2026届人教版高三物理高考三模模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）

物理三模模拟试卷2026届人教版高三物理高考三模模拟试卷（含答案详解与评分标准）学校：________________班级：________________姓名：________________考号：________________考试时间：100分钟满分：100分适用：高三三模交卷前请复核题号注意事项：1．本试卷共25题，满分100分，考试时间100分钟。试题分为选择题、填空与简答题、材料分析与综合题三部分。2．选择题请将答案填入指定位置；非选择题应写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要演算步骤，只写最后结果不得满分。3．默认取，，；除特别说明外，空气阻力不计，计算结果保留适当有效数字。4．答题时请规范使用物理量符号和单位，图像、方向、正负号、能量转化关系均可作为评分依据。一、选择题（本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）说明：1—10题为单项选择题；11—15题为多项选择题。多项选择题全部选对得2分，选对但不全得1分，有错选或不选得0分。1．一质点沿直线运动，其速度—时间关系为：0～2s内速度由0均匀增大到8m/s，2～5s内速度保持8m/s，5～7s内速度均匀减小到0。该质点在0～7s内的位移大小为（）A．40mB．48mC．56mD．64m2．从离水平地面高的平台边缘，将一小球以的速度水平抛出，取。小球落地瞬间的速度大小为（）A．15m/sB．20m/sC．22m/sD．25m/s3．质量为的物块静止在倾角的粗糙斜面上，现沿斜面向上施加的拉力。物块与斜面间的动摩擦因数为，最大静摩擦力等于滑动摩擦力。下列判断正确的是（）A．物块沿斜面向上加速B．物块沿斜面向下加速C．物块保持静止，所受静摩擦力大小为3N、方向沿斜面向下D．物块保持静止，所受静摩擦力大小为4N、方向沿斜面向上4．质量为的汽车以的速度通过半径为的凸形桥最高点。若汽车在最高点未离开桥面，则桥面对汽车的支持力大小为（）A．8.0×10³NB．1.0×10⁴NC．1.2×10⁴ND．2.0×10³N5．质量为的小球以速度与静止的质量为的小球发生完全非弹性碰撞，碰后两球粘在一起运动。碰撞过程中损失的机械能为（）A．B．C．D．6．在真空中固定一点电荷，把试探电荷从距该点电荷处缓慢移到距该点电荷处。该过程中试探电荷电势能的变化量为（）A．B．C．D．7．平行板电容器始终与电压为的电源相连。保持极板正对面积和板间距离不变，将相对介电常数为的电介质完全插入两板间，则下列说法正确的是（）A．电容减小为原来的1/3B．两板间电场强度变为原来的3倍C．电容器所带电荷量不变D．电容器储存的电能变为原来的3倍8．电子以的速度垂直射入磁感应强度为的匀强磁场中。已知，电子做匀速圆周运动的半径约为（）A．0.11mmB．0.57mmC．1.1mmD．5.7mm9．理想变压器原线圈接220V交流电，副线圈接11Ω纯电阻负载。若副线圈电压为22V，则原线圈电流为（）A．0.10AB．0.20AC．2.0AD．20A10．某金属的逸出功为，用频率为其极限频率倍的单色光照射该金属，发生光电效应。遏止电压为（）A．0.5VB．1.0VC．2.0VD．3.0V11．轻弹簧振子在水平光滑轨道上做简谐运动，振幅为，角频率为，劲度系数为。下列说法正确的是（）A．振子加速度与位移方向总相反B．振子在平衡位置处弹性势能最大C．最大速度为D．机械能为12．一定质量理想气体经历等温膨胀过程。下列说法正确的是（）A．气体压强减小B．气体内能增大C．气体对外做功D．气体从外界吸收热量13．某闭合电路可抽象为电源电动势、内阻和外接可变电阻串联。保持不变，当逐渐减小时，下列说法正确的是（）A．电路总电流增大B．电源路端电压减小C．外电路消耗的功率一定增大D．电源内阻上的热功率增大14．矩形线圈以速度匀速进入垂直纸面向里的匀强磁场区域，线圈平面始终与磁场垂直。进入过程中，下列说法正确的是（）A．线圈中感应电流方向为逆时针B．线圈所受安培力方向与运动方向相同C．外力克服安培力做功转化为电路中的焦耳热D．若速度加倍，感应电动势加倍15．一列沿轴正方向传播的简谐横波可表示为，各物理量均采用国际单位制。下列说法正确的是（）A．振幅为B．波长为C．波速为D．处质点在时刻的振动方向沿轴正方向二、填空与简答题（本题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）16．某实验小组利用气垫导轨探究小车加速度与所受合外力的关系，保持小车及遮光片总质量不变，得到如下数据。0.100.200.300.400.220.470.710.96处理提示作a-F图像斜率近似注意截距写出原因（1）若作图像，图线的斜率物理意义是________；（2）由表中数据估算小车总质量约为________kg；（3）若图线不过原点，主要原因可能是________________。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17．为测量一只约的定值电阻，实验室提供电源、电压表（量程，内阻约）、电流表（量程，内阻很小）、滑动变阻器和开关。某次测得电压表示数，电流表示数。应选用电流表________接法；由该组数据得________Ω；该接法造成的系统误差使测量值比真实值________（填“偏大”或“偏小”），原因是________________。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18．在离地高的平台上，将小球以的初速度竖直上抛。空气阻力不计，取竖直向上为正方向。小球从抛出到落地所用时间为________s；落地瞬间速度大小为________m/s，方向为________。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19．匀强磁场垂直纸面向里，磁感应强度。一个匝圆形线圈的半径在内由均匀减小到，线圈总电阻为。该过程线圈中的平均感应电动势约为________V，平均感应电流约为________A；从纸面外观察，感应电流方向为________。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20．某金属逸出功为，用波长的单色光照射。取。入射光子的能量为________eV，逸出光电子的最大初动能为________eV，遏止电压为________V。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、材料分析与综合题（本题共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）要求：写出必要的物理过程分析、受力或能量关系、方程和结果。未写单位、方向或关键理由的，按评分标准酌情扣分。21．【力学综合】质量的物块从水平粗糙轨道A点由静止开始运动，受到大小、与水平面成角斜向上的恒力作用，作用距离。物块与水平面间动摩擦因数。到达B点后撤去拉力，物块进入光滑竖直圆轨道，圆轨道半径，B点为圆轨道最低点。求：（1）物块到达B点时的速度大小；（2）物块能否通过圆轨道最高点；（3）若能通过最高点，物块在最高点对轨道的压力大小。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22．【电场与类平抛】水平放置的两平行金属板长，板间距，两板间加电压，使板间存在竖直向上的匀强电场。一带正电油滴从两板正中间以的水平速度射入，油滴质量，电荷量，空气阻力不计。金属板右侧有一竖直屏，屏到板右端距离。求：（1）油滴在板间的加速度大小和方向；（2）油滴射出电场时是否打到极板；（3）油滴打到屏上时相对入射直线的竖直偏移量。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23．【电磁感应与能量】两根足够长的平行光滑金属导轨相距，导轨所在平面水平，匀强磁场竖直向下。质量的导体棒垂直导轨放置并始终接触良好，导体棒电阻，导轨左端接定值电阻，其余电阻不计。（1）若用水平外力使导体棒以向右匀速运动，求感应电动势、电流大小和外力功率；（2）若某时刻撤去外力，导体棒以初速度开始减速，求最终产生的焦耳热以及导体棒向右滑行的总距离。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24．【热学综合】一定质量单原子理想气体封闭在带活塞的汽缸中，初态为，，。气体先缓慢等压膨胀到，再在体积不变的条件下降温，使压强变为。求：（1）状态2、状态3的温度；（2）全过程气体对外做的功；（3）两段过程中气体吸收或放出的热量，并说明符号意义。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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