会计专业英语教学教案113

教学目标知识目标：Explainthenatureofaccountinganditstypes;Understandthebasicassumptionsandprinciplesofaccounting能力目标：Interpretthequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformation;Identifytheeffectsofbusinesstransactionsontheaccountingequation素质目标：ApplytheDouble-EntryBookkeeping教学重点Qualitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformation;TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping教学难点TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeeping教学手段结合理论与案例小组讨论教学学时2课时教学内容与教学过程设计注释Chapter1PrincipleofFinancialAccounting〖理论知识〗Topic1:Natureofaccounting1. AccountingisanInformationSystemAccountingisoftendescribedasaninformationsystemthatidentifies,records,andcommunicatesrelevant,reliable,andcomparableinformationaboutanorganization’sbusinessactivitiesthatcanbeexpressedinmonetaryterms.2. ThePurposesofAccountingTheprimarypurposeofaccountingistoprovideinformationtohelppeoplemakedecisionsabouteconomicactivities.3. TypesofAccountingInformationFinancialAccountingFinancialaccountingreferstoinformationdescribingthefinancialresources,obligationsandactivitiesofaneconomicentity,eitheranorganizationoranindividual.ManagementAccountingManagementaccountinginvolvesthedevelopmentandinterpretationofaccountinginformationwhichisforinternaluseandprovidesspecialinformationforthemanagersofacompany.TaxAccountingTaxplanningmeansanticipatingthetaxeffectsofbusinesstransactionsandstructuringthesetransactionsinamannerthatwillminimizetheincometaxburden.UsersofAccountingInformationIndividualsIndividualsoftenkeepsaccountingrecordstomakedecisions.ManagersofBusinessManagersofbusinessesuseaccountinginformationtosetgoalsfortheirorganizations,toevaluateprogresstowardthosegoals,andtotakecorrectiveactionifnecessary.InvestorsandcreditorsInvestorsandcreditorsprovidethemoneyabusinessneedstobeginoperations.Todecidewhethertohelpstartanewventure,potentialinvestorsevaluatewhatincometheycanexpectontheirinvestment.GovernmentregulatoryagenciesMostorganizationsfacegovernmentregulation.Forexample,theSecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC).TaxauthoritiesTaxAuthoritieslevytaxesonindividualsandbusinesses.Theamountofthetaxisfiguredusingaccountinginformation.NonprofitorganizationNonprofitorganizations—suchaschurches,governmentagencies,andcollege,whichoperateforpurposesotherthanprofit—useaccountinginformationinmuchthesamewaythatprofit-orientedbusinessdo.OtherusersEmployeesandlaborunionsmakewagedemandsbasedontheiremployer’sreportedincome.Consumergroupsandthegeneralpublicarealsointerestedintheamountofincomebusinessesearn.Topic2:QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformationPrimaryQualitativeCharacteristicsRelevanceRelevantaccountinginformationmustbeusefulinhelpingusersassessthefutureperformanceofthefirmaswellasprovidefeedbackaboutpriordecisions.MaterialityMaterialitymeansthattherequirementsofaccountingprinciplesmaybeignorediftheireffectsonthefinancialstatementsareunimportanttousers.FaithfulRepresentationFinancialinformationmustnotonlyrepresentrelevantphenomena,butalsofaithfullyrepresentthephenomenathatitpurportstorepresent.Tobeaperfectlyfaithfulrepresentation,adepictionshouldhavefollowingthreecharacteristics:complete,neutral,andfreefromerror.2. EnhancedQualitativeCharacteristics (1)ComparabilityComparabilityisthequalitativecharacteristicthatenablesuserstoidentifyandunderstandsimilaritiesin,anddifferencesamongitems. (2)VerifiabilityVerifiabilitymeansthatdifferentknowledgeableandindependentobserverscouldreachconsensus,althoughnotnecessarilycompleteagreement,thataparticulardepictionisfaithfullyrepresented. (3)TimelinessTimelinessmeanshavinginformationthatcouldinfluencedecisionsavailabletodecisionsavailabletodecisionmakersintime. (4)UnderstandabilityAccountinginformationshouldbeunderstandabletouserswhohaveareasonableknowledgeofbusinessandeconomicactivitiesandwhoarewillingtostudytheinformationwithreasonablediligence.Topic3：TheAssumptionandPrincipleofAccountingBasicAssumptionsofAccountingBusinessEntityAssumptionBusinessentitymeansthateverybusinessunitorenterpriseistreatedinaccountingasaseparateentity.

(2)GoingConcernAssumptionGoingconcernreferstopresumptionthattheentitywillcontinuetooperateinthefuture--thatitisnotbeingliquidated.(3)MonetaryUnitAssumptionMonetaryunitassumptionrequiresthatallthetransactiondataofanentityshouldbemeasuredandenteredintermsofmoneyintheaccountingrecords.(4)AccountingPeriodAssumptionAccountingperiodconceptmeanstheperiodoftimeselectedforreportingresultsofoperationsandchangesinfinancialposition.BasicPrinciplesofAccountingCostPrincipleCostprinciplerequiresthattheassetsofanentityberecordedattheiroriginalcost.Accrual-basisPrincipleAccrual-basisprinciplemeansthatrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedintheaccountingperiodinwhichtheyareearnedorincurred,eventhoughthecashreceiptorpaymentsoccursatanothertimeorinanotheraccountingperiod.MatchingPrincipleMatchingprinciplerequiresthatallexpensesincurredingeneratingrevenuesduringaperiodoftimebedeductedfromtherevenueearned.RealizationPrincipleRealizationprinciplespecifiesthatrevenueisrecognizedatthetimeofsale,whichhappenswhentitle(ownership)totheproductbeingsoldpassesfromthesellertothebuyerorwhentheservicesinvolvedinthetransactionhavebeenperformed.FullDisclosurePrincipleFulldisclosureprinciplemeansthatthefinancialstatementsandnotesorexplanationsshouldincludeallnecessaryinformationtopreventareasonablyastuteuserofthefinancialstatementsfrombeingmisled.MaterialityPrincipleMaterialityprinciplerelatestotheextenttowhichinformationcanbeomitted,misstatedorgroupedwithotherinformationwithoutmisleadingthefinancialinformationuserswhentheyaremakingtheireconomicdecisions.ConservatismPrincipleConservatismprincipleinaccountingrelatestomakingjudgmentsandestimatesthatresultinginlowerprofitandassetvaluationestimatesratherthanhigherprofitandassetvaluationestimates.Topic4:TheAccountingEquationandDouble-EntryBookkeepingAccountingElementsAssetsAssetsrefertotheresourcesincurredbythepasttransactions,whichareownedorcontrolledbytheenterprisesandareexpectedtobringeconomicreturnstotheenterprises.LiabilityLiabilityreferstothefinancialobligationsenteredinthebalancesheetofabusinessenterprise.TheOwner’sEquityTheowner’sequityreferstotheeconomicintereststhattheownerisblessedwithintheenterpriseassets,itistheamountofassetsminusliabilities.RevenueRevenuereferstothetotalinflowofeconomicinterestwhensellingproducts,providinglaborservices,andtransferringassets.ExpenseExpensereferstotheinterestoutflowofsale,provisionofservicesandotherdailyactivities.ProfitProfitreferstooperatingresultsofenterprisesinacertainaccountingperiod,includingtheoperatingprofitplusotherbusinessprofits,minusoperatingexpenses,managementexpensesandtheamountoffinancialexpenses.AccountingEquationAssets=Liability+Owner’sEquityAccordingtotheincomestatement,welearnedtherelationshipbetweenrevenueandexpenses:NetIncome(NetLoss)=Revenues-ExpensesNextnetincomeornetlosswillbeclosedtoowner’sequity.Andwecanhavethefollowingpresentationofaccountingequation.Assets=Liability+[Owner’sEquity+(Revenues-Expenses)]3. EffectsofBusinessTransactionsupontheAccountingEquationAnybusinesseventthatalterstheamountofassets,liabilitiesorowner’sequityorthataffectstheaccountingequationiscalledatransaction.Hereweuseexample1-1toillustratetheeffectsofbusinesstransactions.Example1-1weassumethatduringthemonthofJanuary,2016,Scarlett’sBarhadsometransactions：Transaction1:Scarlettstartedherbusinessanddeposited$l4,000intoabankaccountopenedspeciallyforherbusinessScarlett’sBarTransaction2:Boughtequipmentlikerefrigerators,tablesandchairs,etc.for$8,500Transaction3:Boughtsuppliessuchastablewarefor$2,000Transaction4:Boughtbeverages,etc.for$7,500onaccountTransaction5:Borrowed$5,000fromthebankforadurationof3monthsTransaction6:Paid$5,000owedoninventoryTransaction7:Paidelectricityandwaterbillsforthemonth$245Nowlet’sseehowtheaccountantmakesameaningfulrecordoftheseriesoftransactions,reconcilingstepbystepwiththeaccountingequation.Transaction1:Scarlettstartedherbusinessanddeposited$14,000intoabankaccountTherearetwoaccountsthatareaffected：theassetsCashisincreased,andthecapitalofthefirmisincreasedbythesameamount.CapitalCisusedin“Cash”and“Capital”tomeanthetitlesofaccounts.)Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash=+Scarlett’sCapital1.+$14,000=+$14,000Transaction2:Boughtequipmentlikerefrigerators,tablesandchairs,etc.for$8,500.HereScarlettissubstitutingoneasset(cash)foranotherasset(equipment).Sheisreceiving(+)theassetEquipmentandpayingout(-)theassetCash.Notethatthecapitalof$14,000remainsunchanged.Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Equipment=+Scarlett’sCapital$14,000$14,000-$8,500+$8,5002.$5,500$8,500$14,000Transaction3:Boughtsuppliessuchastablewarefor$2,000.Inthiscase,ScarlettagainsubstitutesoneassetCashforanotherassetSupplies(TablewareiscurrentassetswhichisgroupedunderthetitleSupplies).ShereceivesSupplies(+)andpaysoutCash(-).Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Supplies+Equipment=+Scarlett’sCapital$5,500$8,500$14,000-$2,000+$2,0003.$3,500+$2,000$8,500$14,000Transaction4:Boughtbeverages,etc.for$7,500onaccount.Inthistransaction,bothsidesoftheaccountingequationareaffected:increaseontheleftsideAssets(+)andincreaseontherightsideLiabilities(+)bythesameamount.Sotheaccountingequationisstillinbalance.ForScarlett’sBarsuchgoodsasbeverages,pastry,refreshment,etc.aregroupedunderthetitleInventories.ShethereforeisreceivingtheassetInventoriesbutisnotpayingforitwiththeassetCash.Instead,shewillowethemoney.ThusshecreatestheliabilityAccountsPayablesbecausesheowesthatmuch.Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Supplies+Inventories+Equipment=AccountsPayable+Scarlett’sCapital$3,500$2,000$8,500$14,000+$7,500+$7,500$3,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$7,500$14,000Transaction5:Borrowed$5,000fromthebankforadurationof3months.LikecreatingAccountsPayabletopurchaseanasset,bothsidesoftheaccountingequationincreasebythesmeamount,butthebalancingconditionisnotimpaired.Inthiscase,ScarlettisreceivingCash(+)andcreatingacurrentlibilityShort-termBorrowings(+).Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Supplies+Inventories+Equipment=Short-termBorrowings+AccountsPayable+Scarlett’sCapital$3,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$7,500+$14,000+$5,000+$5,000$8,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$5,500$7,500$14,000Transaction6:Paid$5,000owedoninventoryThistransactionreducedScarlett’sassetCashsincesheispayingoutmoneyby$5,000(-).ShealsoreducedherliabilityAccountspayable,by$5,000(-).Nowsheowesthatmuchless.Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Supplies+Inventories+Equipment=Short-termBorrowings+AccountsPayable+Scarlett’sCapital$8,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$5,000$7,500$14,000-$5,000-$5,000$3,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$5,000$2,500$14,000Transaction7:Paidelectricityandwaterbillsforthemonth$245.ElectricityandwaterbillsconstituteUtilitiesExpenses.ThistransactionmeansadeductionfromCash.IncurrenceofexpensemeansadeductionofCapital.Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityCash+Supplies+Inventories+Equipment=Short-termBorrowings+AccountsPayable+Scarlett’sCapital$3,500$2,000$7,500$8,500$5,000$2,500$14,000-$245-$245UtilitiesEx.$3,255$2,000$7,500$8,500$5,000$2,500$13,755Inconclusion,accountingworksasitsatisfiesthat:Everytransactionaffectsatleasttwoitemsintheaccountingequation.Thinkofatransactionasanyeconomiceventthatcausesachangeaassets,liabilities,orowner’sequity.Theaccountingequationremainsinbalanceaftereachtransaction.Revenuesandownerinvestmentsincreaseowner’sequity.Expensesandownerwithdrawalsdecreaseowner’sequity.Therefore,owner’sequityisdirectlyaffectedbyrevenues,expenses,investments,andwithdrawals.Doubble-EntryBookkeepingPreparationoffinancialstatementsrequiresthatinformationaboutanorganization’seconomiceventsbecapturedandrecordedinarationalandsystematicmanner.Thefundamentalruleofdouble-entrybookkeepingisthatdebitsmustequalcredits.DebitsandCreditsDebitsandcreditsareaccountingtermswithspecializedmeanings.Essentially,thetermdebitandcreditmeansleftandrightrespectively.AT-accountisusedtoillustratetheuseofdebitsandcredits.CashDebitCreditThenormalbalanceofeachaccountisonthesidewhereincreasesarerecorded.Thus,assetsandexpensesnormallyhavedebitbalance;liabilities,equity,andrevenuestypicallyhavecreditbalances.Exhibit1-2summarizesthedebit/creditrelationshipsofaccounts.Exhibit1-2DebitandCreditRelationshipsofAccountsAssetsLiabilityEquityRevenuesExpensesIncreasesDebitsCreditsCreditsCreditsDebitsDecreaseCreditsDebitsDebitsDebitsCreditsNormalbalanceDebitsCreditsCreditsCreditsDebits〖小结〗Therearethreetypesofaccountinginformationincludingfinancialaccounting,managementaccountingandtaxingaccounting.Accountingusersincludeindividuals,managersofbusiness,investorsandcreditors,government,taxauthorities,nonprofitorganizationandsoon.Therearethreeprinciplequalitativecharacteristicsincludingrelevance,materialityandfaithfulrepresentation;fourenhancedqualitativecharacteristicsincludingcomparable,verifiable,timely,andunderstandable.Fourmainassumptionsarebusinessentityassumption,goingconcernassumption,monetaryunitassumption,andaccountingperiodassumption.Accountingelementsaredividedintosixparts:assets,liability,owner'sequity,income,expensesandprofit.Accountingequationandtheeffectsofbusinesstransactionsupontheaccountingequation.Double-entrybooking.Discussthetypesofaccountinginformationandinformationusers.DiscussthequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformationDiscusstheassumptionsandprinciplesofaccounting

教学目标知识目标：UnderstandthebasicsofaccountingcycleExplaintheprincipleofjournalingandpostingprocess能力目标：Befamiliarwithpreparingatrailbalance素质目标：ApplytheadjustingproceduresApplytheclosingprocess教学重点ApplytheadjustingproceduresApplytheclosingprocess教学难点ApplytheadjustingproceduresApplytheclosingprocess教学手段结合理论与案例小组讨论教学学时2课时教学内容与教学过程设计注释Chapter2AccountingCycle〖理论知识〗Topic1:BasicsofAccountingCycleTheaccountingcycleincludestandardizedproceduresthatareperformedinsequenceduringeveryaccountingperiod.Thesequenceofaccountingproceduresusedtorecord,classify,andsummarizeaccountinginformationisoftentermedtheaccountingcycle.Accountingcyclecanbedividedintothefollowingsteps：Journalizetransactions.Posttoledgeraccounts.Prepareatrialbalance.Makeend-of-periodadjustments.Prepareanadjustedtrialbalance.Preparefinancialstatementsandappropriatedisclosures.Journalizeandposttheclosingentries.Prepareanafter-closingtrialbalance.Topic2:JournalsandLedgersJournalsInawesternaccountingsystem,theinformationabouteachbusinesstransactionisinitiallyrecordedinanaccountingrecordcalledaJournal.Theinformationabouteachtransactionthatshouldberecordedinthejournalisthedateofthetransaction,thedebitandcreditchangesinspecificledgeraccounts,andabriefexplanationofthetransaction.AdvantagesofusingjournalsThejournalshowsallinformationaboutatransactioninoneplaceandalsoprovidesanexplanationofthetransaction.Thejournalprovidesachronologicalrecordofallthefinancialeventsinthelifeofabusiness.Theuseofajournalhelpstopreventerrors.Iftransactionswererecordeddirectlyintheledger,itwouldbeveryeasytomakeerrorssuchasomittingthedebitorthecredit,orenteringthedebittwiceorthecredittwice.TypesofJournalsGeneralJournalsIthasonlytwomoneycolumns,onefordebitsandoneforcredit;itmaybeusedforalltypesoftransactions.Exhibit2-2showsthestandardformatofageneraljournalentry.Exhibit2-2GeneraljournalentryJournalPage1DateAccountstitlesandexplanationPost.Ref.DebitCreditSpecialJournalsInthemodernworld,abusinessofanysizeentersintosomanytransactionsthattheuseofasinglejournalwouldimposeintolerablerestrictionsonitsabilitytomaintainadequaterecords.Itis,therefore,usualtobreakdownorsubdividethejournalintoanumberofspecializedjournals,eachbeingusedtorecordtransactionsofcertainkind.Itismuchsimplerandmoreefficienttogrouptogetherthosetransactionswhicharerepetitivesuchassales,purchases,cashreceiptsandcashpaymentsandplaceeachoftheminaspecialjournal.LedgersThecompletesetofaccountsforabusinessentityiscalledaledger.Itisthe“referencebook’’oftheaccountingsystemandisusedtoclassifyandsummarizetransactionsandtopreparedataforfinancialstatements.Therearetwotypesofledgers—generalledgerandsubsidiaryledger.GeneralLedgerAgeneralledgercontainsaspecificaccountforeachitemlistedonthefinancialstatementsandshowshoweachtransactionchangesthebalancesoftheseaccounts.Acompany’ssizeanddiversityofoperationsaffectthenumberofaccountsneeded.Asmallcompanycangetbywithasfewas20or30accounts;alargecompanycanrequireseveralthousand.Exhibit2-3showsapartialchartofaccountsforasmallcompany.Exhibit2-3ChartsofAccountsAccountNumberAccountName101Cash106Accountsreceivable126Supplies128Prepaidinsurance167Equipment201Accountspayable236Unearnedrevenue307CommonStock319Dividends403Feesrevenue406Rentalrevenue622Salariesexpense637Insuranceexpense640Rentexpense652Suppliesexpense690UtilitiesexpenseSubsidiaryLedgersFurthersimplificationofthegeneralledgerisbroughtaboutbytheuseofsubsidiaryledger.Transactionsarefirstrecordedinthejournal,andatspecifiedintervalsthesametransactionsarerecordedinboththegeneraland,whenappropriate,subsidiaryledgeraccounts.Thebalancesinthegeneralledgerarethenusedtopreparefinancialstatements.PostingTransactionsPostingistheprocessofcopyingjournalentryinformationfromthejournaltotheledger.Thepostingofjournalentrytoledgerisperformedinthefollowingsteps:(1)Recordthedateandtheamountoftheentryintheaccount.(2)InsertthenumberofthejournalpageinthePostingReferencecolumnoftheaccount.(3)InserttheledgeraccountnumberinthePostingReferencecolumnofthejournal.Topic3：TheTrailBalanceTheequalityofdebitsandcreditsintheledgeristestedperiodicallybypreparingatrialbalance,whichliststhebalanceineachaccountafterthepostingprocesshasbeencompleted.Thetrialbalanceispreparedusingthefollowingprocedures:(1) Determinethebalanceofeachaccountintheledger.(2) Listeachaccountandplaceitsbalancebesideit.(3) Computethetotalofthedebitbalances.(4) Computethetotalofthecreditbalances.(5) Verifythatthesumofthedebitbalancesequalsthesumofthecreditbalances.Eachamountinthetrialbalanceissimplythefinalbalanceofeachaccountintheledger.Topic4:AdjustingProceduresTheneedforadjustmentsForpurposesofmeasuringincomeandpreparingfinancialstatements,the1ifeofabusinessisdividedintoaseriesofaccountingperiods.Butsometransactionsaffectedtherevenueorexpensesofmorethanoneperiod.Therefore,adjustingentriesareneededwhenevertransactionsaffecttherevenuesorexpensesofmorethanoneaccountingperiod.AdjustingtheAccountsAdjustingentriescanbedividedintodeferralsandaccruals.Eachadjustmentaffectsboththebalancesheetandincomestatement.Theadjustmentscanbefurtherdividedintofivecategories:prepaidexpenses,depreciation,unearnedrevenues,accruedexpenses,andaccruedrevenues.PrepaidExpensesAprepaidexpenseisaneconomicbenefitthathasbeenpaidforinadvanceofitsuse.Itrequiresadjustmentbecausethecashispaidinoneperiod,buttheresourceisnotcompletelyuseduntilalaterperiod.Therearetwomethodstoadjustprepaidexpenses.Assetmethod.Ifprepaymentsareinitiallyrecordedasassets,theywillbeincorrectlystatedduringtheaccountingperiodastheyareconsumed.Thismustbeadjustedattheendoftheaccountingperiodtoreflecttheamountused.Partoftheassetortheentireassethasbecomeanexpense.Theadjustingentryrequiresadebittoanexpenseaccountandacredittoanassetaccounts,asfollows:ExpensexxxAssetxxxExpensemethod.Prepaymentsinitiallyrecordedasexpenseswillbeimproperlystatedduringtheaccountingperiodandmustbeadjustedattheendoftheaccountingperiodtoreflecttheamountoffuturebenefitremainingandtoavoidoverstatingexpenses.DepreciationDepreciationistheallocationofthecostofaplantassettoexpenseoveritsusefullife.Theamountoftheassetusedinaperiodisdeterminedbyallocatingthenetamortizablecostoftheasset(originalcostlessexpectedtrade-inallowance)overtheexpectedusefullifeoftheasset.Thegeneralformatoftheentrytorecorddepreciationexpenseofanassetisshownasfollows:Expense(Depreciationexpense)xxxAsset(Accumulateddepreciation)xxxUnearnedRevenuesUnearnedrevenues(alsocalledadvancefromclientsordeferredrevenue)representspaymentreceivedforgoodsorservicesinadvanceoftheirdelivery.Unearnedrevenueariseswhenabusinessreceivescashinoneperiodbutdoesnotearnallofituntilalaterperiod.Thus,unearnedrevenueisaliabilitybecausethebusinessowesthecustomeragoodorservice.Thereceiptofthecashwouldincreasecashanincreasealiability.Whentherevenueisearned,theadjustmentwouldusuallydecreasetheliabilityandincreasetherevenue.AccruedExpenseAnaccruedexpenseisrecordedbypreparinganadjustingentry.Anadjustingentryisrequiredbecauseanexpensehasbeenincurredduringtheaccountingperiodbutithasnotbeenrecordedthroughthenormalcourseofaccountingentries.Accordingtothematchingprinciple,theseaccruedexpensesmustberecordedintheperiodthattheeffortwasexpended.AccruedRevenueAccruedrevenueisrecordedbypreparinganadjustingentry.Anadjustmententryisrequiredbecauserevenuehasbeenearnedduringtheaccountingperiodbutishasnotbeenrecordedthroughthenormalcourseofaccountingentries.AdjustedTrialBalanceAfteradjustedentriesaremade,wecangoaheadwithadjustedtrialbalance.Bypreparingandusingadjustedtrialbalance,wecanprovethattheledgerisstillinbalanceafterallthenecessaryadjustingentrieshavebeenjournalizedandposted.Onceanadjustedtrialbalancehasbeenprepared,theprocessofrecordingchangesinfinancialpositionforthisaccountingperiodiscomplete.Topic5:ClosingprocessTheclosingentriesThetermofclosingtheaccountreferstotheend-of-periodprocedurethatclosestherevenueandexpenseaccountsforrecordingthetransactionsofthenextperiod.Closingsetsthebalancesoftherevenueandexpenseaccountsbacktozeroinordertomeasurethenetincomeofthenextperiod.Theclosingprocess(1) Closethevariousrevenueaccountsbytransferringtheirbalancesintotheincomesummaryaccount.(2) Closethevariousexpenseaccountsbytransferringtheirbalancesintotheincomesummaryaccount.(3) Closetheincomesummaryaccountbytransferringitsbalanceintotheowner’scapitalaccount.(4) Closetheaccountofowner’swithdrawalsbytransferringitsbalanceintotheowner’scapitalaccount.3. Preparingtheclosingentries(1) Closingentriesfortherevenueaccounts(2) Closingentriesfortheexpenseaccounts(3) Closingtheincomesummaryaccount(4) ClosingtheAccountsofwithdrawals〖小结〗Accountingcyclecanbedividedintotheeightsteps.Thejournalsincludegeneraljournalsandspecialjournals.Theledgersincludegeneralledgersandsubsidiaryledgers.Theadjustmentscanbedividedintofivecategories:prepaidexpenses,depreciation,unearnedrevenues,accruedexpenses,andaccruedrevenues.Prepareclosingentries..

教学目标知识目标：Explainthenatureofcurrentassetsandnon-currentasset