Thesuffixes“-ate”“-fy”and“-ize”inwordusuallyform_____.AadverbsBadjectivesCconjunctionsDverbs第4题d)Inthewords“dysphagia”,”dysrhythmia”,dystonia”“dys-“functionsasprefixandhasameaningas________.AfirmBdifficultCacuteDpain第5题e)Thesuffixed“-ic”“-ous”,“-al”arefoundin_________.AverbsBnounsCpronounsDadjectives第6题2)Completethefollowingsentenceswiththerightmedicaltermsgivenbelowf).Thechainofeventsbetween________ofadrugandproductionoftheseeffectsinthebodycanbedividedintotwoimportantcomponents,bothofwhichcontributetovariabilityindrugactions.AadministrationBpreparationCproscriptionDinjection第7题g)Preoperativecardiac________isroutinelyperformedtoprovidedefinitiveassessmentofaorticvalveareaandthepressuregradient,aswellastoassessthecoronaryarteriesforsignificantstenosis.AinvolvementBtransformationCalterationDcatheterization第8题h)Thenervoussystemcontrolsthesecretionofmany______glands,andsomehormonesinturnaffectthefunctionofthenervoussystem.AexocrineBendocrineCendocardialDentoderm第9题i)Thesecretionofinsulin—whichactstolowertheplasmaglucose_____—isstimulatedbyariseinglucoseconcentration,forexample,andisinhibitedbyafallinbloodglucose.AconcentrationBaccumulationCheap-upDsummary第10题j)Bleedingmayalsooccurspontaneouslyinpatientswhohavereceived______orthrombolyticdrugs,orwhohavecoagulationdisorderssuchashemophilia.AanticoagulantsBcoenzymeCcoplanarDcircumoralCriticalReadingSkills第1题1)Read

thefollowingpassageanddothecomprehensivequestionsin5minutes.Thetwomaincategoriesof

Alzheimer'sdisease(AD)arefamilialandsporadic.FamilialAlzheimer'sdiseasereferstoageneticformofthediseasethatistransmittedfromonegenerationtothenext.Only5percentofallcasesofAlzheimer'sdiseasehavebeenassociatedwithageneticcomponent.TheseindividualscomefromfamiliesinwhichasmanyashalfofthemembersdevelopAlzheimer'sdisease.Fortunately,thisformofthedisorderisrare.Theremaining95percentofAlzheimer'sdiseasecasesaresporadic,orrandomlyoccurringinthepopulation.Avarietyof"riskfactors"havebeenidentifiedinindividualsdiagnosedwithAD.Infact,itisquitecommontopickupanewspaperortoturnontheTVandhearaboutthenewest"riskfactor"thathasbeenidentified.Whilesomeofthesefactorsmayturnouttobeuseful,itisimportanttorememberthatmuchoftheresearchthathasbeendoneinthisareaisretrospectiveresearch.ThismeansthattheresearchisconductedbycomparingagroupofpatientsdiagnosedwithADwithagroupofhealthyage-matchedadults.ThesetypesofanalysesprovideinformationaboutthenumberofindividualsdiagnosedwithADwhohaveacertaincharacteristiccomparedwiththehealthyindividuals.

Whiletheseresultsareusefulindirectingfutureresearchstudies,theydonotprovideinformationaboutcauseandeffect.WhatisneededisaprospectivestudyinwhichlargenumbersofindividualsarefollowedfromanearlyagetotheageatwhichADdevelops.Theterm"dementia"isusedtodescribethegradualdeteriorationof"intellectual"abilitiesandbehaviorthateventuallyinterfereswithcustomarydailylivingactivities."Customarydailylivingactivities"includebalancingthecheckbook,keepinghouse,drivingthecar,involvementinsocialactivities,andworkingatone'susualoccupation.Theremayalsobechangesinpersonalityandemotions.Contrarytopopularbelief,dementiaisnotanormaloutcomeofaging,butiscausedbydiseasesthataffectthebrain.Dementiainfluencesallaspectsofmindandbehavior,includingmemory,judgment,language,concentration,visualperception,temperament,andsocialinteractions.Althoughdementiasymptomsareeventuallyobvioustoeveryone,intheearlystagesspecialevaluationsarenecessarytodemonstratetheabnormalities.Inpeopleovertheageof65,themostcommoncauseofdementiaisAlzheimer'sdisease.Alzheimer'sdiseaseisaformofbraindegenerationinwhichabnormalparticlescalledneurofibrillarytanglesandneuriticplaquesforminthebrainanddestroyhealthyneurons(braincells).Theseabnormalitiestendtosettleinbrainareasthatcontroltheabilitytolearnanewfactandrememberit30minutes,oradaylater,askillwerefertoas"memory".YearsofstudyingdementiashaveshownthatAlzheimer'sdiseaseisnottheonlytypeofbraindegeneration.Thereareotherformsofbraindegeneration,manyofwhichcanaffectpeopleintheir50'soreven40's.Finishthereadingexercisesforthreecommonkindsasgiveninthewebsite.a)Readthefollowingmedicalcartoonthentelltheclasswhatyouhaveseen.(readingforpleasure)b)Readthefollowingpassagethendothereadingcomprehensionexercises(readingforinformation)BianQue,alsoknownasCh’inYueh-jen,probablylivedinthesecondcenturyBC.Hehadgreatgiftsasadiagnosticianandwentoutofhiswaytodemystifymedicalpractice.TheachievementsofthislegendarymedicalmanwererecordedintheImperialAnnalsoftheHanDynasty.Heissaidtohavecarriedoutaheart-swapoperationbetweentwopatientswhoseillnessesstemmedfromopposingmalfunctionsofthatorgan.Ifalltheexploitsattributedtohimaretrue,hemusthavebeenaroundfor400years,andtravelledthelengthandbreadthofChina.Infactitisthoughtthatthenamemayactuallyhavebeenarespectfultitleappliedtogifteddoctorsoverthecourseoffourcenturies,andtheexperiencesofanumberofthemmayhavebeenerroneouslyattributedtooneman.HemadeamajorcontributiontotraditionalChinesemedicine,andanumberofstoriesillustratethis.Inone,thesonoftheKingofGuolaydying,andthecourtphysicianscoulddonothingtohelp.TherewasjustonedoctorinthewholeofChinawhoseskillsmightsavetheboy,ifonlyhecouldbebroughtthereintime.BianQuewasdulysummonedandarrivedattheroyalpalacetofindthecourtinmourning.Thecrownprincewasbeingpreparedforburial.‘Mysonmighthavebeenaliveifyouhadcomesooner,’lamentedtheking,butthesageaskedtobeshownthebody.Hisexaminationconfirmedhissuspicionthattheprincehadactuallylapsedintoadeepcoma.Heimmediatelygaveacupuncturetreatmenttorevivehim,thenappliedcompressessoakedinadecoctionofherbs.Withinhoursofhisarrival,thepatientwasabletogettohisfeet.Thedoctorthenprescribedmedicineswhichrestoredhimtofullhealthintwentydays.Unsurprisingly,outsidethegatesofthecourtamongthecommonpeople,rumoursspreadthatherewasamiracle-workerwhocouldraisepeoplefromthedead.PienCh’iaoassuredthem:‘Icannotbringthedeadbacktolife.Theprincestillhadsomelifeleftinhim.Isimplyfoundthesparkandfanneditintoaflame.’1AccordingtothepassageBianQuemadethefirst_______fortwopatientswithmalfunctionsoftheorgan.AA)hearttransplantationoperationsBB)operationonheartexchangeCC)operationonheartrepairingDD)heartoperationsonarrhythmia第2题2Accordingtotheauthor,BianQuewasbelievedtobeagreatfigureas______.AA)hehadtouredaroundagreatpartoftheCentralChinaatthatageBB)hehadworkedforaroundfourcenturiesoftimeCC)collectivedeedsofgreatdiagnosticiansofthatageinChinaDD)agodwhosavedthepeopleofthewholeChina第3题3Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?AA)BianQue’sexaminationconfirmedhissuspicionthattheprincewasnotdeadbutjustinadeepcoma.BB)BianQueusedhismagiccuresavetheprincewhenhewasdying.CC)TheKingcomplainedBianQuefornotarrivingintimetosavehisson.DD)ThepublicbelievedandrumoredthatBianQuewasamiraclefigurethatcouldsavedyingpatients.第4题4Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsthestoryofBianQue?AA)Highly-respected.BB)Story-narration.CC)Criticizingwithmildtune.DD)Neutral.4.基础练习1第1题Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.ClassificationofMuscleActionsItisusefultobeabletodescribetheeffectofmusclecontractiononajointintermswhichmaybeappliedthroughoutthebodyandwhicharerelatedtotheanatomicalposition.Thedescriptivetermsexpressverypoorly,however,thecomplexitiesofmovement,sincetheyresolvemovementtoarbitraryplanesofaction.Flexionisthetermusedtodescribethebendingofapanorthemakingofanangle,mosteasilyvisualizedinthebendingoftheelbowortheknee.Theoppositetermextensionfundamentallymeansastraightening.Intheanatomicalpositionmostofthemembersofthebodyareintheextendedposition;thearmsandlegsarestraight,asisalsotheback.Inthecaseofthefoot,thesetermsleadtosomeconfusionsince,intheerectposition,theankleisalmostcontinuouslysemiflexed.Fromthisposition,furtherflexionismorereadilyunderstoodunderthetermdorsiflexionandextensionunderthetermplantarflexion.Plantarflexionisobviouslybendinginthedirectionofthesole;dorsiflexion,bendinginthedirectionofthedorsum.Formovementawayfromortowardthecentralaxisofthebodythetermsabductionandadductionareapplied.Thesetermsleadtonoconfusionexceptinthehandsandfeelwherethereismovementofthedigitsawayfromandtowardaplanewhollywithintheseparts.Rotationalmovementisalsorecognized.Rotationoftheanteriorsurfaceofamembertowardthemidplaneofthebodyismedialrotation;rotationawayfromthemidplaneislateralrotation.Therotaryactionoftheforearmandhand,whichcanhereadilyobservedasthehandisturnedpalmuporpalmdown,hasaspecialdesignation.Pronationisrotationsoastoturnthepalmdownwardorbackward;supinationcarriesthepalmupwardorforward.Thereisasimilarthoughlessextensivemovementofthefootinwhichrotationtakesplaceintiletarsaljoints.Therotationofthefootsothatthesoleturnsoutwardiseversion;theoppositemovementsothatthesoleturnsinwardisinversion.Aspecialcaseofrotationisthatwhichisseenintheveryimportantopposingactionofthethumb.Thismovementofrollingthethumboverontothehandsothatthepadsofthedigitsconvergeintoafirmgraspistermedopposition;itisexhibitedtoalesserdegreeinthelittlefingerandinthegreatandsmalltoes.Circumductioniscircularmovement;toproducethistypeofmotion,flexionandextension,abductionandadductionarecombinedinapropersequence.Specialterms,suchasprotrusionandretraction,elevationanddepression,willbereferredtointheirpropercontextbutarerelativelyself-evident.a)Muscleactionsinvariouspatterns,havebeenmentionedthispassageexcept________.AcontractionBflotationCflexionDextension第2题b)Theterm“flexion”refersbendingofajointmuscle,“semiflexion”meanshalfofthebending,while“dorsiflexion”maymean_________.AthemusclebendinginbackwarddirectionBthemusclebendinginforwarddirectionCthemusclebendinginoutwarddirectionDnoneofabove第3题c)“Plantarflexion”inthepassagemaymeans__________.Athebendingofone’sanglesinvariousdirectionsBthebendingofone’sthenarinvariousdirections.Cthebendingofone’sfiguresinrotativewaysDthebendingofone’sheadbothforwardandbackward第4题d)Inthispassagewecanseethemotionsofvariousmusclesthatareconnected_________.AwithourmotionalorganssuchasfootandhandBwithourneuralconnectiveorgansCwithourcraniumsandupperpartofourbodyDwiththearteryandveinsinourbody第5题e)Thelanguageusedinthispassagemaybedescribedas________.AinstructivewithconceptsinterpretationsBplainwithfigurativeillustrationsCcomplexitywithlogicalanalysisoftheoreticalideasDnarrativewithdefinitionstospecificterminanatomy4.基础练习2第1题Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.PRINCIPLESOFPHARMACODYNAMICSOnceadrugaccessesamolecularsiteofaction,italtersthefunctionofthatmoleculartarget,withtheultimateresultofadrugeffectthatthepatientorphysiciancanperceive.Fordrugsusedintheurgenttreatmentofacutesymptoms,littleornodelayisanticipated(ordesired)betweenthedrug-targetinteractionandthedevelopmentofaclinicaleffect.Examplesincludevascularthrombosis,shock,malignanthypertension,statusepilepticus,orarrhythmias.Formanyconditions,however,theindicationfortherapyislessurgent,andinfactadelaybetweentheinteractionofadrugwithitspharmacologictarget(s)andaclinicaleffectiscommon.Pharmacokineticmechanismsthatcancontributetosuchadelayincludeuptakeintoperipheralcompartmentsorgenerationandaccumulationofactivemetabolites.Acommonpharmacodynamicmechanismisthattheclinicaleffectdevelopsasadownstreamconsequenceoftheinitialmoleculareffectthedrugproduces.Thus,administrationofaproton-pumpinhibitororanH2-receptorblockerproducesanimmediateincreaseingastricpHbutulcerhealingthatisdelayed.Cancerchemotherapyinevitablyproducesdelayedtherapeuticeffects,oftenlongafterdrugisundetectableinplasmaandtissue.Translationofamoleculardrugactiontoaclinicaleffectcanthusbehighlycomplexanddependentonthedetailsofthepathologicstatebeingtreated.Thesecomplexitieshavemadepharmacodynamicsanditsvariabilitylessamenablethanpharmacokineticstorigorousmathematicalanalysis.Nevertheless,someclinicallyimportantprinciplescanbeelucidated.Atherapeuticdrugeffectassumesthepresenceofunderlyingpathophysiology.Thus,adrugmayproducenoaction,oradifferentspectrumofactions,inunaffectedindividualscomparedtopatients.Further,concomitantdiseasecancomplicateinterpretationofresponsetodrugtherapy,especiallyadverseeffects.Forexample,increasingdyspneainapatientwithchroniclungdiseasereceivingamiodaronetherapycouldbeduetodrug,underlyingdisease,oranintercurrentcardiopulmonaryproblem.Thusthepresenceofchroniclungdisease,andinterpretationofthesymptomofincreasingdyspnea,isonefactorthatshouldbeconsideredinselectionofantiarrhythmictherapies.Similarly,highdosesofanticonvulsantssuchasphenytoinmaycauseneurologicsymptoms,whichmaybeconfusedwiththeunderlyingneurologicdisease.Theconceptthatadruginteractswithaspecificmolecularreceptordoesnotimplythatthedrugeffectwillbeconstantovertime,evenifstabledrugandmetaboliteconcentrationsaremaintained.Thedrugreceptorinteractionoccursinacomplexbiologicmilieuthatitselfcanvarytomodulatethedrugeffect.Forexample,ionchannelblockadebydrugs,animportantanticonvulsantandantiarrhythmiceffect,isoftenmodulatedbymembranepotential,itselfafunctionoffactorssuchasextracellularpotassiumorischemia.Thus,theeffectsofthesedrugsmayvarydependingontheexternalmilieu.Receptorsmaybeup-ordownregulatedbydiseaseorbythedrugitself.Forexample,adrenergicblockersupregulateß-receptordensityduringchronictherapy.Whilethiseffectdoesnotusuallyresultinresistancetothetherapeuticeffectofthedrugs,itmayproducesevereagonist–mediatedeffects(suchashypertensionortachycardia)iftheblockingdrugisabruptlywithdrawn.(From:Kasper,etal.Ed;Harrison'sPrinciplesofInternalMedicine16th.©2005,byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Incp18.)a)Accordingtothepassagethedruginclinicapplicationmayachieveitsefficacyinthefollowingproceduresexcept________.AthedrugmoleculeaccessesthesiteofactionBthedrugmoleculesareaccumulatedinthebloodstreamrapidlyCthedrugmoleculealtersthefunctionofthemoleculetargetDthedrugmoleculeanddrug-targetinteractiontoformitseffect(B)第2题b)Thedelayinactionisknownascommoninthechemotherapyofthesymptom________inclinicpractice.AvascularthrombosisBstatusepilepticusCtachyarrhythmiaDhydronephrosis第3题c)Whenadministrationofaproton-pumpinhibitororanH2-receptorblockerproducesanimmediateincreaseingastricpHbutulcerhealingthatisdelayed,because_______.AthedrugproducesadownstreamconsequenceoftheinitialmoleculareffectBthedrugproducesanafterwardsresultofdelayedeffectCthedrugcombinesthetargetreceptorandmakesaprolongedeffectDthedrugimpactitseffectonthereceptorcellinanindirectway第4题d)Whichofthefollowingmaybethereasonforthenoclinicactionwhenadministratedacertaindrugforaspecificdiseaseorsymptom?AAstheunderlyingpathophysiology,asthediseaseandsymptommaycommitdifferentactionstoastrayorrejectthedrugofitsfunctions.BAstheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmaytakenoeffectorotherspectrumofactioninaffectedindividualsbutitseffectormoleculeactswithotherfunctionsthanwedesired.CAstheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmayreachtoawrongsiteandcombinedwithdifferentreceptorcellthusmadenocliniceffectDAstheunderlyingpathophysiology,thedrugmaytakenoeffectorotherspectrumofactioninunaffectedindividualsandtheconcomitantdiseasecancomplicateinterpretationofresponsetodrugtherapy,especiallyadverseeffects.第5题e)Inthispassagewecanlearnprinciplesthatamedicineinclinicadministrationmayhave__________.AclinicefficacyBnoactionCadvisereffectDallthethree4.基础练习3第1题Readthefollowingpassageandthendotheexercises(multiplechoice)givenbelow.ObjectivesrelatingtoknowledgeGraduatescompletingbasicmedicaleducationshouldhaveknowledgeofthefollowingareas:1.Scientificmethodrelevanttobiological,behaviouralandsocialsciencesatalevelsufficienttounderstandthebasisforpresentmedicalpractice,andtoassimilatetheadvancesinknowledgethatwilloccurovertheirworkinglife.2.Thenormalstructure,functionanddevelopmentofthehumanbodyandmindatallstagesoflife,theinteractionsbetweenbodyandmind,andthefactorsthatmaydisturbthese.3.Theetiology,pathology,symptomsandsigns,naturalhistory,andprognosisofcommonmentalandphysicalailmentsinchildren,adolescents,adultsandtheaged.(Graduatesshouldhaveadetailedknowledgeoftheconditionsthatrequireurgenttreatmentandthosethatareofparticularlocalsignificance.)4.Commondiagnosticprocedures,theirusesandlimitations.5.Managementofcommonconditionsincludingpharmacological,physical,nutritionalandpsychologicaltherapies.6.Normalpregnancyandchildbirth,themorecommonobstetricalemergencies,theprinciplesofantenatalandpostnatalcare,andmedicalaspectsoffamilyplanning.7.Theprinciplesofhealtheducation,diseaseprevention,ameliorationofsufferinganddisability,rehabilitation,andthecareofthedying.8.Culturalandsocialfactorsaffectinghumanrelationships,thepsychologicalwell-beingofpatientsandtheirfamilies,andtheinteractionsbetweenhumansandtheirsocialandphysicalenvironment.9.Systemsofprovisionofhealthcareincludingtheiradvantagesandlimitations,thecostsassociatedwithhealthcare,theprinciplesofefficientandequitableallocationoffiniteresources,andmethodsofmeetingthehealthcareneedsofdisadvantagedgroupswithinthecommunity.10.Theprinciplesofethicsthatrelatetohealthcareandthelegalresponsibilitiesofthemedicalprofession.ObjectivesrelatingtoskillsGraduatescompletingbasicmedicaleducationshouldhavedevelopedthefollowingskillstoanappropriatelevelfortheirstageoftraining:1.Theabilitytotakeatactful,accurate,organizedandproblem-focusedmedicalhistory.2.Theabilitytoperformanaccuratephysicalandmentalstateexamination.3.Theabilitytochoosetheappropriateandpracticalclinicalskillstoapplyinagivensituation.4.Theabilitytointerpretandintegratethehistoryandphysicalexaminationfindingstoarriveatanappropriatediagnosisordifferentialdiagnosis.5.Theabilitytoselectthemostappropriateandcost-effectivediagnosticprocedures.6.Theabilitytoformulateamanagementplan,andtoplanmanagementinconcertwiththepatient.7.Theabilitytocommunicateclearly,consideratelyandsensitivelywithpatients,relatives,doctors,nurses,othe