高级综合商务英语2（第二版） 课件Unit 8 Division of Labor

UnitEight

DivisionofLabor

Lead-in

Lead-in

Discussion1.Skimandanswerthefollowingquestions.Q1:Whatisspecialization?Q2:Whatisthebenefitofit?

2.CaseStudy:withtheknowledgeyoujustlearnedfromabove,pleaseanalyzetheminicaseabouttheassemlylineinKomkia.Q1:WhatarethebenefitsofthedivisionoflaborontheBluetoothradioassemblylineinKomkia?Q2:Doyouseeanyproblemsthatmayarisefromthedivisionoflabor?

Lead-in

DiscussionTextAOftheDivisionofLaborStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics1-3Introduction:Thegreatestimprovementintheproductivepowersoflaborhasbeentheeffectsofthedivisionoflabor.4-7Thegreatincreaseinthequantityofworkisowingtothreedifferentcircumstances:dexterity,time-saving,andnewmachines.8-9Itisthegreatmultiplicationoftheproductionsofallthedifferentarts,inconsequenceofthedivisionoflabor.Q.Thegreatestimprovementintheproductivepowersoflabor,andthegreaterpartoftheskill,dexterity,andjudgmentwithwhichitisanywheredirected,orapplied,seemtohavebeentheeffectsofthedivisionoflabor.Why?

Becauseitincreasestheproductivitymanyfold.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIPartI

SentenceInterpretationThoughinsuchmanufactures,therefore,theworkmayreallybedividedintoamuchgreaternumberofparts,thaninthoseofamoretriflingnature,thedivisionisnotnearsoobvious,andhasaccordinglybeenmuchlessobserved.(Line16,Para.2)Thoughingreatmanufactures,theworkcouldbedividedintomanymorepartsthanthesmallermanufacture,thedivisionisnotquiteobviousforobservation.PartI

WordsandExpressionsdexterity(Para.1)n.skillinusingyourhands;theabilitytodosth.skillfullyexample:Oneneedsmanualdexteritytobegoodatvideogames.PartI

WordsandExpressionsoccasion(Para.3)n.areasonorcauseexample:Ihavehadnooccasiontovisithimlately.AdamSmith(1723-1790)

AdamSmithwasaScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.Heisbestknownfortwoclassicworks:TheTheoryofMoralSentiments(1795),andAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(1776).Thelattermakeshimthe“fatherofmoderneconomics.”PartI

NotesQ.Theinventionofallthosemachines,bywhichlaborissomuchfacilitatedandabridged,seemstohavebeenoriginallyowingtothedivisionoflabor.Why?Menaremuchmorelikelytodiscovereasierandreadiermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanwhenitisdissipatedamongagreatvarietyofthings.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIPartII

SentenceInterpretationMenaremuchmorelikelytodiscovereasierandreadiermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanwhenitisdissipatedamongagreatvarietyofthings.(Line6,Para.7)

Menaremuchmorelikelytodiscoverbettermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanisscatteredamongagreatvarietyofthings.PartII

WordsandExpressionsabridge(Para.4)v.tomakeabookshorterbyleavingpartsout;(legal)curtailsynonyms:shorten;curtailexample:Therighttofreespeechcanbeabridged.PartII

WordsandExpressionsbellows(Para.5)n.apieceofequipmentforblowingairintoorthroughsth.example:

Bellowsareusedformakingafireburnbetterorforproducingsoundinsometypesofmusicalinstruments.PartII

WordsandExpressionsapt(Para.6)adj.suitableorappropriateinthecircumstances;likelyorhavinganaturaltendencytodosth.synonyms:suitable;disposed;liable;proneexample:Babiesareapttoputobjectsintotheirmouths.PartII

WordsandExpressionsindolent(Para.6)adj.lazysynonyms:lazy;idleexample:Theywereindolentandaddictedtoalifeofpleasure.PartII

WordsandExpressionsdissipate(Para.7)v.tograduallybecomelessorweakerbeforedisappearingcompletely,ortomakesth.dothis;towastesth.synonyms:disappear;squanderexample:Eventually,hisangerdissipated.Q.HowcouldtheaccommodationofanindustriousandfrugalmodernEuropeanpeasantexceedthatofmanyanAfricanking,theabsolutemastersofthelivesandlibertiesoftenthousandslaves?Why?Theaccommodationofanordinaryfolkinacivilizedsocietyentailsamuchgreaternumberoflaborsandprofessionsacrossthewholecountryandmaybetheindustrialworld,thanthoseofasavagesocietywhoseabsolutekingscouldcommand.PartIII

QuestionsaboutPartIIIPartIII

SentenceInterpretationHesuppliesthemabundantlywithwhattheyhaveoccasionfor,andtheyaccommodatehimasamplywithwhathehasoccasionfor,andageneralplentydiffusesitselfthroughallthedifferentranksofthesociety.(Line9,Para.8)Hesuppliesthemsufficientlywithwhattheyneed,andtheysupplyhimwithwhatheneeds.Andageneralwelfareisprovidedtoallwalksoflife.dispose(of)(Para.8)v.to

getridofsb./sth.;todealwithaproblem,question,orthreatsuccessfully

synonyms:discard;sortoutexample:Thatseemstohavedisposedofmostoftheirargument.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsPartIII

WordsandExpressionsrequisite(Para.9)adj.necessaryforaparticularpurposesynonyms:mandatory;indispensableexample:Shelackstherequisiteexperienceforthejob.

TextBApplicationofWorkDivision:ACaseStudyofFordCompanyStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics1-2Britishhandmadecarswereluxury;HenryFord’slaunchoftheModelTin1908beganarevolution.3-6TaylorismhelpedFordcompanysimplifyproductiontasksbuttheoutputwasstilllimited.7-10InventedbyFordin1913,theassemblylineempoweredmassproductionofcars.

11-19Theassemblylinebroughtworkersmorepressure.Q:WhyweretheearlyhandmadeBritishcarsextremelyexpensive?(Para.1)Becausetheywereassembledslowlyandcarefullybyskilledcraftsmenbyhand,andthewholeproductionprocesstookseveralweeks.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIPartI

SentenceInterpretationThesehandmadecarsweresoexpensivethatawidegulfseparatedthosewhobuiltthemfromthosewhoboughtthem.(Line4,Para.1)Thehandmadecarscostalotofmoney.Asaresult,therewasahugegapbetweentheworkerswhomadethecarsandtherichpeoplewhocouldaffordtobuythem.Theworkerscouldnotaffordthecarstheybuilt,showingaclearsocialandeconomicdifferencebetweenthetwogroups.equivalent(Para.2)n.somethingthathasthesamepurpose,value,ormeaningasanotherthingsynonyms:

counterpart;matchexample:Thissmartphoneistheequivalentofaportablecomputer.PartI

WordsandExpressionsModelTTheFordModelT,producedfrom1908to1927,wasdesignedbyHenryFordtomakecarsaffordableforordinarypeople.AdoptingTaylorismandthe1913assemblyline,Fordgreatlycutitsproductiontimeandprice.Over15millionModelTsweresold,turningtheU.S.intoa“nationonwheels”andbecominganiconicsymbolofthe20th-centuryautomotiverevolution.PartI

NotesQ:WhatmethoddidFrederickTaylorusetoimproveworkers’efficiencyatFord’scompany?(Paras.4-5)Hetimedworkerswithstopwatches,recordedtheireverymovement,reorganizedworksteps,andsimplifiedcarmanufacturingbyassigningdifferenttaskstodifferntworkersatdifferentmachines.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIPartII

SentenceInterpretationTaylorcomplainedthathardlyaworkmancanbefoundwhodoesn’tdevotehistimetostudyingjusthowslowlyhecanwork.(Line5,Para.3)Taylorpointedoutacommonproblem:Almosteveryworkerspenttimefiguringouttheslowestwaytodotheirjobinsteadofworkinghard.Hethoughtthiswasawasteoftimeandwentagainstimprovingworkefficiency.apprenticeship(Para.5)n.aperiodoftimelearningaskilledjobfromamoreexperiencedworkersynonyms:

training;internshipexample:Heservedanapprenticeshipasacarpenterforthreeyears.PartII

WordsandExpressionsTaylorism

Taylorism,namedaftertheefficiencyexpertFrederickTaylor,isamanagementmethodtoimproveworkefficiency.Taylorisminvolvestimingworkers’movements,breakingjobsintosimplerepetitivesteps,andstandardizingprocessestoreducewaste.ItgreatlyinfluencedFord’sfactoryreorganization,helpingsimplifycarproductionandlaythefoundationformassproduction.PartII

NotesQ:WhatwasthekeyinnovationthatrealizedmassproductionofcarsatFord’sfactory?(Para.10)Theassemblyline,whichmovedcarspastworkersinsteadofmovingworkerspastcars.PartIII

QuestionsaboutPartIIIPartIII

SentenceInterpretationThelinesbecamethekeytothemassproduction,asystemthatwouldremainvirtuallyunchangedformostofthecentury.(Line1,Para.10)Theassemblylineswereveryimportantformakingmanycarsinlargescale.Thissystemofmakingmanycarsremainedalmostthesameformostofthe20thcentury.re-enactment(Para.8)n.theactofrepeatingorperforminganeventagainsynonyms:

reproduction;restagingexample:Theymadeavideore-enactmentofthehistoricalbattle.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsQ1:WhydidmanyFordworkersquitsoonafterstartingwork?(Paras.11-12)Theassemblylinesetanunchangeable,fastworkingpacethatbroughtgreatpressure,andfewworkerscouldbearit.PartIV

QuestionsaboutPartIVQ2:HowdidHenryFordsolvetheproblemofhighworkerturnover?(Para.13)Hedoubledworkers’wagestoanunprecedented$5perday.PartIV

QuestionsaboutPartIVQ3:WhatweretheworkingconditionslikeforFordworkersaccordingtoDavidMoore?(Paras.17-19)Workershadtoworkextremelyhard,werenotallowedtotalkorsmilecasually,neededpermissiontogotothebathroom,andwereunderstrictsupervisionanddiscipline.PartIV

QuestionsaboutPartIVPartIV

SentenceInterpretationWiththeassemblylines,theworkersbecameanintegralpartofthegreatmachine.(Line1,Para.11)Aftertheassemblylinewasintroduced,workerswerenolongerindependentcraftsmen.Theybecameanecessarypartofthefactory’sproductionsystem,justlikeapartofabigmachine.besiege(Para.13)v.tosurroundorcrowdaroundsomeoneorsomethinginlargenumberssynonyms:

swarm;floodexample:Afterreleasingimpressivequarterlysales,thestartupwasbesiegedbyinvestmentoffers.PartIV

WordsandExpressionsThefollowingistheframeworkofthemeetingregardingemployeeworkloadandsatisfaction:Openingremarks(bytheCEO;1minute)Presentingemployeeconcerns(bytheHRManager;3-4minutes)Discussingprojectmanagementchallenges(bytheProjectManager;3-4minutes)Showingfirsthandc