2026届河南郑州市九年级物理中考冲刺模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

九年级物理中考冲刺模拟试卷2026届河南郑州市九年级物理中考冲刺模拟试卷

（含答案详解与评分标准）学校：__________________班级：__________姓名：__________考号：__________________考试时间：100分钟满分：100分题型选择题填空与简答题材料分析与综合题总分题号1—1516—2021—25分值30分20分50分100分得分注意事项1．本试卷共25题，试题满分100分，考试时间100分钟。请将选择题答案填在答题表内，主观题写在相应作答区域。2．计算题应写出必要的公式、代入过程、单位和结论；只写结果而无过程的，按评分标准酌情给分。3．本卷中g取10N/kg，水的密度取1.0×10³kg/m³，水的比热容取4.2×10³J/(kg·℃)。4．作图题若需表达方向、受力或电路连接，可用文字说明替代图形，但必须清晰、完整、可评分。可能用到的公式一、选择题（本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。每小题只有一个选项符合题意）题号123456789101112131415答案1．下列对郑州九年级学生日常学习情境中物理量的估测，最接近实际的是A．一支中性笔的质量约为1kgB．教室内一盏LED灯的额定功率约为500WC．一名学生从一楼走到三楼克服重力做功约为3.0×10³JD．中考物理答题卡的宽度约为2m2．郑州地铁车厢内语音播报清晰可辨，乘客佩戴耳机时仍要注意音量。关于声现象，下列说法正确的是A．语音播报声不能在空气中传播B．调小耳机音量是在传播过程中减弱噪声C．声音的响度与声源振动幅度有关D．用超声波测速利用的是声音能传递能量3．小明站在平静的湖边，能看到岸边树木在水中的“倒影”。下列与该现象成因相同的是A．筷子插入水中看起来变弯B．平面镜中看到自己的像C．阳光通过三棱镜出现彩色光带D．放大镜观察邮票时邮票变大4．端午节包粽子时，锅上方有“白气”，打开锅盖会看到内侧有小水珠。下列判断正确的是A．“白气”是水蒸气，水蒸气是白色的B．小水珠形成时吸收热量C．粽子煮熟主要通过做功增大内能D．“白气”的形成属于液化现象5．甲、乙两同学沿同一直线运动，其路程随时间变化情况可概括为：甲每秒通过的路程都相同，乙前半段路程较慢、后半段较快。下列说法正确的是A．甲做匀速直线运动B．乙做匀速直线运动C．甲的速度一定大于乙的平均速度D．平均速度只与最大速度有关6．关于力与运动，下列说法正确的是A．物体不受力一定静止B．用力推桌子没有推动，推力小于桌子受到的摩擦力C．足球被踢出后继续运动，是由于足球具有惯性D．物体运动速度越大，惯性越大7．学校实验室有一块体积为50cm³的金属块，质量为390g。把它浸没在水中后松手，忽略水的阻力，下列判断正确的是A．金属块受到的浮力为3.9NB．金属块的密度为7.8×10²kg/m³C．金属块会下沉D．金属块悬浮在水中8．在“探究杠杆平衡条件”的实验中，杠杆在水平位置平衡。若左侧第2格挂2个相同钩码，右侧第4格应挂同样的钩码个数为A．1个B．2个C．3个D．4个9．某同学连接如文字所述电路：电源、开关、小灯泡、滑动变阻器串联，闭合开关后灯泡不亮，电流表示数接近0，电压表并联在灯泡两端且示数接近电源电压。故障最可能是A．滑动变阻器短路B．电流表短路C．小灯泡断路D．电源电压过低10．定值电阻R两端电压由2V增大到4V，若电阻阻值不变，则该电阻消耗的电功率A．变为原来的1/2B．变为原来的2倍C．保持不变D．变为原来的4倍11．关于家庭电路与安全用电，下列做法符合安全要求的是A．用湿手拔插头B．用试电笔辨别火线时手接触笔尾金属体C．多个大功率用电器同时接在一个插排上D．保险丝熔断后可用铜丝代替12．下列装置或现象中，主要利用电磁感应原理工作的是A．发电机B．电铃C．电动机D．电磁起重机13．在“探究凸透镜成像规律”时，凸透镜焦距为10cm。若蜡烛到透镜的距离为25cm，光屏上成清晰像，则该像的特点是A．正立、放大、虚像B．倒立、放大、实像C．倒立、缩小、实像D．正立、缩小、虚像14．关于能源、信息和材料，下列说法正确的是A．太阳能属于可再生能源B．核电站利用核聚变释放能量C．5G通信中的电磁波不能在真空中传播D．超导材料适合制作电热丝15．如文字所述电路：电源电压保持6V，定值电阻R₁=10Ω，R₂=20Ω并联接入电路。闭合开关后，下列说法正确的是A．通过R₁的电流为0.3AB．R₂两端电压为3VC．电路总电阻为30ΩD．电路总功率为5.4W二、填空与简答题（本题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）16．郑州某段城市道路上，一辆新能源公交车从站点甲出发，经过站点乙到达站点丙。车载记录如下表。（4分）路段甲到乙乙到丙路程s/m600900用时t/s75150（1）公交车从甲到丙全过程的平均速度为________m/s。以车厢座椅为参照物，坐在座位上的乘客是________的。（2）若公交车匀速行驶时所受牵引力为1200N，则从乙到丙牵引力做功为________J。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17．在“测量小灯泡额定功率”的实验中，小灯泡额定电压为2.5V。小华调节滑动变阻器，使电压表示数为2.5V时，电流表示数为0.28A。（4分）（1）小灯泡的额定功率为________W。继续增大小灯泡两端电压，灯丝电阻会变________。（2）闭合开关前，滑动变阻器滑片应置于阻值最________的位置；实验中多次测量不是为了求平均值，而是为了研究________的关系。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18．将一个质量为54g的小蜡块轻轻放入水中，静止后漂浮，排开水的体积为________cm³；若用手将其完全压入水中，发现它排开水的体积为60cm³，则蜡块受到的浮力为________N，松手后它将________（选填“上浮”“下沉”或“悬浮”）。（4分）____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19．河南冬季麦田常在寒潮前进行适量灌水。请从水的比热容、凝固放热和改变内能的角度，简要说明这样做有利于减轻冻害的原因。（4分）答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________20．小组同学想探究“电流通过导体产生的热量与电阻大小的关系”。现有电源、开关、导线、两个阻值不同且装有相同质量空气的透明密闭容器、U形管压强计等器材。请写出实验连接方式、控制变量和判断依据。（4分）答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________答：________________________________________________________________________________三、材料分析与综合题（本题共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）21．郑州某校园使用智能配送车运送实验器材。配送车质量80kg，装载器材质量20kg，在水平路面上匀速行驶120m用时100s，牵引力恒为80N；四个车轮与地面的总接触面积为1.0×10⁻²m²。随后配送车沿长20m、高3m的斜坡匀速上行，牵引力为200N。（10分）（1）求配送车装载后对水平地面的压强。（2）求配送车在水平路面上牵引力做的功和牵引力的功率。（3）求配送车沿斜坡上行时的机械效率。（4）配送车紧急制动时器材容易向前滑动，请用惯性知识解释，并提出一条合理固定措施。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22．某学校饮水设备一次可将30L水从20℃加热到85℃。设备铭牌标注额定加热功率为2.0kW，实际加热一次用时70min。学校电能表标有“1600imp/(kW·h)”，某段时间只让一台小功率热水泵工作，80s内指示灯闪烁40次。（10分）（1）求30L水吸收的热量。（2）求这次加热消耗的电能和加热效率。（3）根据电能表数据，求热水泵的实际电功率。（4）请写出两条提高校园饮水设备节能效果的措施。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23．某物理社团设计“教室温度报警器”。电源电压恒为6V，定值电阻R₀=10Ω与热敏电阻Rₜ串联，电压表测R₀两端电压。热敏电阻阻值随温度变化如下表。规定电压表示数不小于2.4V时报警。（10分）温度/℃20304050Rₜ/Ω2015107.5（1）当教室温度为40℃时，求电路电流、R₀两端电压和R₀的电功率。（2）该报警器大约从多少摄氏度开始报警？说明判断过程。（3）若想使报警温度升高，可在电路中如何改进？写出一种合理方案并说明理由。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24．实验题：测量小石块的密度并验证浮力关系。小组用天平测得小石块质量为72g；量筒中原有水50mL，放入小石块并完全浸没后，水面升至76mL。另用弹簧测力计测得小石块在空气中的示数为0.72N，浸没在水中时示数为0.46N。（10分）（1）根据量筒数据求小石块体积和密度。（2）根据弹簧测力计数据求小石块受到的浮力，并由阿基米德原理求排开水的体积。（3）比较两种方法的结果是否一致，并分析可能的误差来源。（4）若先把石块放入水中再取出擦拭不充分后称质量，对密度测量结果有何影响？________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________25．阅读材料，完成问题。郑州地铁列车进站制动时，牵引电机可转为发电机工作，将部分机械能转化为电能回馈到供电系统，这种方式称为再生制动。某次制动中，列车质量约为2.0×10⁵kg，速度由72km/h降至18km/h，若动能减少量的30%可回收为电能；该线路每天约有100次类似制动过程。（10分）（1）再生制动主要利用哪一电磁学原理？能量转化关系是什么？（2）求一次制动可回收的电能。（3）求每天可回收的电能约为多少kW·h。若车站80盏LED灯每盏功率18W、每天照明12h，这些回收电能约可供这些LED灯使用多少天？（4）从安全与节能两个角度各提出一条地铁运营改进建议。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与解析说明：选择题每小题2分；填空与简答题每小题4分；材料分析与综合题每小题10分。计算题单位正确、公式合理、过程完整方可得满分；方法正确但因代数或单位小误差导致结果偏差，按评分标准酌情扣分。一、选择题答案题号123456789101112131415答案CCBDACCACDBACAD1．C。中学生质量约50kg，从一楼到三楼升高约6m，克服重力做功W=Gh=mgh≈50×10×6J=3.0×10³J；其他估测明显偏离日常实际。2．C。响度与振幅有关。空气能传播声音；调小耳机音量属于在声源处减弱；超声测速利用声音能传递信息。3．B。水中“倒影”是光的反射形成的虚像，与平面镜成像本质相同；筷子变弯和放大镜成像主要涉及折射，三棱镜色散也是折射。4．D。“白气”是水蒸气遇冷液化成的小液滴，液化放热；煮熟粽子主要通过热传递增大内能。5．A。甲每秒路程相同，说明速度大小不变，沿直线运动即匀速直线运动。平均速度取决于总路程和总时间，不能只看最大速度。6．C。被踢出的足球仍能继续运动，是因为足球具有惯性。物体不受力可保持静止或匀速直线运动；推而不动时推力与静摩擦力平衡；惯性只与质量有关。7．C。金属块体积50cm³=5.0×10⁻⁵m³，质量0.39kg，密度7.8×10³kg/m³，大于水的密度；浸没时浮力约0.5N，小于重力3.9N，故下沉。8．A。杠杆平衡条件为F₁l₁=F₂l₂。左侧力矩为2个钩码×2格=4个钩码·格，右侧在4格处应挂1个钩码。9．C。灯泡不亮且电流接近0，说明电路可能断路；电压表并在灯泡两端示数接近电源电压，说明断路位置在灯泡处。10．D。定值电阻电功率P=U²/R，电压变为原来的2倍，功率变为原来的4倍。11．B。使用试电笔辨别火线时，手应接触笔尾金属体，不能接触笔尖。湿手操作、超负荷用插排、用铜丝代替保险丝均危险。12．A。发电机利用电磁感应把机械能转化为电能；电铃、电磁起重机利用电流的磁效应，电动机利用通电导体在磁场中受力。13．C。物距25cm大于2倍焦距20cm，凸透镜成倒立、缩小的实像。14．A。太阳能可持续获得，属于可再生能源。核电站主要利用核裂变；电磁波能在真空中传播；超导体电阻接近零，不适合做电热丝。15．D。并联电路各支路电压均为6V，I₁=6/10=0.6A，I₂=6/20=0.3A，总电流0.9A，总功率P=UI=6×0.9=5.4W。二、填空与简答题答案与评分标准16．答案：（1）6.67或6.7；静止。（2）1.08×10⁶。解析：总路程s=600m+900m=1500m，总时间t=75s+150s=225s，平均速度v=s/t≈6.67m/s；乘客相对车厢座椅位置不变，故静止。乙到丙牵引力做功W=Fs=1200N×900m=1.08×10⁶J。评分：平均速度1分，参照物判断1分，公式和代入1分，结果与单位1分。17．答案：（1）0.70；大。（2）大；小灯泡实际功率随实际电压变化。解析：额定功率P=UI=2.5V×0.28A=0.70W。灯丝温度升高时电阻增大。闭合开关前滑动变阻器应在最大阻值处以保护电路。本实验小灯泡电阻受温度影响，多次测量不能简单求额定