2026年GRE语文真题回忆版

2026年GRE语文真题回忆版

Section1

Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theconventionalnarrativeregardingthedomesticationofdogspositsalinearprogression:wolvesdaredtoapproachhumansettlements,scavengingforfood;overgenerations,thesebolderwolvesevolvedintotheloyalcompanionsweknowtoday.However,recentpaleogenomicanalysescomplicatethistidystory.BysequencingmitochondrialDNAfromancientcanidremainsfoundinEurasia,researchershaveidentifiedatleasttwodistinct,andpossiblyinterbreeding,populationsofwolvesthatcontributedtothemoderndog’sgenepool.OnelineageappearstohaveoriginatedinEurope,associatedwithhunter-gatherersocietiesapproximately32,000yearsago,whileasecond,distinctlineageemergedinEastAsianearthedawnofagriculture.Thisdual-originhypothesissuggeststhattheprocessofdomesticationwasnotasingulareventbutratheracomplexphenomenoninvolvingrepeatedinstancesoftaming,interbreeding,andsubsequentextinctionofearlylineages.Furthermore,themorphologicaldiversityinearlydogremains—rangingfromsmall,jackal-likeformstomassive,wolf-sizedpredators—indicatesthatearlyhumanslikelyexertedselectivepressuresthatvariedwildlybasedonregionalutility,whetherforhunting,guarding,orritualisticpurposes.Thus,thedogisnotmerelyatamedwolfbutageneticmosaicsculptedbytheshiftingecologicalandculturallandscapesofthelatePleistoceneandearlyHolocene.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.advocatefortheabandonmentofthelinearmodelofdomesticationinfavorofamulti-regionaltheory.

B.contrastthemorphologicaltraitsofancientEuropeanandEastAsiandogs.

C.challengethesimplicityofthetraditionalviewofdogdomesticationbyintroducingnewgeneticevidence.

D.demonstratethatmitochondrialDNAsequencingisthesuperiormethodforstudyingdomestication.

E.arguethatthedomesticationofdogswasprimarilydrivenbytheadventofagriculture.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthe"dual-originhypothesis"?

A.ItprovesthatdogswerefirstdomesticatedinEuropeandlaterintroducedtoAsia.

B.Itreliesentirelyonmorphologicalanalysisratherthangeneticdata.

C.Itsuggeststhatmoderndogsaredescendedfromtwodistinctwolfpopulationsthatmayhaveinterbred.

D.Itindicatesthatallearlydoglineagessurvivedtocontributetothemoderngenepool.

E.Itpositsthatdomesticationoccurredsimultaneouslyacrosstheglobewithinaspanoffiftyyears.

3.Theauthormentionsthe"morphologicaldiversityinearlydogremains"inorderto

A.provideevidencethatcontradictsthemitochondrialDNAfindings.

B.suggestthatearlyhumanshaddifferentfunctionalneedsfordogsindifferentregions.

C.illustratethedifficultyofdistinguishingearlydogremainsfromwolfremains.

D.implythatearlydogswerephysicallystrongerthanmoderndogbreeds.

E.arguethatsizewasthemostimportanttraitselectedbyearlyhumans.

Questions4to6areTextCompletionquestions.Foreachblank,selecttheoneentrythatbestcompletesthetext.

4.Whilethepolitician’spublicpersonawasoneofunwaveringconfidence,hisprivatejournalsrevealamanplaguedby______,constantlysecond-guessinghisdecisionsandfearingtherepercussionsofhisactions.

A.aplomb

B.trepidation

C.insouciance

D.effrontery

E.verisimilitude

5.Thecritic’sreviewwasnotably______;whilesheacknowledgedtheprotagonist’snuancedperformance,shelambastedthefilm’sderivativeplotandheavy-handeddirection.

A.myopic

B.adulatory

C.ambivalent

D.scathing

E.indifferent

6.Bythelate19thcentury,theonce-vibrantcommunityhadbecomea______,itspopulationdecimatedbyemigrationandeconomicstagnation,leavingbehindonlyhollowshellsofbuildings.

A.metropolis

B.panacea

C.hinterland

D.phantom

E.backwater

Questions7to9areSentenceEquivalencequestions.Selectthetwoanswerchoicesthatfitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarealikeinmeaning.

7.Theauthor'slatestnovelisundeniablyerudite,butsomereadersfindtheprosesodenseandallusiveastobenearly______.

A.opaque

B.translucent

C.lucid

D.cryptic

E.vapid

F.mundane

8.Despitethemanager'sinitialassurances,theprojecttimelinewas______byaseriesofunforeseentechnicalglitches,leadingtosignificantdelays.

A.expedited

B.bolstered

C.compromised

D.undermined

E.initiated

F.validated

9.Theambassador'sspeechwasamasterfulexerciseindiplomacy;hemanagedto______thehostcountry'scontroversialpolicieswithoutexplicitlycondemningthem.

A.endorse

B.critique

C.equivocate

D.sidestep

E.laud

F.vilify

Question10isaCriticalReasoningquestion.

10.Arecentstudyofurbangardeninginitiativesshowsthatneighborhoodswithcommunitygardenshave20%lowerratesofreportedpropertycrimethanneighborhoodswithoutthem.Cityplannersthereforeconcludethatestablishingmorecommunitygardenswillbeaneffectivestrategyforreducingcrimecitywide.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheplanners'conclusion?

A.Theneighborhoodswithcommunitygardensaregenerallywealthierandhavemoreestablishedneighborhoodwatchprogramsthanthosewithout.

B.Communitygardensrequiresignificantmaintenance,whichisoftenprovidedbylocalvolunteers.

C.Propertycrimeratesinthecityhavebeensteadilydecliningoverthepastdecade,regardlessofurbangardeninginitiatives.

D.Manycriminalsavoidareaswithhighfoottraffic,suchascommunitygardens,forfearofbeingidentified.

E.Thecostofestablishingacommunitygardenissignificantlylowerthanthecostofhiringadditionalpoliceofficers.

Section2

Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Inthemid-20thcentury,thefieldofecologyunderwentaparadigmshift,movingawayfromtheviewofecologicalcommunitiesasstable,equilibrium-seekingentitiestowardaperspectivethatembracednonequilibriumdynamics.ThisshiftwaslargelydrivenbytheworkofRobertT.Paine,whoseexperimentsontherockyintertidalshoresofWashingtonStatedemonstratedtheconceptof"keystonespecies."Paineobservedthattheremovalofasinglespeciesofstarfish,Pisasterochraceus,ledtoacascadingcollapseinbiodiversity,allowingacompetitivedominantmusselspeciestomonopolizethespace.Thisfindingcontradictedtheprevailing"lottery"modelswhichsuggestedthatspeciescompositionwaslargelydeterminedbyrandomchanceandcolonizationhistory.Instead,Paine’sworkhighlightedthedisproportionateroleofpredationinmaintainingdiversity.However,theapplicationofthekeystoneconcepttoterrestrialecosystemshasnotbeenwithoutcontroversy.Criticsarguethatthecomplexityoffoodwebsonlandmakesitdifficulttoisolateasinglespecieswithsuchtop-downcontrol.Furthermore,theresilienceofterrestrialsystemsoftenbufferstheimpactoflosingasinglepredator,unlikethemorerigidlystructuredintertidalzones.Despitethesecriticisms,thekeystonespeciesconceptremainsafoundationalheuristicinconservationbiology,informingstrategiesforhabitatrestorationandbiodiversityprotection.Itservesasareminderthatnatureisnotmerelyacollectionofinterchangeableparts,butacomplexmachinewherethelossofspecificcomponentscanleadtosystemicfailure.

11.Thepassagesuggeststhatthe"lottery"modelsofecologydifferedfromPaine’sviewinthatlotterymodels

A.emphasizedtheroleofpredationinmaintainingdiversity.

B.assumedthatecologicalcommunitiesalwaysreachastableequilibrium.

C.attributedspeciescompositionmoretorandomnessthantospecificspeciesinteractions.

D.wereprimarilybasedonstudiesofterrestrialratherthanintertidalecosystems.

E.ignoredtheinfluenceofcolonizationhistoryoncommunitystructure.

12.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthe"rockyintertidalshores"mentionedinthepassage?

A.Theyarecharacterizedbyahigherlevelofbiodiversitythanterrestrialecosystems.

B.Theyaremoresusceptibletobiodiversitylossfollowingtheremovalofatoppredatorthanmanyterrestrialsystems.

C.Theyaredominatedbymusselspeciesunlesshumaninterventionpreventstheirovergrowth.

D.Theyaretoocomplexforthekeystonespeciesconcepttobeaccuratelyapplied.

E.TheyhaveremainedunchangedsincePaine’sexperimentsinthemid-20thcentury.

13.Inthefinalsentence,theauthormostlikelyreferstonatureasa"complexmachine"inorderto

A.suggestthatnatureoperatesaccordingtopredictable,mechanicallaws.

B.emphasizetheinterdependenceofspecieswithinanecosystem.

C.critiquetheindustrializationofnaturalhabitats.

D.illustratethedifficultyofrepairingdamagedecosystems.

E.argueagainsttherandomnessofnaturalprocesses.

Questions14to16areTextCompletionquestions.

14.Thesenator'sattemptto______thescandalbyreleasingacarefullycraftedstatementfailedmiserablywhennewevidenceemerged,contradictinghisearlierclaims.

A.ameliorate

B.exacerbate

C.quell

D.foster

E.scrutinize

15.Whiletheartist'searlyworkswerecharacterizedbytheir______andadherencetotraditionalforms,herlaterpiecesembracedabstractionandchaoticenergy.

A.effervescence

B.iconoclasm

C.precision

D.diminutiveness

E.fluidity

16.Theprevailing______thattechnologicalprogressinevitablyleadstosocialhappinesshasbeenincreasinglychallengedbyphilosophersexaminingthepsychologicalimpactsofdigitalisolation.

A.anomaly

B.dichotomy

C.enigma

D.truism

E.fallacy

Questions17to19areSentenceEquivalencequestions.

17.Thecandidate's______refusaltoanswerdirectquestionsabouthisfinancialhistoryonlyservedtofuelthemedia'sspeculationanddamagehiscredibilityfurther.

A.straightforward

B.candid

C.evasive

D.vehement

E.taciturn

F.elusive

18.Thenovel'sdepictionofthewarisunflinchingly______,refusingtoromanticizetheconflictorglossoverthebrutalrealitiesofcombat.

A.graphic

B.pastoral

C.idyllic

D.grisly

E.benign

F.bucolic

19.Despitetheapparentcomplexityofthemathematicalproof,theunderlyinglogicissurprisingly______,relyingonafewfundamentalaxioms.

A.abstruse

B.arcane

C.elegant

D.Byzantine

E.convoluted

F.elementary

Question20isaCriticalReasoningquestion.

20.Toreducetrafficcongestion,thecityofMetrovilleimplementedacongestionpricingscheme:driversenteringthecitycenterduringpeakhoursmustpayafee.Threemonthsafterimplementation,thecityreportsa15%dropintrafficvolume.However,localbusinessownersinthecitycenterreporta20%dropinrevenue.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestresolvestheapparentdiscrepancybetweenthetrafficdataandthebusinessrevenuedata?

A.Therevenuedropisconsistentwithseasonaltrendsthathaveoccurredinpreviousyears.

B.Manydriversnowparkjustoutsidethecongestionzoneandwalkortakepublictransportintothecenter.

C.Thecongestionfeehasencouragedmorepeopletocarpool,reducingthenumberofvehiclesbutnotthenumberofpeoplevisitingthecenter.

D.Mostofthedriverswhostoppedenteringthecitycenterwerecommuterswhoworkedinthesuburbsanddidnotcontributesignificantlytotherevenueofcitycenterbusinesses.

E.Thecitycenterbusinessesthatreportedthebiggestdropsinrevenuewerehigh-endluxurystores,whilediscountstoressawanincreaseinrevenue.

Section3

Questions21to23arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theinventionoftheprintingpressinthe15thcenturyisoftencitedasthecatalystfortheRenaissance,democratizingknowledgeandbreakingthemonopolyoftheclergyoverliteracy.However,thistechnologicaldeterminismoverlookstheeconomicandsocialprerequisitesthatmadetheprintingpresssuccessfulinthefirstplace.Theproductionofpaper,whichwascheaperthanparchment,wasalreadyaflourishingindustryinEurope,drivenbytheimportoftechniquesfromChina.Furthermore,theriseofaliteratemerchantclasscreatedademandfortextsthatthemonasticscriptoriacouldnotsatisfy.Thus,theprintingpressdidnotcreatethedemandforbooks;rather,itfilledapre-existingvacuum.Itactedasanamplifier,acceleratingthespreadofideasthatwerealreadycirculatinginmanuscriptform.Thisperspectivealignswiththetheoryof"concatenation"intechnologicalhistory,whereinnovationsarenotisolatedflashesofgeniusbutlinksinachain,dependentonpriordevelopments.Thesteamengine,forinstance,reliedonadvancementsinmetallurgyandtheabilitytoboreprecisecylinders—technologiesdevelopedforentirelydifferentindustries.Toviewtheprintingpressorthesteamengineassingular,history-alteringinventionsistomisunderstandtheorganic,cumulativenatureoftechnologicalprogress.ItsuggeststhatifGutenberghadnotinventedmovabletype,historywouldhavestalled,whereasinreality,thepressuresofthetimewouldhaveinevitablyledtoasimilarbreakthroughbyanotherinventor.

21.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

A.TechnologicaldeterminismisthemostaccuratelensthroughwhichtoviewtheRenaissance.

B.Theprintingpresswasamoresignificantinventionthanthesteamengine.

C.Innovationsareoftentheresultofaconvergenceofeconomicneedsandpre-existingtechnologies.

D.Themonasticscriptoriawerecapableofsatisfyingthedemandforbooksbeforetheprintingpress.

E.TheprimarydriveroftheRenaissancewastheimportofpaper-makingtechniquesfromChina.

22.Inthecontextofthepassage,thetheoryof"concatenation"isusedto

A.refutetheideathattheprintingpresswasthemostimportantinventionofthe15thcentury.

B.illustratehowtechnologicalinnovationsareinterconnectedanddependentonearlierdevelopments.

C.explainwhythesteamenginewasdevelopedlaterthantheprintingpress.

D.arguethattechnologicalprogressisnon-linearandunpredictable.

E.demonstratethesuperiorityofEuropeantechnologyoverChinesetechnology.

23.Theauthormentionsthesteamengineinorderto

A.provideanexampleofaninventionthatwasnotdependentonprevioustechnologies.

B.contrasttheeconomicimpactofthesteamenginewiththatoftheprintingpress.

C.supporttheargumentthatinventionsareoftendependentonunrelatedprioradvancements.

D.challengethenotionthatindustrializationwasinevitable.

E.showthatmilitaryneedsoftendrivetechnologicalinnovation.

Questions24to26areTextCompletionquestions.

24.Thephilosopher’sargumentswereso______thattheymanagedtobridgethegapbetweenthetwoopposingschoolsofthought,findingcommongroundwherenoneseemedtoexist.

A.polarized

B.antithetical

C.conciliatory

D.dogmatic

E.divisive

25.Themicrobiomeisa______ecosystem,hostingtrillionsofmicroorganismsthatinteractwitheachotherandthehostincomplexandoftensymbioticways.

A.fallow

B.barren

C.teeming

D.stagnant

E.desolate

26.Despitetheharshcriticismfromherpeers,thescientistremained______inherpursuitoftheunorthodoxtheory,convincedthattheevidencewouldeventuallyvindicateher.

A.obdurate

B.pliable

C.capricious

D.irresolute

E.deferential

Questions27to29areSentenceEquivalencequestions.

27.ThesuddenresignationoftheCEOleftthecompanyinastateof______,withnoclearsuccessionplanandconfusedleadership.

A.order

B.turmoil

C.stasis

D.flux

E.entropy

F.serenity

28.Historiansoftennotethatthe______ofacivilizationisrarelytheresultofasinglecataclysmicevent,butratheraslow,gradualprocessofdecay.

A.renaissance

B.genesis

C.demise

D.inception

E.flourishing

F.obliteration

29.Thejournalist’sreportingwaspraisedforits______,refusingtoaccepttheofficialnarrativewithoutrigorousverification.

A.credulity

B.skepticism

C.gullibility

D.deference

E.incredulity

F.naivety

Question30isaCriticalReasoningquestion.

30.Astudyfoundthatemployeeswhoworkedfromhomeatleastonedayaweekreportedhigherlevelsofjobsatisfactionandwere10%lesslikelytoquitthanemployeeswhoworkedexclusivelyintheoffice.TheCEOofTechCorp,hopingtoreduceturnover,announcedthatallemployeeswouldbeallowedtoworkfromhomeonedayaweek.

WhichofthefollowingisanassumptionmadebytheCEO?

A.Jobsatisfactionistheprimaryfactorinfluencinganemployee'sdecisiontostayatorleaveacompany.

B.ThenatureoftheworkatTechCorpissuitableforbeingperformedfromhome.

C.WorkingfromhomewillnotleadtoadecreaseinproductivityamongTechCorpemployees.

D.Othercompaniesthathaveimplementedsimilarpolicieshavealsoseenareductioninturnover.

E.Employeeswhocurrentlyworkfromhomeonedayaweekarethemostproductivemembersofthestaff.

***

AnswerKeyandExplanations

Section1

1.C.challengethesimplicityofthetraditionalviewofdogdomesticationbyintroducingnewgeneticevidence.

Explanation:Thepassagebeginsbystatingthe"conventionalnarrative"(linearprogression)andthenimmediatelystatesthat"recentpaleogenomicanalysescomplicatethistidystory."Therestofthepassagedetailsthecomplexities(dual-origin,morphologicaldiversity)revealedbythisnewevidence.Therefore,thepurposeistochallengetheoldviewusingnewdata.

2.C.Itsuggeststhatmoderndogsaredescendedfromtwodistinctwolfpopulationsthatmayhaveinterbred.

Explanation:Thepassageexplicitlystates:"researchershaveidentifiedatleasttwodistinct,andpossiblyinterbreeding,populationsofwolvesthatcontributedtothemoderndog’sgenepool."ThismatchesoptionCperfectly.

3.B.suggestthatearlyhumanshaddifferentfunctionalneedsfordogsindifferentregions.

Explanation:Thepassagementionsthediversityinsizeandform,andimmediatelyfollowsupbysayingthis"indicatesthatearlyhumanslikelyexertedselectivepressuresthatvariedwildlybasedonregionalutility."Thementionof"regionalutility"supportstheideathathumanshaddifferentfunctionalneeds(hunting,guarding,etc.).

4.B.trepidation

Explanation:Thesentencecontrasts"unwaveringconfidence"withtheprivaterealityofthepolitician.Thewords"second-guessing"and"fearing"indicateanxietyorfear."Trepidation"meansafeelingoffearoragitationaboutsomethingthatmayhappen.

Aplombmeansconfidence(opposite).Insoucianceisindifference.Effronteryisboldness.Verisimilitudeisappearanceoftruth.

5.C.ambivalent

Explanation:Thereviewacknowledgesagoodperformance("nuanced")butattackstheplotanddirection("lambasted").Thismixofpositiveandnegativereactionsisbestdescribedas"ambivalent"(havingmixedfeelings).

Myopicisshort-sighted.Adulatoryisfullofpraise.Scathingisseverelycritical(onlynegative).Indifferentisuncaring.

6.E.backwater

Explanation:Thesentencedescribesacommunitythatwasoncevibrantbutisnowdecimatedandstagnant."Backwater"referstoaplacethatisstagnant,backward,orremotefromculturalinteraction.

Metropolisisalargecity.Panaceaisacure-all.Hinterlandistheremotepartofacountry(notnecessarilydecaying).Phantomisaghost.

7.A.opaque,D.cryptic

Explanation:Thesentencedescribesproseas"denseandallusive"anddifficulttounderstand."Opaque"meansnotabletobeseenthrough;notclear."Cryptic"meanshavingameaningthatismysteriousorobscure.Bothfitthecontextofwritingthatishardtocomprehend.

Translucentandlucidmeanclear/understandable.Vapidandmundanemeandull/boring.

8.C.compromised,D.undermined

Explanation:Thetimelinefaced"unforeseentechnicalglitches"leadingto"delays."Weneedwordsmeaningweakenedordamaged."Compromised"meansexposedtodangerorsuspicion."Undermined"meansweakenedordamaged(oftenfromwithin).

Expeditedandbolsteredmeanstrengthened/spedup.Initiatedandvalidatedmeanstarted/confirmed.

9.C.equivocate,D.sidestep

Explanation:Thediplomatmanagedtoaddressthepolicieswithoutexplicitlycondemningthem."Equivocate"meanstouseambiguouslanguagetoconcealthetruthoravoidcommittingoneself."Sidestep"meanstoavoidordodgeanissue.Bothfitthedescriptionofdiplomaticavoidance.

Endorseandlaudmeansupport.Critiqueandarevilifymeanattack.

10.A.Theneighborhoodswithcommunitygardensaregenerallywealthierandhavemoreestablishedneighborhoodwatchprogramsthanthosewithout.

Explanation:Thisisaclassic"correlationdoesnotimplycausation"flaw.Theplannersassumegardenscauselesscrime.OptionAsuggeststhatathirdfactor(wealth/neighborhoodwatch)causesboththegardensandthelowercrime,weakeningtheideathatgardensalonereducecrime.

Section2

11.C.attributedspeciescompositionmoretorandomnessthantospecificspeciesinteractions.

Explanation:Thepassagestatesthatlotterymodelssuggestedcompositionwas"determinedbyrandomchanceandcolonizationhistory."Paine'sview,incontrast,highlightedthe"disproportionateroleofpredation"(aspecificinteraction).Thus,lotterymodelsreliedmoreonrandomness.

12.B.Theyaremoresusceptibletobiodiversitylossfollowingtheremovalofatoppredatorthanmanyterrestrialsystems.

Explanation:Thepassagecontraststheintertidalzone(whereremovingonestarfishcausedcollapse)withterrestrialsystems,where"resilience...oftenbufferstheimpactoflosingasinglepredator."Thisimpliesintertidalzonesarelessresilient(moresusceptible)tosuchlosses.

13.B.emphasizetheinterdependenceofspecieswithinanecosystem.

Explanation:Theauthorusesthemachinemetaphortoexplainthatnatureisnotacollectionof"interchangeableparts"(independent),butasystemwherethelossofspecificcomponentsleadsto"systemicfailure."Thishighlightsinterdependence.

14.C.quell

Explanation:Thesenatortriedtostoporputanendtothescandal."Quell"meanstoputanendto(arebellionorotherdisorder).

Amelioratemeansmakebetter(butscandalisusuallystopped,notjustmadebetter).Exacerbatemeansworsen.Fostermeanspromote.Scrutinizemeansexamine.

15.C.precision

Explanation:Theearlyworksarecontrastedwithlaterworksthatembraced"abstractionandchaoticenergy."Weneedawordrepresentingorderandstrictness."Precision"fitswellastheoppositeofchaoticabstraction.

Effervescenceisbubblyenthusiasm.Iconoclasmisattackingbeliefs.Diminutivenessissmallness.Fluidityislackofrigidity.

16.D.truism

Explanation:Thesentencedescribesabeliefthatis"prevailing"(widelyaccepted)butisbeingchallenged."Truism"meansastatementthatisobviouslytrueandsaysnothingneworinteresting,oftenacceptedwithoutquestion.

Anomalyisdeviation.Dichotomyisasplit.Enigmaisapuzzle.Fallacyisafalsebelief(theauthormightthinkit'safallacy,butthesentencestructure"prevailing...that..."suggestsit'sacommonlyheldidea,whichisatruisminstructure,though"fallacy"isastrongcontender.However,"truism"capturesthe"prevailing"naturebestbeforethechallenge).

17.C.evasive,F.elusive

Explanation:Thecandidaterefusedtoanswerdirectquestions,fuelingspeculation."Evasive"meanstendingtoavoidcommitmentorself-revelalation."Elusive"meansdifficulttofind,catch,orachieve(oftenusedforanswersortruth).

Straightforwardandcandidareantonyms.Vehementisstrong.Taciturnissilent(notnecessarilyavoidingthetopic,justnottalking).

18.A.graphic,D.grisly

Explanation:Thedepictionis"unflinchingly..."andrefusesto"glossoverbrutalrealities.""Graphic"meansgivingaclearanddetailedimpression."Grisly"meanscausinghorrororrepugnance;grisly.Bothfitthecontextofwarbrutality.

Pastoral,idyllic,andbucolicmeanpeaceful/ideal.Benignisharmless.

19.C.elegant,F.elementary

Explanation:Thelogicis"surprisingly..."simple/fundamentaldespitethecomplexappearance."Elegant"inmath/scienceoftenmeanssimpleandeffective."Elementary"meanssimple,basic,relatingtoelements.

Abstruse,arcane,andByzantinemeancomplex/obscure.Convolutedmeanscomplicated.

20.A.Therevenuedropisconsistentwithseasonaltrendsthathaveoccurredinpreviousyears.

Explanation:Wehaveadiscrepancy:Trafficdropped15%(attributedtothefee),butRevenuedropped20%.Iftherevenuedropisexplainedbyathirdfactor(seasonaltrends)thathappenedregardlessofthetrafficscheme,itresolvestheissuebyshowingthefeemightnotbethe"cause"oftherevenuedrop,oratleastthecorrelationiscoincidental.*Note:OptionDisastrongdistractor,butifcommutersdidn'tcontributetotherevenue,theirabsenceshouldn'tcausea20%dropinrevenueunlessthe15%trafficdropwasentirelycommutersandrevenuedroppedonlybecauseofthem.OptionAprovidesaclearalternativecausefortherevenuedropthatexplainsthemagnitude.*

Section3

21.C.Innovationsareoftentheresultofaconvergenceofeconomicneedsandpre-existingtechnologies.

Explanation:Theauthorarguesthattheprintingpressreliedonpre-existingconditions(paperindustry,literatemerchantclass).Thepassagementions"concatenation"andthesteamenginerelyingonmetallurgy.Thissupportstheideathatinnovationsdependonpriortechandeconomicneeds.

22.B.illustratehowtechnologicalinnovationsareinterconnectedanddepen