攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全模拟模拟试题及答案

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全模拟模拟试题及答案PartIVocabularyandStructure(30points)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Theproposaltobuildanewhighwaythroughtheecologicalreservewasmetwithfierce______fromenvironmentalistsandlocalresidentsalike.A.acclaimB.oppositionC.indifferenceD.endorsement2.Despitethemeticulousplanning,theprojectsufferedfrom______delaysduetounforeseensupplychaindisruptions.A.intermittentB.simultaneousC.perpetualD.sporadic3.Thescholar’slatestbookattemptsto______thecomplextheoriesofquantummechanicswiththephilosophicalimplicationsofartificialintelligence.A.amalgamateB.segregateC.isolateD.dissipate4.Inacademicdiscourse,itiscrucialto______one'sargumentswithempiricalevidenceratherthanrelyingsolelyonconjecture.A.substantiateB.fabricateC.invalidateD.speculate5.Thecommitteereacheda(n)______decisiontosuspendthefundinguntilathoroughauditcouldbeconducted.A.arbitraryB.unanimousC.ambiguousD.unilateral6.His______fordetailislegendary;hereviewseverysinglelineofcodebeforeitisdeployedtotheproductionenvironment.A.negligenceB.disregardC.fastidiousnessD.apathy7.Theeconomicdownturnhas______thegapbetweenthewealthyandtheworkingclass,leadingtoincreasedsocialtension.A.bridgedB.mitigatedC.exacerbatedD.stabilized8.Thenovelisa______ofhistoricalfactsandfictionalnarratives,blurringthelinebetweenrealityandimagination.A.dichotomyB.mosaicC.polarityD.paradox9.Criticsarguethatthecurrentpolicyis______,asitfailstoaddresstherootcausesoftheissueandmerelytreatsthesymptoms.A.comprehensiveB.myopicC.visionaryD.pragmatic10.Thediplomat’s______approachhelpedde-escalatetheconflictandbroughtbothpartiesbacktothenegotiatingtable.A.belligerentB.conciliatoryC.dogmaticD.frivolous11.Therapid______ofdigitaltechnologyhasfundamentallytransformedhowwecommunicate,work,andconsumeinformation.A.stagnationB.proliferationC.obsolescenceD.regression12.Itisoftendifficultto______thetruemeaningofancienttextswithoutunderstandingtheculturalandhistoricalcontextinwhichtheywerewritten.A.decipherB.encodeC.ignoreD.overlook13.TheCEO’s______leadershipstyle,characterizedbymicromanagement,ledtohighturnoverratesamongseniorexecutives.A.charismaticB.transformativeC.autocraticD.laissez-faire14.Theresearchers______astrongcorrelationbetweensleepdeprivationandcognitivedeclineinelderlypatients.A.deducedB.inducedC.reproducedD.introduced15.Theartworkwas______bythefusionoftraditionalEasterntechniquesandmodernWesternaesthetics.A.inspiredB.retiredC.expiredD.conspired16.To______theriskofdatabreaches,thecompanyimplementedmulti-factorauthenticationacrossallplatforms.A.augmentB.minimizeC.perpetuateD.accentuate17.Thewitness’stestimonywas______byseveralinconsistenciesthatemergedduringcross-examination.A.corroboratedB.weakenedC.substantiatedD.validated18.Thegovernment’s______tothepandemicwascriticizedforbeingslowanddisjointed,lackingacohesivenationalstrategy.A.retortB.reactionC.refluxD.renaissance19.Theconceptof“zerowaste”isgaining______asmorecommunitiesadoptsustainablepracticestoreducelandfillusage.A.notorietyB.momentumC.viscosityD.inertia20.Whilethetwotheoriesappeartobecontradictoryonthesurface,theyareactually______intheirultimategoals.A.divergentB.incompatibleC.convergentD.disparate21.Theprofessorwarnedthestudentsthatplagiarismisaseriousacademicoffenseandcarries______consequences,includingexpulsion.A.trivialB.benignC.severeD.moderate22.Thearchitecturalplanwasdeemed______bythecitycouncilbecauseitviolatedseveralzoningregulations.A.viableB.permissibleC.nullandvoidD.impeccable23.Her______totheroleoftheprotagonistwassoconvincingthattheaudiencecompletelyforgotshewasacting.A.detachmentB.commitmentC.aversionD.indifference24.Thedocumentaryprovidesaharrowinglookatthe______effectsofwaronthecivilianpopulationintheregion.A.salutaryB.deleteriousC.therapeuticD.advantageous25.Thephilosopherarguedthattruefreedomisnottheabsenceofconstraints,butthe______toactaccordingtoone'sownmoralcompass.A.inabilityB.capacityC.necessityD.refusal26.Thenewsoftwareupdateisdesignedto______theuserinterface,makingitmoreintuitiveandaccessible.A.complicateB.streamlineC.obstructD.camouflage27.Thereisagrowing______amongsociologiststhatsocialmediaiscontributingtoincreasedfeelingsofisolationandanxiety.A.consensusB.discrepancyC.skepticismD.ambiguity28.Themuseummanagedto______theancientartifactfromprivatecollectors,ensuringitremainsinthepublicdomain.A.acquireB.squanderC.relinquishD.conceal29.Hisargumentswere______andlackedthelogicalrigorrequiredforadoctoraldissertation.A.coherentB.lucidC.fallaciousD.astute30.Theinitiativeaimsto______educationalopportunitiesforunderprivilegedchildreninruralareas.A.curtailB.fosterC.impedeD.diminishPartIIClozeTest(15points)Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestonethatfitsintothepassage.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Theconceptof"BigData"hastranscendeditsoriginsinthetechworldtobecomeaubiquitousterminnearlyeverysectoroftheglobaleconomy.However,thesheervolumeofdatageneratedeveryday—estimatedtobeintheexabytes—presentsbothunprecedentedopportunitiesandsignificantchallenges.Whiledatacanbeapowerfultoolfordrivinginnovationandefficiency,italsoraisescriticalquestionsaboutprivacy,security,andethicalusage.Oneoftheprimaryissuesisthepotentialfordatatobeusedtomanipulateconsumerbehavior.Byanalyzingbrowsinghabits,purchasehistory,andsocialmediaactivity,corporationscancreatehighlydetailedprofilesofindividuals.This(31)______allowsfortargetedadvertisingthatcanbeincrediblyeffective,yetitalsobordersonsurveillance.Thelinebetweenpersonalizedserviceand(32)______invasionofprivacyisbecomingincreasinglyblurred.Moreover,therelianceonalgorithmstoprocessthisdataintroducesanotherlayerofcomplexity.Algorithmsarenot(33)______;theyaredesignedbyhumanswhomay,consciouslyorunconsciously,embedtheirownbiasesintothecode.Thiscanleadto(34)______outcomes,suchasdiscriminationinhiringprocessesorloanapprovals.Forinstance,ifanalgorithmistrainedonhistoricaldatathatreflectspastprejudices,itwillinevitablyperpetuatethoseprejudicesinitsdecision-making.Thisphenomenon,oftenreferredtoas"algorithmicbias,"hasbecomeamajor(35)______forregulatorsandethicists.Despitetheserisks,thebenefitsofBigDatacannotbeignored.Inhealthcare,theanalysisoflargedatasetshasledtobreakthroughsinunderstandingdiseasepatternsanddevelopingpersonalizedtreatmentplans.Researcherscannowidentify(36)______thatwerepreviouslyinvisible,allowingforearlyinterventionandbetterpatientoutcomes.Similarly,inurbanplanning,dataderivedfromsensorsandGPSdeviceshelpscityofficialsmanagetrafficflow,reduceenergyconsumption,andimprovepublicsafety.ToharnessthepowerofBigDatawhilemitigatingitsrisks,a(37)______approachisnecessary.Governmentsmustestablishrobustlegalframeworkstoprotectindividualrightsandensuretransparency.Companiesneedtoadoptethicalguidelinesandprioritizedatasecurity.Furthermore,theremustbeagreateremphasisondigitalliteracy,sothatthepublicunderstandshowtheirdataisbeingusedandcanmake(38)______decisionsabouttheirdigitalfootprint.Ultimately,BigDataisadouble-edgedsword.Itholdsthepromiseofsolvingsomeofhumanity'smostpressingproblems,butitalsothreatenstounderminefundamentalvaluesifleftunchecked.Aswemovefurtherintothedigitalage,theconversationarounddatamustshiftfrompurelytechnicalconsiderationstoabroader(39)______thatincludesphilosophy,sociology,andlaw.Onlybyengaginginamultidisciplinarydialoguecanweensurethatthedatarevolutionservesthe(40)______ofsocietyasawhole.31.A.transparencyB.granularityC.obfuscationD.redundancy32.A.inadvertentB.benignC.overtD.negligible33.A.omniscientB.infallibleC.obsoleteD.malicious34.A.equitableB.serendipitousC.disparateD.discriminatory35.A.assetB.curiosityC.concernD.irrelevance36.A.trendsB.anomaliesC.constantsD.vacuums37.A.unilateralB.fragmentedC.multifacetedD.haphazard38.A.impulsiveB.informedC.arbitraryD.submissive39.A.consensusB.hypothesisC.narrativeD.skepticism40.A.eliteB.fewC.corporationsD.greatergoodPartIIIReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Passage1Thereplicationcrisisinthesocialsciences—particularlyinpsychologyandeconomics—hasshakenthefoundationsofthesedisciplinesoverthepastdecade.Thecrisisreferstothemethodologicalrealizationthatasignificantproportionofpublishedresearchfindingscannotbereplicated,meaningthatindependentresearchersfollowingthesamemethodsfailtoproducethesameresults.Thisinabilitytoreproduceresultscastsdoubtonthevalidityoftheoriginalclaimsandsuggeststhatthescientificliteraturemaybelitteredwithfalsepositives.Severalfactorscontributetothisphenomenon.Onemajorissueis"p-hacking,"alsoknownasdatadredging.Thisinvolvesthepracticeofreportingonlythoseoutcomesthatresultinastatisticallysignificantp-value(typicallylessthan0.05),whileignoringotheranalysesthatdonotreachthisthreshold.Researchersmayunconsciously—orsometimesconsciously—tweaktheirdataanalysismethodsuntiltheyfindaresultthatlookspublishable.Thistransformsthescientificprocessfromahypothesis-testingendeavorintoahypothesis-generatingone,wherethedataistortureduntilitconfesses.Anothercontributingfactoristhe"filedrawerproblem,"whichdescribesthetendencyforjournalstopublishonlypositive,novelresultswhilestudieswithnullornegativeresultsremainunpublishedandunseeninresearchers'filedrawers.Thispublicationbiasdistortstheliterature,creatinganinflatedperceptionoftheefficacyofcertaininterventionsorthestrengthofcertainrelationships.Theconsequencesofthereplicationcrisisareprofound.Itleadstoawasteofresourcesasotherscientistsattempttobuilduponunreliablefindings.Moreimportantly,iterodespublictrustinscience.Whenheadlinesproclaim"Coffeecausescancer"oneweekand"Coffeepreventscancer"thenext,thepublicbecomescynicalabouttheexpertconsensus.Inresponse,thescientificcommunityhasbeguntoimplementreforms.Manyjournalsnowrequire"pre-registration"ofstudies,whereresearchersmustpubliclyoutlinetheirhypothesesandanalysisplansbeforetheycollectthedata.Thispreventsp-hackingbylockingtheresearcherintoaspecificmethodology.Thereisalsoagrowingmovementtowardopenscience,whichinvolvessharingrawdataandanalysiscodesothatotherscanverifytheresults.Whilethesereformsarenotapanacea,theyrepresentanecessarysteptowardrestoringrigorandreliabilitytothescientificenterprise.41.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Thepublichaslostcompletefaithinsocialsciencesduetothereplicationcrisis.B.Thereplicationcrisisiscausedbythecomplexityofhumanbehavior.C.Thereplicationcrisisstemsfrommethodologicalflawsandispromptingreforms.D.P-hackingisthesolereasonforthefailuretoreplicateresearchresults.42.Accordingtothepassage,"p-hacking"involves______.A.publishingonlynegativeresultstoavoidcriticismB.manipulatinganalysismethodstoachievestatisticalsignificanceC.stealingdatafromotherresearcherswithoutpermissionD.refusingtosharerawdatawiththepublic43.The"filedrawerproblem"leadsto______.A.anoverestimationoftheeffectivenessofcertaintreatmentsB.alackoffundingfornewresearchprojectsC.increasedcompetitionamongacademicjournalsD.adecreaseinthenumberofpublishedstudies44.Whydoestheauthormentiontheheadlinesaboutcoffee?A.Toillustratethehealthrisksofcaffeineconsumption.B.Toshowhowthemediamisinterpretsscientificdata.C.Todemonstratetheimpactofinconsistentfindingsonpublictrust.D.Toprovethatcancerresearchisparticularlyunreliable.45.Whatisthepurposeof"pre-registration"?A.Toensurethatallstudiesresultinpositivefindings.B.Toallowresearcherstochangetheirhypothesesafterseeingthedata.C.Topreventresearchersfromalteringtheiranalysisplanspost-hoc.D.Tomakeiteasierforjournaliststounderstandscientificpapers.Passage2Theconceptof"entropy"iscentraltothesecondlawofthermodynamics,whichstatesthatthetotalentropyofanisolatedsystemcanneverdecreaseovertime.Insimpleterms,entropyisoftendescribedasameasureofdisorderorrandomness.However,thisdefinitioncanbemisleading.Amoreprecisedefinitionrelatestothenumberofspecificmicroscopicconfigurations(microstates)thatasystemcanpossess,whichcorrespondtoasinglemacroscopicstate(macrostate).Forexample,consideradeckofcards.Ifthedeckisarrangedinperfectorder(AceofSpades,KingofSpades,etc.),thereisonlyonemicrostatecorrespondingtothatmacrostateof"ordered."Theentropyislow.Ifthedeckisshuffled,therearetrillionsofpossiblearrangementsthatalllook"shuffled"or"disordered"totheobserver.Themacrostateof"disordered"correspondstoavastnumberofmicrostates,resultinginhighentropy.Thesecondlawimpliesthat,inanyspontaneousprocess,thesystemtendstomovetowardthemacrostatewiththehighestprobability,whichistheonewiththehighestnumberofmicrostates—i.e.,thestateofhighestentropy.Thisiswhyicemeltsinwarmwaterandwhyagasexpandstofillacontainer.Itisstatisticallyoverwhelminglyprobableforthesystemtobecomedisorderedratherthanordered.Thislawhasprofoundimplicationsfortheuniverseitself.Itsuggeststhattheuniverseisirreversiblymovingtowardastateofthermodynamicequilibrium,oftenreferredtoas"heatdeath,"whereenergyisevenlydistributedandnoworkcanbeextracted.Thiswouldmarktheendofallphysicalprocesses,includinglife.However,thesecondlawdoesnotimplythatordercannotariselocally.Livingorganismsarehighlyorderedsystemsthatmaintainlowentropybyconsumingenergyandexpellingheatandwaste.Wecreateorderlocally,butweincreasethetotalentropyoftheuniverseintheprocess.TheEarthreceivesenergyfromtheSun(alow-entropysource)andradiatesheatbackintospace(ahigh-entropysink).Thisflowofenergyallowslifetoflourishandbuildcomplexstructureswithoutviolatingthesecondlaw.46.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines"entropy"basedonthepassage?A.Thetotalamountofenergyinasystem.B.Themeasureofdisorderorrandomnessinasystem.C.Thenumberofmicrostatescorrespondingtoamacrostate.D.Thespeedatwhichasystemreachesequilibrium.47.Whydoesashuffleddeckofcardshavehigherentropythananorderedone?A.Becauseitrequiresmoreenergytoshufflethecards.B.Becausetherearemorepossiblearrangementsforashuffleddeck.C.Becausethecardsarephysicallyheavierwhenshuffled.D.Becausethemacrostateof"shuffled"israre.48.Accordingtothesecondlawofthermodynamics,whathappenstoanisolatedsystemovertime?A.Itbecomesmoreordered.B.Itmaintainsaconstantlevelofentropy.C.Itmovestowardastateofhigherentropy.D.Itstopsallphysicalprocessesimmediately.49.Howdolivingorganismsmaintainlowentropy?A.Byviolatingthesecondlawofthermodynamics.B.Bycreatingenergyfromnothing.C.Byconsumingenergyandincreasingthetotalentropyoftheuniverse.D.Byremaininginastateofthermodynamicequilibrium.50.Whatisthe"heatdeath"oftheuniverse?A.Theexplosionofthesun.B.Astatewhereenergyisevenlydistributedandnoworkcanbedone.C.Thecollapseofallmatterintoasinglepoint.D.Theeventualfreezingofalllivingorganisms.Passage3Intherealmoflinguistics,theSapir-Whorfhypothesis,alsoknownaslinguisticrelativity,proposesthatthestructureofalanguageaffectsitsspeakers'worldviewandcognition.Initsstrongform,knownaslinguisticdeterminism,itsuggeststhatlanguagedeterminesthoughtandlimitscognitivecategories.Initsweakform,itsuggeststhatlanguageinfluencesthoughtandpredisposescertaincognitivepreferences.Fordecades,thishypothesiswasmetwithskepticism,particularlyafterthepublicationofNoamChomsky’stheoryofuniversalgrammar.Chomskyarguedthatthecapacityforlanguageisinnateandthatalllanguagesshareacommonunderlyingstructural"universalgrammar,"whichimpliesthatcognitiveprocessesarelargelyindependentofthespecificlanguagespoken.However,recentstudiesincognitivesciencehaverevivedinterestinlinguisticrelativity.Researchoncolorperceptionisaclassicexample.Differentlanguagescategorizecolorsdifferently.Forinstance,Russianhasdistinctwordsforlightblue("goluboy")anddarkblue("siniy"),whereasEnglishusesthesingleword"blue."StudieshaveshownthatRussianspeakersarefasteratdiscriminatingbetweenshadesofbluethatcrossthe"goluboy/siniy"boundarythanEnglishspeakersare.Thissuggeststhatthelexicaldistinctionsintheirlanguageaffecttheirperceptualprocessing.Anotherareaofresearchinvolvesspatialorientation.WhileEnglishtypicallyusesegocentriccoordinates(left,right,front,back),somelanguages,suchasGuuguYimithirrspokeninAustralia,useabsolutecardinaldirections(north,south,east,west)atalltimes.AspeakerofGuuguYimithirrwouldnotsay"thecupistoyourleft,"but"thecupisnorthofyou."Consequently,speakersoftheselanguagesdemonstrateremarkableorientationskills,alwaysknowingwhichdirectiontheyarefacing,eveninunfamiliarenvironmentsorinsidewindowlessbuildings.Thesefindingsdonotnecessarilyprovethatlanguagerigidlydeterminesthought,buttheyprovidecompellingevidencethatitactsasalensthroughwhichweviewtheworld.Languagehabituallyattunesustocertaindistinctionsandencouragesustopayattentiontospecificaspectsofourenvironment.Itshapesourmemory,ourattention,andourperceptioninsubtlebutmeasurableways.Thus,whilewemaynotbeprisonersofournativetongue,wearecertainlyinfluencedbyitinwaysweareoftenunawareof.51.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenlinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity?A.Determinismsuggestslanguagelimitsthought,whilerelativitysuggestslanguageinfluencesthought.B.RelativityisatheorybyChomsky,whiledeterminismisnot.C.Determinismappliesonlytocolorperception,whilerelativityappliestospatialorientation.D.Thereisnodifference;theyaresynonyms.52.WhydoestheauthormentionNoamChomsky?A.TosupporttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis.B.ToexplainthestructureoftheRussianlanguage.C.Tocontrastlinguisticrelativitywiththetheoryofuniversalgrammar.D.Todemonstratethatlanguageisinnate.53.TheexampleofRussianspeakersandcolordiscriminationisusedtoshowthat______.A.RussianspeakershavebettereyesightthanEnglishspeakers.B.languagecategoriescaninfluenceperceptualspeedanddiscrimination.C.alllanguagescategorizecolorsinthesameway.D.colorperceptionisentirelybiologicalandindependentoflanguage.54.HowdoesthelanguageGuuguYimithirrdifferfromEnglishregardingspatialorientation?A.Itusesrelativetermslike"left"and"right."B.Itusesabsolutecardinaldirectionslike"north"and"south."C.Itdoesnothavewordsforspatialorientation.D.Itreliesentirelyonhandgestures.55.Whatistheauthor'sconclusionregardingtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought?A.Languagecompletelydetermineshowwethink.B.Languagehasnoeffectoncognitiveprocesses.C.Languageactsasalensthatsubtlyinfluencesperceptionandattention.D.OnlyEnglishspeakersarecapableofabstractthought.Passage4Theadventofalgorithmicdecision-makinginhigh-stakesdomainssuchascriminaljustice,healthcare,andfinancehassparkedavigorousdebateaboutfairnessandaccountability.Algorithms,oftentoutedasobjectivemathematicaltools,areincreasinglybeingusedtopredictrecidivismrates,diagnosediseases,andapproveloanapplications.However,proponentsof"algorithmicaccountability"arguethatthesesystemscanperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingsocietalbiases.Oneofthekeychallengesisdefining"fairness"mathematically.Thereareseveralcompetingdefinitions,andsatisfyingoneoftenmeansviolatinganother.Forinstance,"demographicparity"requiresthatthepredictionratebeequalacrossdifferentgroups(e.g.,menandwomen)."Equalopportunity"requiresthattruepositiveratesbeequalacrossgroups."Predictiveparity"requiresthattheprecisionofthepredictionsbeequalacrossgroups.Itismathematicallyimpossibletosatisfyallthreedefinitionssimultaneouslyifthebaseratesoftheunderlyingphenomenondifferacrossgroups.ConsiderthecaseofCOMPAS,ariskassessmenttoolusedinUScourtstopredictthelikelihoodofacriminalreoffending.AninvestigationbyProPublicafoundthatCOMPASwasbiasedagainstAfricanAmericandefendants:itwasmorelikelytofalselyflagthemashighrisk(falsepositives)comparedtowhitedefendants.Conversely,itwasmorelikelytofalselyflagwhitedefendantsaslowrisk(falsenegatives)comparedtoAfricanAmericandefendants.ThecreatorsofCOMPASarguedthatthetoolwasfairbecauseitsatisfiedpredictiveparity—theriskscoreswereequallyaccurateforbothraces.Thisdiscrepancyhighlightsthetensionbetweendifferentmathematicaldefinitionsoffairnessandtheethicalimplicationsofchoosingoneovertheother.Furthermore,the"blackbox"natureofmanymodernalgorithms,particularlydeeplearningmodels,exacerbatestheproblem.Thesemodelsofteninvolvemillionsofparametersandcomplexnon-lineartransformationsthatmakeitdifficult,ifnotimpossible,toexplainwhyaspecificdecisionwasmade.Ifabankdeniesaloanapplicationbasedonablack-boxmodel,theapplicanthasnowayofknowingwhichfactorsledtotherejectionorhowtocontestit.Toaddresstheseissues,thereisagrowingcallfor"explainableAI"(XAI).ThegoalofXAIistocreatemodelsthatarenotonlyaccuratebutalsointerpretablebyhumans.TechniquessuchasLIME(LocalInterpretableModel-agnosticExplanations)attempttoapproximatecomplexmodelswithsimpler,interpretableoneslocallytoprovideinsightsintoindividualpredictions.However,XAIisstilladevelopingfield,andthereisoftenatrade-offbetweenaccuracyandinterpretability.Ultimately,theintegrationofalgorithmsintosocietyrequiresasocio-technicalapproach.Wecannotsimplyoutsourcemoraldecisionstomathematiciansandcomputerscientists.Ethicists,legalscholars,andaffectedcommunitiesmustbeinvolvedinthedesignanddeploymentofthesesystemstoensurethatthevaluesencodedinthealgorithmsalignwithsocietalnormsofjusticeandequity.56.Whatisthemainconcernregardingalgorithmicdecision-makingmentionedinthepassage?A.Algorithmsaretooslowtobeusefulinreal-time.B.Algorithmsaretooexpensivetoimplement.C.Algorithmscanperpetuatesocietalbiasesandareoftenunexplainable.D.Algorithmsareneverasaccurateashumandecision-makers.57.Accordingtothepassage,whyisitdifficulttodefinefairnessmathematically?A.Becausemathematicianscannotagreeonthedefinitions.B.Becausesatisfyingonedefinitionoffairnessoftenviolatesanother.C.Becausefairnessisasubjectiveconceptthatcannotbequantified.D.Becausealgorithmsareinherentlybiasedagainstcertaingroups.58.TheexampleofCOMPASillustratesthat______.A.AfricanAmericandefendantsaremorelikelytoreoffendthanwhitedefendants.B.thetoolwascompletelyinaccurateanduseless.C.differentdefinitionsoffairnesscanleadtoconflictingconclusionsaboutbias.D.ProPublicadidnotunderstandhowthealgorithmworked.59.Whatisthe"blackbox"probleminalgorithmicdecision-making?A.Thephysicalhardwareiskeptinalockedboxforsecurity.B.Thealgorithmistoosimpletoprovideusefulresults.C.Theinternallogicofthemodelistoocomplextoexplain.D.Thedatausedtotrainthemodelissecret.60.Whatistheproposedsolutionof"ExplainableAI"(XAI)?A.ToreplaceallAIwithhumandecision-makers.B.Tocreatemodelsthatarebothaccurateandinterpretable.C.Tosimplifythedatausedfortraining.D.ToignoretheethicalimplicationsofAI.PartIVTranslation(20points)SectionAEnglishtoChineseDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.Thepursuitofknowledgehasalwaysbeendrivenbyafundamentalhumancuriosity:adesiretounderstandthenaturalworldandourplacewithinit.However,thespecializationofmodernacademiahasledtoafragmentationofthispursuit.Scholarsareoftensiloedwithinspecificdisciplines,speakingatechnicallanguagethatisimpenetrabletothoseoutsidetheirfield.Whilethisdepthoffocusisnecessaryforadvancingthefrontiersofscience,italsocreatesbarrierstointerdisciplinarycollaboration,whichisessentialforsolvingcomplex,multifacetedproblemslikeclimatechangeorpandemics.Totrulyinnovate,wemustbridgethesedivides,fosteringacultureofintellectualexchangewheretheinsightsofthephysicistcaninformtheworkofthesociologist,andtheperspectiveofthehistoriancanguidetheeconomist.Onlybysynthesizingdiversestrandsofthetruthcanwehopetoconstructaholisticunderstandingofreality.SectionBChinesetoEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtranslate