高中化学必修第二册 第五章 化工生产中的重要非金属元素 知识清单

高中化学必修第二册第五章化工生产中的重要非金属元素知识清单★【学习导言】★本章是高中化学元素化合物知识的“集大成者”与“能力跃升期”。我们将从“价类二维图”的核心思想出发，系统掌握硫、氮、硅及其化合物的性质、转化与工业应用。这不仅是知识的积累，更是“氧化还原反应”、“离子反应”等基本理论在真实情境（化工生产、环境保护）中的综合演练。请务必建立“结构决定性质，性质决定用途”的学科思想，并熟练掌握物质检验、实验设计等关键技能。一、硫及其化合物【★★★★★】【高频考点】【热点】硫元素是变价元素的典型代表，其化合物性质丰富，是本章的重中之重。（一）硫单质（S）【基础】1.物理性质：黄色晶体（俗称硫黄），质脆，易研成粉末。不溶于水，微溶于酒精，易溶于二硫化碳（CS₂）。这是实验室洗涤硫粉的重要考点。2.化学性质：硫的原子结构最外层为6个电子，在反应中易得2个电子，表现氧化性；但当与更强氧化剂反应时，也可表现还原性。1.氧化性：与金属反应（表现氧化性，生成低价态金属硫化物）。Fe+S→ΔFeS\ce{Fe+S>[\Delta]FeS}Fe+SΔ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​FeS（黑色固体，注意不是Fe₂S₃）2 Cu+S→ΔCuX2S\ce{2Cu+S>[\Delta]Cu2S}2Cu+SΔ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​CuX2​S（黑色固体，注意不是CuS）Hg+S=HgS\ce{Hg+S=HgS}Hg+S=HgS（常温下即可反应，用于处理洒落的汞）【重要应用】2.还原性：与非金属反应（表现还原性）。S+OX2→点燃SOX2\ce{S+O2>[\{点燃}]SO2}S+OX2​点燃<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​SOX2​（空气中淡蓝色火焰，纯氧中明亮的蓝紫色火焰）3.歧化反应：与碱反应（硫既表现氧化性又表现还原性）。3 S+6 NaOH→Δ2 NaX2S+NaX2SOX3+3 HX2O\ce{3S+6NaOH>[\Delta]2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O}3S+6NaOHΔ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​2NaX2​S+NaX2​SOX3​+3HX2​O（用于除去试管壁上残留的硫）（二）硫的氧化物【★★★★★】1.二氧化硫（SO₂）——【核心考点】1.物理性质：无色、有刺激性气味的有毒气体，密度比空气大，易溶于水（1:40）。2.化学性质：从“类别通性”和“价态特性”两个维度理解。3.酸性氧化物（类别通性）【重要】SOX2+HX2O⇌HX2SOX3\ce{SO2+H2O<=>H2SO3}SOX2​+HX2​O<pathd="M7435c446.38..3.79211s5.35.31210c90.7541561301962283.310.76.316.39172.75191h5c10.7016.7.719..382.7157.l33hv40H7zm930v40hv40zM0241v40hv40zm00v40hv40z"><pathd="M0241v40hc4.74.779..33.715.3111892.756...39.3614...7016.7.719..34236.781..527.337.75869.29294.5zm00v40hv40zmv40hv40zm00v40hv40z">​HX2​SOX3​（亚硫酸，可逆反应，使紫色石蕊变红，不褪色）SOX2+2 NaOH=NaX2SOX3+HX2O\ce{SO2+2NaOH=Na2SO3+H2O}SOX2​+2NaOH=NaX2​SOX3​+HX2​O（过量SO₂生成NaHSO₃，用于尾气吸收）SOX2+CaO=CaSOX3\ce{SO2+CaO=CaSO3}SOX2​+CaO=CaSOX3​（工业固硫）4.还原性（核心性质，+4价硫可升到+6价）【高频考点】2 SOX2+OX2⇌Δ催化剂2 SOX3\ce{2SO2+O2<=>[\{催化剂}][\Delta]2SO3}2SOX2​+OX2​催化剂<pathd="M7435c446.38..3.79211s5.35.31210c90.7541561301962283.310.76.316.39172.75191h5c10.7016.7.719..382.7157.l33hv40H7zm930v40hv40zM0241v40hv40zm00v40hv40z"><pathd="M0241v40hc4.74.779..33.715.3111892.756...39.3614...7016.7.719..34236.781..527.337.75869.29294.5zm00v40hv40zmv40hv40zm00v40hv40z">Δ​2SOX3​（工业制硫酸的关键反应）SOX2+ClX2+2 HX2O=HX2SOX4+2 HCl\ce{SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl}SOX2​+ClX2​+2HX2​O=HX2​SOX4​+2HCl（使氯水褪色，检验SO₂的常用反应）5 SOX2+2 MnOX4X−+2 HX2O=5 SOX4X2−+2 MnX2++4 HX+\ce{5SO2+2MnO4+2H2O=5SO4^{2}+2Mn^{2+}+4H+}5SOX2​+2MnOX4​X−+2HX2​O=5SOX4​X2−+2MnX2++4HX+（使酸性高锰酸钾褪色，除杂和检验）SOX2+2 FeX3++2 HX2O=SOX4X2−+2 FeX2++4 HX+\ce{SO2+2Fe^{3+}+2H2O=SO4^{2}+2Fe^{2+}+4H+}SOX2​+2FeX3++2HX2​O=SOX4​X2−+2FeX2++4HX+（溶液由棕黄色变为浅绿色）5.氧化性（+4价硫可降到0价）SOX2+2 HX2S=3 S↓+2 HX2O\ce{SO2+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O}SOX2​+2HX2​S=3S↓+2HX2​O（生成黄色沉淀，是归中反应）6.漂白性（特性）【难点】原理：与有色物质结合生成不稳定的无色物质，加热后恢复颜色（可逆性漂白）。【易错辨析】SO₂不能漂白酸碱指示剂（只能使其变红），其漂白原理与氯水（氧化漂白，永久）、活性炭（吸附漂白）不同。7.SO₂与CO₂的鉴别【高频考点】鉴别试剂通常利用SO₂的还原性（如溴水、酸性KMnO₄）或漂白性（品红溶液）。不能用澄清石灰水，因为两者均会使石灰水变浑浊。1.三氧化硫（SO₃）1.物理性质：常温下为液体（或无色晶体），易挥发。2.化学性质：酸性氧化物，具有强烈的氧化性。SOX3+HX2O=HX2SOX4\ce{SO3+H2O=H2SO4}SOX3​+HX2​O=HX2​SOX4​（剧烈反应，放出大量热，工业上用浓H₂SO₄吸收而非水，防止形成酸雾）（三）硫酸（H₂SO₄）【★★★★★】1.稀硫酸：具有酸的通性（与指示剂、活泼金属、碱、碱性氧化物、某些盐反应）。2.浓硫酸的特性【必考点】1.吸水性【基础】：吸收游离的水分子，常用作干燥剂（但不能干燥碱性气体NH₃和还原性气体H₂S、HBr、HI）。2.脱水性【重要】：将有机物中的氢、氧元素按2:1的原子个数比脱去，生成水。如使蔗糖炭化（CX12HX22OX11→浓HX2SOX412 C+11 HX2O\ce{C12H22O11>[浓H2SO4]12C+11H2O}CX12​HX22​OX11​浓HX2​SOX4​<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​12C+11HX2​O）。3.强氧化性【核心难点】4.与金属反应：常温下，使Fe、Al发生“钝化”（生成致密氧化膜），因此可用铁罐或铝罐运输浓硫酸。5.与不活泼金属（如Cu）反应【必考方程式】：Cu+2 HX2SOX4(浓)→ΔCuSOX4+SOX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{Cu+2H2SO4(浓)>[\Delta]CuSO4+SO2^+2H2O}Cu+2HX2​SOX4​(浓)Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​CuSOX4​+SOX2​↑+2HX2​O【考点分析】：反应需加热，稀硫酸不与Cu反应。随着反应进行，硫酸浓度变稀，反应会停止。1molH₂SO₄参加反应，起氧化剂作用的只有0.5mol（另0.5mol起酸性作用）。6.与非金属（如C）反应：C+2 HX2SOX4(浓)→ΔCOX2↑+2 SOX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{C+2H2SO4(浓)>[\Delta]CO2^+2SO2^+2H2O}C+2HX2​SOX4​(浓)Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​COX2​↑+2SOX2​↑+2HX2​O（浓硫酸只表现氧化性）7.与还原性化合物反应：如与H₂S、HI、HBr、FeO等反应，生成SO₂。（四）不同价态含硫物质的转化与SO₄²⁻检验【★★★★】1.硫及其化合物的“价类二维图”【思想方法】以物质类别（氢化物、单质、氧化物、酸、盐）为横坐标，以硫元素化合价（2、0、+4、+6）为纵坐标，构建知识网络。转化遵循“升降相邻”原则（即化合价变化通常只跳变1价，如+4→+6或+4→0，较少直接+4→2）。2.SO₄²⁻的检验【高频考点】【易错点】1.正确方法：待测液→加过量稀盐酸酸化（目的是排除CO₃²⁻、SO₃²⁻、Ag⁺的干扰）→若无明显现象（无沉淀、无气体）→滴加BaCl₂溶液→若产生白色沉淀，则证明有SO₄²⁻。2.易错警示：不能用稀硝酸酸化！因为稀硝酸能将SO₃²⁻氧化为SO₄²⁻，造成误判。也不能用Ba(NO₃)₂代替BaCl₂，因为在酸性条件下NO₃⁻（来自Ba(NO₃)₂）同样具有氧化性，会氧化SO₃²⁻。二、氮及其化合物【★★★★★】【高频考点】【热点】氮元素是生命元素，其化合物涉及氧化还原反应与化工生产（合成氨、硝酸）的完美结合。（一）氮气与氮的固定【基础】1.氮气（N₂）：电子式:N≡N::N≡N::N≡N:，键能很大，结构稳定，常温下化学性质很不活泼。2.氮的固定：将大气中游离态的氮（N₂）转化为氮的化合物的过程。1.自然固氮：高能固氮（雷雨发庄稼：NX2+OX2→放电2 NO\ce{N2+O2>[{放电}]2NO}NX2​+OX2​放电<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​2NO），生物固氮（豆科植物根瘤菌）。2.人工固氮：工业合成氨（NX2+3 HX2⇌催化剂高温高压2 NHX3\ce{N2+3H2<=>[高温高压][催化剂]2NH3}NX2​+3HX2​高温高压<pathd="M7435c446.38..3.79211s5.35.31210c90.7541561301962283.310.76.316.39172.75191h5c10.7016.7.719..382.7157.l33hv40H7zm930v40hv40zM0241v40hv40zm00v40hv40z"><pathd="M0241v40hc4.74.779..33.715.3111892.756...39.3614...7016.7.719..34236.781..527.337.75869.29294.5zm00v40hv40zmv40hv40zm00v40hv40z">催化剂​2NHX3​）。（二）氮的氧化物【重要】1.NO（无色）和NO₂（红棕色）1.NO：有毒，不溶于水，不与水反应。在空气中易被氧化：2 NO+OX2=2 NOX2\ce{2NO+O2=2NO2}2NO+OX2​=2NOX2​（因此收集NO只能用排水法，不能用排空气法）。2.NO₂：有毒，易溶于水并与水反应：3 NOX2+HX2O=2 HNOX3+NO\ce{3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO}3NOX2​+HX2​O=2HNOX3​+NO（此反应中NO₂既作氧化剂又作还原剂）。收集NO₂只能用向上排空气法。1.氮氧化物溶于水的计算【难点】常考题型：NO₂、NO、O₂混合溶于水的计算，通法利用总反应方程式或电子守恒。1.4 NOX2+OX2+2 HX2O=4 HNOX3\ce{4NO2+O2+2H2O=4HNO3}4NOX2​+OX2​+2HX2​O=4HNOX3​2.4 NO+3 OX2+2 HX2O=4 HNOX3\ce{4NO+3O2+2H2O=4HNO3}4NO+3OX2​+2HX2​O=4HNOX3​（三）氨（NH₃）与铵盐【★★★★★】1.氨的性质1.物理性质：无色、有刺激性气味的气体，密度比空气小，极易溶于水（1:700），易液化（液氨气化吸热，作制冷剂）。2.化学性质：3.与水反应【重要】：NHX3+HX2O⇌NHX3 ⋅ HX2O⇌NHX4X++OHX−\ce{NH3+H2O<=>NH3·H2O<=>NH4++OH}NHX3​+HX2​O<pathd="M7435c446.38..3.79211s5.35.31210c90.7541561301962283.310.76.316.39172.75191h5c10.7016.7.719..382.7157.l33hv40H7zm930v40hv40zM0241v40hv40zm00v40hv40z"><pathd="M0241v40hc4.74.779..33.715.3111892.756...39.3614...7016.7.719..34236.781..527.337.75869.29294.5zm00v40hv40zmv40hv40zm00v40hv40z">​NHX3​⋅HX2​O<pathd="M7435c446.38..3.79211s5.35.31210c90.7541561301962283.310.76.316.39172.75191h5c10.7016.7.719..382.7157.l33hv40H7zm930v40hv40zM0241v40hv40zm00v40hv40z"><pathd="M0241v40hc4.74.779..33.715.3111892.756...39.3614...7016.7.719..34236.781..527.337.75869.29294.5zm00v40hv40zmv40hv40zm00v40hv40z">​NHX4​X++OHX−，氨水呈弱碱性，能使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变蓝（检验氨气的方法）。4.与酸反应【必考】：NHX3+HCl=NHX4Cl\ce{NH3+HCl=NH4Cl}NHX3​+HCl=NHX4​Cl（产生白烟，用于相互检验）。5.还原性（催化氧化）【工业核心】：4 NHX3+5 OX2→ΔPt4 NO+6 HX2O\ce{4NH3+5O2>[{Pt}][\Delta]4NO+6H2O}4NHX3​+5OX2​Pt<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">Δ​4NO+6HX2​O（工业制硝酸的第一步）。6.与盐溶液反应：如与AlCl₃、MgCl₂等生成沉淀。1.氨的实验室制法【高频实验考点】1.原理：2 NHX4Cl+Ca(OH)X2→ΔCaClX2+2 NHX3↑+2 HX2O\ce{2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2>[\Delta]CaCl2+2NH3^+2H2O}2NHX4​Cl+Ca(OH)X2​Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​CaClX2​+2NHX3​↑+2HX2​O（固+固加热型）。2.装置：与制氧气相同（试管口略向下倾斜）。3.干燥：用碱石灰（CaO和NaOH的混合物），不能用浓H₂SO₄、CaCl₂、P₂O5干燥（因CaCl₂与NH₃形成CaCl₂·8NH₃）。4.收集：向下排空气法（试管口塞一团棉花，防止空气对流，使收集的气体更纯）。5.验满：用湿润的红色石蕊试纸置于试管口，变蓝；或用蘸有浓盐酸的玻璃棒靠近试管口，产生白烟。1.铵盐【基础】1.不稳定性：受热易分解。如NHX4Cl→ΔNHX3↑+HCl↑\ce{NH4Cl>[\Delta]NH3^+HCl^}NHX4​ClΔ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​NHX3​↑+HCl↑（遇冷又化合，不是升华）；NHX4HCOX3→ΔNHX3↑+COX2↑+HX2O\ce{NH4HCO3>[\Delta]NH3^+CO2^+H2O}NHX4​HCOX3​Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​NHX3​↑+COX2​↑+HX2​O。2.与碱反应【重要】：NHX4X++OHX−→ΔNHX3↑+HX2O\ce{NH4++OH>[\Delta]NH3^+H2O}NHX4​X++OHX−Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​NHX3​↑+HX2​O（这是检验NH₄⁺的方法，也是铵态氮肥使用时不能与碱性物质混施的原因）。（四）硝酸（HNO₃）【★★★★★】【难点】1.物理性质：无色、易挥发、有刺激性气味的液体。浓硝酸常呈黄色（因为见光分解生成的NO₂溶于其中）。2.化学性质1.不稳定性【基础】：4 HNOX3→光照或加热4 NOX2↑+OX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{4HNO3>[{光照或加热}]4NO2^+O2^+2H2O}4HNOX3​光照或加热<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​4NOX2​↑+OX2​↑+2HX2​O。因此，浓硝酸应保存在棕色细口瓶中，置于阴凉处。2.强氧化性【绝对核心】硝酸的氧化性源于其+5价氮的得电子能力，几乎能与所有金属（除Au、Pt）及非金属反应，且不生成氢气。3.与金属反应（定量规律）【高频考点】：Cu+4 HNOX3(浓)=Cu(NOX3)X2+2 NOX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{Cu+4HNO3(浓)=Cu(NO3)2+2NO2^+2H2O}Cu+4HNOX3​(浓)=Cu(NOX3​)X2​+2NOX2​↑+2HX2​O（一般浓硝酸→NO₂）3 Cu+8 HNOX3(稀)=3 Cu(NOX3)X2+2 NO↑+4 HX2O\ce{3Cu+8HNO3(稀)=3Cu(NO3)2+2NO^+4H2O}3Cu+8HNOX3​(稀)=3Cu(NOX3​)X2​+2NO↑+4HX2​O（一般稀硝酸→NO）【规律总结】：硝酸浓度越稀，还原产物的化合价越低（可生成N₂O、N₂、NH₄NO₃等）。硝酸无论浓稀，都具有强氧化性。4.与铁、铝反应【重要】：常温下，浓硝酸可使Fe、Al发生“钝化”。5.与非金属反应：C+4 HNOX3(浓)→ΔCOX2↑+4 NOX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{C+4HNO3(浓)>[\Delta]CO2^+4NO2^+2H2O}C+4HNOX3​(浓)Δ<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​COX2​↑+4NOX2​↑+2HX2​O，硝酸只表现氧化性。1.硝酸与金属反应的计算【难点】【必会技巧】通常使用“三大守恒法”：1.原子守恒：参加反应的HNO₃=起酸性作用的HNO₃（即硝酸盐中的NO₃⁻）+起氧化剂作用的HNO₃（还原产物中的N）。2.电子守恒：金属失电子总数=硝酸得电子总数（氮元素化合价降低总数）。3.电荷守恒：反应后溶液中阳离子（如Cu²⁺）所带正电荷总数=阴离子（NO₃⁻）所带负电荷总数（需结合OH⁻考虑）。（五）酸雨及防治【基础】1.成因：主要是SO₂和NOₓ的排放。2.化学过程：SOX2→HX2OHX2SOX3→OX2HX2SOX4\ce{SO2>[H2O]H2SO3>[O2]H2SO4}SOX2​HX2​O<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​HX2​SOX3​OX2​<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​HX2​SOX4​；NOX2→HX2OHNOX3\ce{NO2>[H2O]HNO3}NOX2​HX2​O<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​HNOX3​。3.防治：开发新能源、脱硫脱硝、尾气净化等。三、无机非金属材料——硅及其化合物【★★★】【热点】硅是地壳中含量第二的元素，是现代信息技术和材料科学的核心元素。（一）硅单质（Si）【基础】1.物理性质：灰黑色固体，有金属光泽，硬而脆，是半导体材料。2.化学性质：常温下不活泼，只与F₂、HF、强碱反应。1.与氢氟酸反应：Si+4 HF=SiFX4↑+2 HX2↑\ce{Si+4HF=SiF4^+2H2^}Si+4HF=SiFX4​↑+2HX2​↑（用于蚀刻玻璃？不，这是硅的反应，玻璃主要成分SiO₂也与HF反应）。2.与强碱反应：Si+2 NaOH+HX2O=NaX2SiOX3+2 HX2↑\ce{Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2^}Si+2NaOH+HX2​O=NaX2​SiOX3​+2HX2​↑。1.用途：半导体材料、太阳能电池、计算机芯片。（二）二氧化硅（SiO₂）【重要】1.结构：空间网状结构，无单个分子，是原子晶体。2.化学性质：1.酸性氧化物（特性）【易错点】：是酸性氧化物，但不溶于水，不能直接与水反应生成硅酸。SiOX2+2 NaOH=NaX2SiOX3+HX2O\ce{SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O}SiOX2​+2NaOH=NaX2​SiOX3​+HX2​O（因此盛放碱性溶液的试剂瓶不能用玻璃塞，应用橡胶塞）。SiOX2+CaO→高温CaSiOX3\ce{SiO2+CaO>[\{高温}]CaSiO3}SiOX2​+CaO高温<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​CaSiOX3​（炼铁造渣反应）。2.特性：与氢氟酸反应【必考】：SiOX2+4 HF=SiFX4↑+2 HX2O\ce{SiO2+4HF=SiF4^+2H2O}SiOX2​+4HF=SiFX4​↑+2HX2​O（这是氢氟酸能雕刻玻璃的原因，也证明SiO₂不是所有酸都不反应）。3.弱氧化性：SiOX2+2 C→高温Si+2 CO↑\ce{SiO2+2C>[\{高温}]Si+2CO^}SiOX2​+2C高温<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​Si+2CO↑（工业制粗硅）。（三）硅酸（H₂SiO₃）与硅酸盐【基础】1.硅酸：不溶于水，酸性比碳酸还弱。可由可溶性硅酸盐（如Na₂SiO₃）与酸反应制得：NaX2SiOX3+2 HCl=2 NaCl+HX2SiOX3(胶体)↓\ce{Na2SiO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2SiO3(胶体)v}NaX2​SiOX3​+2HCl=2NaCl+HX2​SiOX3​(胶体)↓。硅酸在空气中失水形成硅胶，常用作干燥剂。2.硅酸钠（Na₂SiO₃）【基础】：俗称泡花碱，水溶液俗称水玻璃，是矿物胶，可用作黏合剂、防火剂。3.传统无机非金属材料1.水泥：原料（黏土、石灰石），条件（高温）。2.玻璃：原料（纯碱、石灰石、石英砂），条件（高温），反应：NaX2COX3+SiOX2→高温NaX2SiOX3+COX2↑\ce{Na2CO3+SiO2>[\{高温}]Na2SiO3+CO2^}NaX2​COX3​+SiOX2​高温<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​NaX2​SiOX3​+COX2​↑，CaCOX3+SiOX2→高温CaSiOX3+COX2↑\ce{CaCO3+SiO2>[\{高温}]CaSiO3+CO2^}CaCOX3​+SiOX2​高温<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52..7211102210..783.367151.zm00v40hv40z">​CaSiOX3​+COX2​↑。3.陶瓷：原料（黏土），条件（高温烧结）。四、核心思想与实验方法论【★★★★★】（一）非金属元素学习的一般思路——“价类二维图”这是贯穿本章乃至整个高中化学元素化合物学习的核心思想。面对一种元素，请自觉完成以下思维过程：1.定类别：它属于哪类物质？（单质、氧化物、酸、碱、盐）2.看价态：核心元素处于何种价态？（最高价→只氧化性，最低价→只还原性，中间价→既有氧化性又有还原性）3.想通性：结合类别通性和价态特性预测其性质。4.记特性：有没有不同于其他物质的特殊性质（如SO₂的漂白性、SiO₂与HF反应）？（二）常见离子的检验【高频实验考点】1.SO₄²⁻：盐酸酸化+BaCl₂溶液→白色沉淀。2.NH₄⁺：加NaOH溶液，加热，用湿润的红色石蕊试纸检验产生的气体，若试纸变蓝，则证明有NH₄⁺。3.CO₃²⁻：加稀盐酸，产生的气体通入澄清石灰水，变浑浊。（三）常见气体的实验室制备（气体制备模型）【高频考点】构建气体制备的思维模型：发生装置（反应原理+状态条件）→净化装置（除杂、干燥）→收集装置（排空气、排水）→尾气处理装置（吸收、点燃）。1.SO₂的制备1.原理：NaX2SOX3+HX2SOX4(浓)=NaX2SOX4+SOX2↑+HX2O\ce{Na2SO3+H2SO4(浓)=Na2SO4+SO2^+H2O}NaX2​SOX3​+HX2​SOX4​(浓)=NaX2​SOX4​+SOX2​↑+HX2​O2.装置：固+液→气体型（分液漏斗+圆底烧瓶）3.净化：无需干燥（湿润也可用），若需干燥用浓H₂SO₄（利用其吸水性）。4.收集：向上排空气法。5.尾气：用NaOH溶液吸收（防倒吸）。1.NH₃的制备（见上文“氨的实验室制法”）2.NO₂的制备1.原理：Cu+4 HNOX3(浓)=Cu(NOX3)X2+2 NOX2↑+2 HX2O\ce{Cu+4HNO3(浓)=Cu(NO3)2+2NO2^+2H2O}Cu+4HNOX3​(浓)=Cu(NOX3​)X2​+2NOX2​↑+2HX2​O2.收集：向上排空气法。（四）常见考查方式与解题策略【考向分析】1.选择题：通常以元素化合物性质辨析为主，考查“正确的是/错误的是”。策略：熟记特性（钝化、漂白、不稳定性），注意反应条件（浓/稀、常温/加热）。2.无机推断题：以“价类二维图”为框架，或以特征反应（如连续氧化：HX2S→SOX2→SOX3→HX2SOX4\ce{H2S>SO2>SO3>H2SO4}HX2​S<pathd="M0241v40hc47.335.3847811012816.73227.763..3.22.7.54.31.3.52.3.5307.36.71120.2.815.52.52.31.74.25.55.511.5213.35.727114114.744.73984..5s73.760..5c6295.7911s39911c45.315.38540..5s58.374..5c4.7148.327..36.73.210.85.512.52.31.77.52.515.52.