Unit 3 Getting along with others Grammar and usage 课件 2022-2023学年高中英语（牛津译林版2020必修第一册）

Bytheendofthissection,youwillbeableto:understandthemeaningofrestrictiverelativeclauseswithrelativepronouns;summarizethegeneralrulesofrestrictiverelativeclauseswithrelativepronouns;userestrictiverelativeclauseswithrelativepronounstodescribeyourfriendsappropriately.LearningobjectivesUnit3GettingalongwithothersGrammarandusageLeadinattributive（定语）修饰、限定和说明名词或代词的品质与特征的成分是定语。除了形容词可以充当定语之外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词等也可充当定语。the

greentreethe

interestingbookafrightenedboyawoman

doctorawashing

machineObserveandDiscussHeisapopularsinger.Hissongispopularamongyoungpeople.Heisapopularsingerwhosesongispopularamongyoungpeople.relativeclause（定语从句）跟在一个名词或代词后进行修饰限定的句子，就叫作定语从句。定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。

例：Heisthemanwhohelpedme.Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词在定语从句中叫作先行词。

例：Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthbelongstohim.关系词：把先行词和定语从句联系起来。代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分。

关系代词在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词在定语从句中可以作状语。

例：Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.定语从句的概述ExploringtherulesBelowisamagazinearticleonfriendshipinthemodernage.Findthesentenceswithrestrictiverelativeclausesinthearticleandfillintheboxbelow.Arealfriendissomeonewhowalksinwhentherestoftheworldwalksout.Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.

Arealfriendissomeonewhoseesourtrueself,notjustthefacethatweshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays,themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Wemaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline,butthesefriendshipscanbequiteshallow.

Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswhomwelove.Textingandmessagingcannottaketheplaceofface-to-facechatting.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhichmattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdevelopthe

connectionwhichweshare.Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives,weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.Arealfriendissomeonewhowalksinwhentherestoftheworldwalksout.Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.Arealfriendissomeonewhoseesourtrueself,notjustthefacethatweshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays,themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswhomwelove.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpress

thevalueswhichmattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhichwe

share.Belowisamagazinearticleonfriendshipinthemodernage.Findthesentenceswithrestrictiverelativeclausesinthearticleandfillintheboxbelow.RulesArestrictiverelativeclausemodifiesanoun,pronounornounphrasebeforeit.Weuserelativepronounsorrelativeadverbstointroducerestrictiverelativeclauses.Weuse______forthings,and_______andwhomforpeople.Wecanuse______forboththingsandpeople.Weuse_______toshowpossession.whichwhothatwhose限制性定语从句（restrictive

relativeclause）指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示“……的（人）”或“……的（物）”。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行项或先行词（antecedent）。如：Doyouknowtheman

whoiswaiting

outside?Heshowedmethephotos

which

hetookonthe

trip

to

Xi’an.定语从句可由关系代词（relativepronouns）that、which、who、whom、whose引导。如：Thetrees

whicharebehindtheofficebuildinghavelosttheirleaves.Simonisthepoorman

whosecarhasbeenstolen.关系代词在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。如：Theboywhoisrunningontheplaygroundisthebestrunnerinourschool.

（who作主语，不可省略）Thesubject

(which)IlikebestisEnglish.（which作宾语，可省略）关系代词who、whom、which、that、whose的主要用法如下：(1)who引导的定语从句修饰人，who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom引导的定语从句修饰人，whom在从句中作宾语；who和whom都可以由that代替。如：Theyarelookingforpeoplewho/thatwanttojointhe

ReadingClub.Thegirl

(who/whom/that)

yousawin

theparkismycousin.(2)

which引导的定语从句修饰物，which在从句中作主语或宾语，可以由that代替。如：This

isthe

book

(which/that)Iwanttoread.(3)whose引导的定语从句，既可修饰人，也可修饰物，whose在从句中作定语。如：I

satnexttoagirl

whosename

isDiana.Theclub

whosemembersaremusicfansmeet

intheschoolgardenevery

Saturday.关系代词也可以用作介词的宾语。在正式场合，介词可以置于关系代词前，这种情况下关系代词不可省略，也不可以用that代替。如：Isthisthemagazine(which/that)youweretalkingaboutjustnow?=Isthisthemagazine

aboutwhichyouweretalking

justnow?

但是要注意的是，固定短语中的介词不能前置到关系代词前。如：Youaretheveryperson

(whom/that)wearelookingfor.当先行项是way并且定语从句要表示“以……的方式”时，定语从句常用that或in

which引导，that或inwhich也可以省略。如：Iliketheway

(that/inwhich)shesmiles.限制性定语从句

VS

非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰、限制作用，为句中不可缺少的部分，主句和从句关

系非常紧密，不能用逗号分开。

例：Thebook

thatyouwerelookingforwassoldout.

Thepeople

whoworkinmyofficeareveryfriendly.非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明的作用，若将其去掉，不影响主句意思的完

整，主句和从句之间必须用逗号分开。

除了that以外，其他的关系代词和关系副词都和限制性定语从句用法相同，只是所有关系

词都必须写上，不能省略。

例：Thesmalltown,whereheonceworked,hasturnedtobeamodernindustrycity.

B1Rewritethefollowingsentencesusingrestrictiverelativeclauses.Applyingtherules1.Commoninterestsproviderichground.Manyfriendshipsgrowfromrichground.

Commoninterestsproviderichground________________________________.2.Whenfriend’scommunicationiswarmandopen,friendshipsgrowbest.

Friendshipsgrowbestbetweenfriends__________________________________.3.Friendshipsarelikeflowers.Theseflowersneedtobetakengoodcareof.

Friendshipsarelikeflowers____________________________________.

4.Arelationshipwithatruefriendwillsurelyproducefruit.Youcancountonatruefriend.

Arelationshipwithatruefriend____________________________

willsurelyproducefruit.

5.Youhavebeenhelpedbyothers.

Tomakefriends,youshouldhelpothersinthesameway.

Tomakefriends,youshouldhelpotherstheway_________________________________.fromwhichmanyfriendshipsgrowwhosecommunicationiswarmandopenwhich/thatneedtobetakengoodcareofwhom/who/thatyoucancountoninwhich/thatyouhavebeenhelpedbyothersB2Thepassagebelowisaboutfriendshipinagreatnovel.Completethepassagewithcorrectrelativepronounswherenecessary.InMarkTwain’sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,thefriendship(1)____________formsbetweenHuckFinnandJimisanimportantthemeofthebook,thoughthey

appeartobeanunlikelypair.

Huckisapoorwhiteboy(2)____________father

oftenbeatshim,whileJimisablackslave(3)____________longstobefree.

Oneday,Huckrunsawayfromhometoanisland.TherehemeetsJimandmakesfriendswithhim.Thentheyleavetheislandtogetheronaraft(4)____________theyfindontheMississippiRiver.TheyheadnorthtoIllinois,astatein

(5)____________Jimcanbecomefree.Thehighpointofthestorycomeswhen

HuckisfacedwiththedecisionofwhethertohandJimovertosomeslavecatchers.

Intheend,HuckdecidesthatJimisafriend(6)_______________heneedsand

values,andrefusestogivehimup.Fromthisstorywecanseethatfriendsare

people

(7)____________supportyouthroughthickandthin.which/thatwhosewho/that(which/that)which(whom/that/who)who/thatB3Inpairs,describeafriendofyoursusingrestrictiveclauses.Usetheexamplebelowtohelpyou.MybestfriendisOwen.ImethimataReadingClubmeeting(which/that)webothattended.Wehavethesametasteinbooks,andweoftenspendhoursdiscussingnovels(which/that)we’vebothread.Imustsay,he’soneofthesmartestpeople(that)Ihaveevermet.MybestfriendisHannah.Imetherinaparkwhereweoftenplaybadminton.Oneday,thefriendwhoInormallyplaywithhadtogotohomeearly,andIwasabouttoleavetoo.ThatwasthemomentwhenHannahcameuptomeandaskedifIwantedtoplaywithher.Wegotonreallywellandsoonbecameclosefriends.IknowsheissomeonethatIcanrelyonintimesofdifficulty.SampleAnswerWordsandExpressions1.Arealfriendissomeonewhosesupportwecancounton.(P34)真正