2026年托福《听力》考试试题及答案

2026年托福《听力》考试试题及答案Part1Conversation1Narrator:Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandauniversityhousingadvisor.Student:Hi,Mr.Henderson.Thanksforseeingmeonsuchshortnotice.HousingAdvisor:Noproblem,Sarah.Ihadagapbetweenmeetings.WhatcanIdoforyoutoday?Student:Well,I’mwritingtorequestaroomchangeforthenextsemester.I’mcurrentlyinadoubleroomintheEastDorm,but…honestly,it’snotworkingout.HousingAdvisor:Isee.Usually,weencouragestudentstotrytoresolveconflictswiththeirroommatesfirst.Didyoutrytalkingtoyourcurrentroommate?Student:Idid,severaltimes.It’snotthatwefightorargue.It’sjust…ourschedulesandstudyhabitsarecompletelyincompatible.I’manearlyriser;Iliketogetupat6AMtostudy,butshestaysupverylateplayingvideogamesortalkingtofriends.Thenoisemakesitimpossibleformetosleep,andthenI’mexhaustedformymorningclasses.HousingAdvisor:Thatsoundstough.Haveyoutriedusingearplugsorawhitenoisemachine?Student:Yes,buttheyonlyhelpsomuch.Plus,theroomitselfisquitesmall,sothere’snospacetomoveadesktoaquietercorner.Ireallythinkasingleroomwouldbebetterformyacademicfocus.HousingAdvisor:Iunderstand.WedohavesingleroomsavailableintheNorthBuilding,butIshouldwarnyou,theyaremoreexpensive.Student:Icheckedtherates,andIcanaffordtheextracost.Also,IheardthattheNorthBuildingisspecificallydesignatedfor"quietliving."Isthattrue?HousingAdvisor:Yes,itis.Wehaveapolicytherecalled"QuietHours"whichstartsat8PMeverynight,unliketheotherdormswhereitstartsat11PMormidnight.Ittendstoattractstudentswhoareseriousabouttheirstudiesorgraduatestudents.Student:Thatsoundsperfectforme.HowdoIapplyforthetransfer?HousingAdvisor:Youneedtofillouta"RoomChangeRequestForm"online.Butsinceyouarerequestingamoveduetoalifestyleconflictratherthanamaintenanceissue,you’llalsoneedaparagraphexplainingwhyasingleroomisnecessaryforyouracademicsuccess.Youmentionedyourstudyhabits;makesuretoemphasizethat.Student:Okay,Icandothat.Isthereadeadline?HousingAdvisor:ThedeadlineforthespringsemestermoveisNovember15th.Sinceit’scurrentlyOctober20th,youhaveplentyoftime.However,Ishouldmentionthatpriorityisgiventostudentswithdisabilitiesormedicalneedsfirst.Student:Idon’thaveamedicalcondition,butmyGPAisprettyhigh.Doesthathelp?HousingAdvisor:Itmight.Wedolookatacademicstandingwhenthedemandishigh.Iftherearemorerequeststhanthanrooms,weusealotterysystemfortheremainingspots.Student:Alright,I’llgettheformsubmittedtoday.Thanksforyourhelp.HousingAdvisor:You’rewelcome.Goodluckwiththeapplication.1.Whydoesthestudentvisitthehousingadvisor?A.Tocomplainaboutthecostofhercurrentroom.B.Toaskforarefundforherhousingdeposit.C.Torequestatransfertoadifferentdormitory.D.Toreportamaintenanceissueinherroom.2.Whatisthemainreasonthestudentgivesforwantingtochangerooms?A.Herroommateismessyanddoesnotclean.B.Herroommate’sscheduleconflictswithhersleepneeds.C.TheEastDormistoofarfromherclasses.D.Shewantstoliveclosertoherfriends.3.WhatdoestheadvisorimplyabouttheNorthBuilding?A.Itisexclusivelyforgraduatestudents.B.ItisolderthantheEastDorm.C.Ithasstricternoiseregulations.D.Itisthemostexpensivehousingoptiononcampus.4.Whatisrequiredforthestudenttocompleteherapplication?A.Aletterfromherdoctor.B.Asignaturefromhercurrentroommate.C.Awrittenstatementaboutheracademicneeds.D.ProofofhercurrentGPA.5.Whatdoestheadvisorsayabouttheselectionprocessforroomchanges?A.Requestsareprocessedonafirst-come,first-servedbasis.B.StudentswithhighGPAsarealwayschosenfirst.C.Studentswithmedicalneedsreceivepriority.D.Thelotterysystemisusedforallapplicants.Conversation2Narrator:Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofessor.Student:ProfessorMiller,doyouhaveaminute?Professor:Hi,Tom.Sure,I’mjustgradingsomepapers,butIcantakeabreak.What’sonyourmind?Student:IwantedtotalkaboutmytermpaperforyourHistoryofScienceclass.I’mthinkingofwritingaboutthedevelopmentofthetelegraphinthe19thcentury.Professor:That’saverybroadtopic,Tom.Fora10paper,youmightwanttonarrowitdownsignificantly.Student:Iwasthinkingoffocusingspecificallyonhowthetelegraphchangedthewaynewspapersoperated.Professor:That’sbetter.You’relookingattheintersectionoftechnologyandmedia.Whatangleareyouplanningtotake?Student:Well,Ifoundthisbookinthelibrarycalled"TheVictorianInternet."Itmentionsthatthetelegraphallowednewstotravelinstantlyforthefirsttime,whichcreateda24-hournewscycle,kindofliketheinternetdoestoday.Professor:That’saninterestinganalogy.Justbecarefulnottooverstatethesimilarities.Thetechnologywasdifferent,andthesocialcontextwasdifferent.Student:Right.Iplantolookatspecificnewspapersfromthe1840sand1850s,likeTheTimesinLondon,andseehowtheystartedusingthe"telegraphicdispatches."Professor:Excellent.Primarysourcesarecrucial.Haveyoucheckedthedigitalarchives?Student:Yes,theuniversitylibraryhasaccesstothehistoricalnewspaperdatabase.ButI’mhavingtroublefindingenoughscholarlyarticlestosupportmyanalysis.MostofwhatIfindarejusttechnicaldescriptionsofhowthewireswerelaid.Professor:That’sacommonissue.Youmightwanttolookintojournalsthatfocusonmediahistoryratherthanengineeringhistory.Also,therewasahistoriannamedStandagewhowroteextensivelyonthis.Haveyoulookedathiswork?Student:No,Ihaven’t.Ishetheonewhowrote"TheVictorianInternet"?Professor:Yes,exactly.ButhealsohasseveralacademicpapersintheJournalofCommunication.I’drecommendlookingatthose.Hediscussestheconceptofthe"globalvillage"emergingmuchearlierthanweusuallythink.Student:Thatsoundsveryuseful.I’lllookthoseup.Also,IwaswonderingifIcouldincludesomepicturesoftheoriginalMorsecodemachines?Professor:Absolutely.Visualaidscanenhanceyourpaper,justmakesuretheyareproperlycitedanddon'ttakeuptoomuchpagespace.Remember,thetextiswhatmattersmost.Student:Understood.Thanksforthedirection,Professor.Ifeelbetteraboutthescopenow.Professor:Anytime.Whydon'tyousendmeabriefoutlinenextweek?Icanmakesureyou'reontherighttrackbeforeyoustartdrafting.6.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheconversation?A.Toaskforanextensiononthepaperdeadline.B.Todiscussthetopicofatermpaper.C.Torequestpermissiontousevisualaids.D.Tocomplainaboutthelackoflibraryresources.7.Whydoestheprofessorsuggestnarrowingthetopic?A.Thetopicistootechnicalforahistoryclass.B.Theoriginaltopicistoobroadfortheassignment.C.Thereisnotenoughinformationavailableonthetelegraph.D.Anotherstudenthasalreadychosenthattopic.8.Whatspecificcomparisondoesthestudentwanttomake?A.Comparingthetelegraphtothemoderninternet.B.ComparingBritishandAmericannewspapers.C.ComparingMorsecodetobinarycode.D.Comparingthetelegraphtothetelephone.9.Whatresourcedoestheprofessorrecommend?A.Anengineeringjournal.B.Abookaboutthehistoryofthetelephone.C.ArticlesbyahistoriannamedStandage.D.Theuniversity'sphysicalarchiveofnewspapers.10.Whatdoestheprofessoragreetodonextweek?A.Reviewthestudent'soutline.B.Helpthestudentfindprimarysources.C.Gradethestudent'sdraft.D.Lendthestudentabook.Conversation3Narrator:Listentoaconversationatauniversitylibrary.Student:Excuseme,I’mlookingforareservereadingformyEconomicsclass.Theprofessorsaidit’sonelectronicreserve.Librarian:Certainly.Doyouhavethecoursenumberortheprofessor’sname?Student:Yes,it’sEcon201,ProfessorJohnson.Librarian:Okay,letmecheckthesystem.Econ201...Johnson...Ah,hereitis.Therearetwoarticleslisted."MarketStructuresintheDigitalAge"and"GlobalSupplyChainAnalysis."Student:IneedtheoneonMarketStructures.I’mtryingtoaccessitfrommylaptop,butitkeepsaskingforapassword.Librarian:Areyoutryingtoaccessitfromoff-campus?Student:Yes,I’matmyapartment.Librarian:Thatexplainsit.Youneedtologinthroughtheuniversity’sVPNfirst.OnceyouareconnectedtotheVirtualPrivateNetwork,thesystemwillrecognizeyouasacurrentstudent.Student:Oh,Ididn'trealizeIneededaVPN.IthoughtjustusingmystudentIDwouldbeenough.Librarian:Forsecurityreasons,thepublishersrequirethataccessberestrictedtotheuniversitynetwork.TheVPNextendsthatnetworktoyourhome.YoucandownloadtheclientsoftwarefromtheITsupportpageontheuniversitywebsite.Student:Okay,I’lldothat.IsthereanyotherwaytoaccessitifIhavetroublewiththeVPN?Librarian:Youcouldcometothelibraryanduseoneofthepublicterminals.Youdon'tneedaVPNtoaccessthereservesfrominsidethebuilding.Student:That’sgoodtoknow.Also,Ineedtofindabookcalled"TheWealthofNations"byAdamSmith.Doyouhavethat?Librarian:Wecertainlydo.It’saclassictext.Letmecheckthecatalog...It’scurrentlyontheshelvesinthemainstacks,callnumberHB75.S62020.Student:Great.IneedtotakealookataspecificchapterforapaperI'mwriting.Librarian:Justaheadsup,thatbookisinhighdemand.It’sa7-dayloan,butyoucannotrenewitifsomeoneelsehasplacedaholdonit.Student:Okay.Ijustneedtoreadafewchapterstoday.I’llprobablyjustreadithereinthelibrarytobesafe.Librarian:That’sprobablybest.Wehavecomfortableseatingareasonthesecondfloor.Also,ifyouneedtoscananypages,wehavescannersavailableonthefirstfloorthatallowyoutoemailthePDFtoyourselfforfree.Student:That’sperfect.Thanksforyourhelp.Librarian:You'rewelcome.Goodluckwithyourstudies.11.Whyisthestudenthavingtroubleaccessingthereading?A.Thearticleisnotonthereservelist.B.ThestudentisnotusingtheVPN.C.Thestudenthasforgottenthepassword.D.Thearticlehasbeenremovedbytheprofessor.12.WhatdoesthelibrarianimplyabouttheVPN?A.Itisdifficulttoinstall.B.Itisonlyavailabletofacultymembers.C.Itallowsoff-campusaccesstorestrictedresources.D.Itisrequiredforalllibraryservices.13.Whatadvicedoesthelibrariangiveregardingthebook"TheWealthofNations"?A.Thestudentshouldbuyacopy.B.Thestudentcannotcheckitout.C.Thestudentshouldreaditinthelibrary.D.Thestudentmustrequestitthroughinterlibraryloan.14.Whatservicedoesthelibraryofferthatthestudentfindsuseful?A.Freeprinting.B.Freescanningtoemail.C.Personalstudyrooms.D.Bookdeliverytodorms.15.Whatisthestudent'sprimarygoalinthisconversation?A.Tofindaquietplacetostudy.B.Toaccesscoursematerials.C.Toreturnoverduebooks.D.Togethelpwithresearch.Part2Lecture1Narrator:ListentopartofalectureinanAstronomyclass.Professor:Okay,let’scontinueourdiscussiononstellarevolution.We’vetalkedabouthowstarsareborninnebulaeandhowtheyspendmostoftheirlivesonthe"mainsequence,"fusinghydrogenintohelium.Butwhathappenswhenastarrunsoutoffuel?Thatdependsentirelyonthemassofthestar.Today,we’regoingtofocusonthedramaticendofaspecifictypeofstar:themassiveones.I’mtalkingaboutstarsthataremorethaneighttimesasmassiveasourSun.Whenamassivestarfinallyexhauststhehydrogeninitscore,itstartstofuseheavierelements:heliumintocarbon,carbonintooxygen,andsoon,allthewayuptoiron.Now,ironistheendoftheline.Fusingirondoesn'treleaseenergy;itconsumesit.So,whenthestar'scoreturnsintoiron,nuclearfusionstops.Withouttheoutwardpressuregeneratedbyfusiontocounteracttheinwardpullofgravity,thecorecollapses.Thiscollapsehappensinafractionofasecond.Theouterlayersofthestarrushinwardataboutaquarterofthespeedoflight.Thecorebecomesincrediblydense—sodensethatprotonsandelectronsarecrushedtogethertoformneutrons.Wecallthisa"neutronstar."Butwhatabouttheouterlayers?Theyhitthecoreandbounceoff.Thiscreatesamassiveshockwavethatblowsthestarapart.Thisexplosioniswhatwecallasupernova.It’soneofthemostenergeticeventsintheuniverse.Forafewweeks,asupernovacanoutshineanentiregalaxy.Now,theaftermathofasupernovaisjustasfascinatingastheexplosionitself.Thedebristhatisblownoutintospaceisenrichedwithalltheheavyelementsthatthestarcreatedduringitslife.Thisincludeselementslikegold,silver,anduranium.Infact,almostalltheelementsheavierthanironinyourbodyrightnowwerecreatedinasupernovaexplosionbillionsofyearsago.AstheastronomerCarlSaganfamouslysaid,"Wearemadeofstarstuff."Therearetwomaintypesofsupernovae,buttheonecausedbythecorecollapseofamassivestariscalledaTypeIIsupernova.Wecanidentifythembythepresenceofhydrogenlinesintheirspectrum.Theothertype,TypeIa,involvesawhitedwarfinabinarysystem,butthat’satopicforanotherlecture.Let’stalkabouthowwedetectthese.Sincetheyaresobright,theyarerelativelyeasytospotwithopticaltelescopes.Butmodernastronomersuseneutrinodetectorsaswell.Remember,whenthecorecollapses,hugenumbersofneutrinosarereleased.Theseghostlyparticlestravelthroughspacealmostunimpeded.Infact,forthesupernovathatwasobservedin1987,calledSN1987A,neutrinosweredetectedhoursbeforethelightwas.Thisisbecausetheneutrinosescapethecollapsingcoreimmediately,whiletheshockwavetakesalittletimetoreachthesurfaceandproducetheflashoflight.Understandingsupernovaeiscrucialforcosmology.Theyactas"standardcandles"—specifically,TypeIasupernovae,whichhaveaknownpeakbrightness.Bymeasuringhowbrighttheyappeartous,wecancalculatehowfarawaytheyare.Thisdistancemeasurementwaskeytothediscoverythattheexpansionoftheuniverseisactuallyaccelerating.Tocalculatetheluminositydistance()incosmology,astronomersoftenusethedistancemodulusformula:μWhereμisthedistancemodulus,mistheapparentmagnitude,andMistheabsolutemagnitude.Thisformulaallowsustorelatetheobservedbrightnesstotheintrinsicbrightnessandthusdeterminethedistance.Itisfundamentalinusingsupernovaetomaptheuniverse.So,torecap:massivestarsdieincore-collapsesupernovae,creatingneutronstarsorblackholesanddispersingheavyelementsintothecosmos.Theyaretheforgesoftheuniverse.16.Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?A.Theformationofnebulae.B.Thelifecycleofmainsequencestars.C.Thedeathofmassivestarsandsupernovae.D.ThediscoveryofTypeIasupernovae.17.Accordingtotheprofessor,whydoesthestarcollapsewhenthecoreturnstoiron?A.Ironfusionconsumesenergyinsteadofreleasingit.B.Thecorebecomestooheavytosupportitself.C.Thestarrunsoutofhydrogencompletely.D.Gravitypullstheirontowardsthesurface.18.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheelementsfoundinthehumanbody?A.Theyaremostlyhydrogenandhelium.B.TheywerecreatedduringtheBigBang.C.Manyofthemoriginatedfromsupernovaexplosions.D.TheyareuniquetoEarth.19.WhywereneutrinosdetectedbeforelightfromSN1987A?A.Neutrinostravelfasterthanlight.B.Theneutrinodetectorwasclosertothestarthanthetelescope.C.Neutrinosescapethecorebeforetheshockwavereachesthesurface.D.Lightwasblockedbydustandgasclouds.20.Howdoestheprofessorexplaintheterm"standardcandle"?A.Atoolusedtomeasurethetemperatureofastar.B.Anobjectwithaknownbrightnessusedtomeasuredistance.C.Atypeoftelescopeusedtoviewdistantgalaxies.D.Aunitofmeasurementforstellarmass.21.Whatisthepurposeoftheformulapresentedbytheprofessor?A.Tocalculatethemassofthestar.B.Todeterminetheageoftheuniverse.C.Torelateapparentbrightnesstodistance.D.Topredictwhenastarwillexplode.Lecture2Narrator:ListentopartofalectureinanArtHistoryclass.Professor:Todaywearegoingtolookatoneofthemostinfluentialmovementsinmodernart:Cubism.Cubismemergedintheearly20thcentury,primarilythroughtheworkofPabloPicassoandGeorgesBraque.BeforeCubism,EuropeanpaintinghadbeendominatedbythetraditionofperspectivesincetheRenaissance.Thistraditionreliedonasingle,fixedviewpoint.Imaginelookingthroughawindowatascene;everythingisorganizedfromthatonespecificangle.Thegoalwastocreateanillusionofthree-dimensionalspaceonaflatcanvas.PicassoandBraquechallengedthisfundamentalconcept.Theydidn'twanttoshowtheworldfromjustoneangle.Theywantedtoshowtheobjectfrommultipleviewpointssimultaneously.Imaginelookingatacoffeecup.Fromtheside,itlookslikeacylinder.Fromthetop,itlookslikeacircle.Inatraditionalpainting,theartistwouldchooseoneoftheseviews.InCubism,theartistmightpaintthecylinderandthecircleatthesametime,overlappingthem.Thisresultedinpaintingsthatlookedfragmentedandshattered.Objectswereanalyzed,brokenup,andreassembledinanabstractedform.Insteadofdepictingobjectsastheylook,Cubismdepictedthemastheyconceptuallyare.Thisiswhyweoftenseegeometricshapes—cubes,cones,andspheres—inthesepaintings.TherearegenerallytwophasesofCubism.ThefirstphaseisAnalyticCubism.Thishappenedroughlybetween1909and1912.Thepaintingsfromthisperiodaremonochromatic,usuallyusingbrowns,greys,andblacks.Whysolittlecolor?Becausetheartistswerefocusingentirelyonformandstructure.Theydidn'twantbrightcolorstodistractfromthecomplexgeometricshapes.Theimageisoftensofragmentedthatit'sdifficulttotellwhatthesubjectisatfirstglance.Itlookslikeapuzzleofinterlockingplanes.ThesecondphaseisSyntheticCubism,whichlasteduntilabout1919.Here,theartistsmovedawayfromthefragmentationofAnalyticCubism.Theystartedtoputthingsbacktogether,butnotinarealisticway.Theyintroducedbrightercolorsandsimplershapes.Mostimportantly,thisphaseintroducedthetechniqueof"collage."Artistsbeganpastingactualmaterials—likenewspaperclippings,wallpaper,orchaircaning—directlyontothecanvas.Thiswasaradicalmove.Forcenturies,arthadbeenaboutillusion—paintingapicturethatlookedlikereality.Bygluingapieceofrealnewspaperontoapainting,PicassoandBraquewerechallengingtheboundarybetweenhighartandeverydayreality.Theywereforcingtheviewertoacknowledgethatthepaintingwasaphysicalobjectmadeofstuff,notjustawindowintoanotherworld.Let'slookatPicasso'spainting"StillLifewithChairCaning."Hepaintedapictureofacafetable,butaroundtheedge,hegluedarealpieceofrope.Andonthesurface,hepaintedapatternthatlookedlikechaircaning,buthealsoincludedafragmentofanewspaperthatactuallysays"Journal."ThisplaybetweenthepaintedillusionandtherealobjectistheessenceofSyntheticCubism.So,whydoesthismatter?Cubismchangedthewaywesee.Itopenedthedoortoabstractart.Ifyoudon'thavetouseasingleviewpointorrealisticcolors,thenanythingispossible.ItinfluencedothermovementslikeFuturism,Constructivism,andevenAbstractExpressionism.Ittaughtartiststhattheycouldconstructarealityratherthanjustcopyingit.22.WhatisthemaindifferencebetweentraditionalEuropeanpaintingandCubism?A.TraditionalpaintingusesmorecolorthanCubism.B.Traditionalpaintingusesasingleviewpoint,whileCubismusesmultipleviewpoints.C.Traditionalpaintingfocusesongeometricshapes,whileCubismfocusesonnature.D.Traditionalpaintingisabstract,whileCubismisrealistic.23.HowdoestheprofessordescribeAnalyticCubism?A.Itusesbrightcolorsandsimpleshapes.B.Itinvolvespastingrealobjectsontothecanvas.C.Itishighlyfragmentedanduseslimitedcolors.D.ItisdifficulttodistinguishfromSyntheticCubism.24.WhatnewtechniquewasintroducedinSyntheticCubism?A.Theuseofasinglefixedviewpoint.B.Theuseofcollageandmixedmedia.C.Theuseofmonochromaticcolorschemes.D.Theuseofmathematicalperspective.25.WhydoestheprofessormentionPicasso's"StillLifewithChairCaning"?A.Toillustratetheuseofrealmaterialsinart.B.Toshowhowexpensiveartmaterialswere.C.Todemonstratetheskillofpaintingrealistictextures.D.ToexplainwhyPicassostoppedpainting.26.WhatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheimpactofCubism?A.Itwasashort-livedmovementwithlittleinfluence.B.Itledtothedevelopmentofabstractart.C.Itwasrejectedbythepublicatthetime.D.ItreturnedarttotheRenaissancetradition.27.Organizetheartisticmovementsinchronologicalorder.A.Renaissance->AnalyticCubism->SyntheticCubism->AbstractExpressionism.B.Renaissance->SyntheticCubism->AnalyticCubism->AbstractExpressionism.C.AnalyticCubism->Renaissance->SyntheticCubism->AbstractExpressionism.D.Renaissance->AbstractExpressionism->AnalyticCubism->SyntheticCubism.Lecture3Narrator:ListentopartofalectureinaBiologyclass.Professor:We’vespentthelastfewweekstalkingaboutanimalbehavior,specificallythedistinctionbetweeninnatebehaviors—thosethatananimalisbornwith—andlearnedbehaviors.Today,Iwanttointroduceafascinatingconceptthatblursthatline:aphenomenoncalled"habituation."Habituationisoneofthesimplestformsoflearning.Itisdefinedasadecreaseinresponsetoastimulusafterrepeatedexposure.Inotherwords,ananimalstopsreactingtosomethingthathappensconstantlyandturnsouttobeharmlessorirrelevant.Thinkaboutabirdsittingonatreebranch.Everytimeacardrivesbyontheroadbelow,thebirdmightflyawayattheloudnoise.Thisisaninnatestartleresponse.Ithelpsthebirdavoidpredators.However,ifcarsdrivebyalldaylong,everyfewminutes,andthebirdisneverattackedbyacar,iteventuallylearnsthatthenoiseofthecarisnotathreat.Eventually,thebirdstopsflyingaway.Ithashabituatedtothesoundofthetraffic.Now,whyisthisimportant?It’samatterofenergyefficiency.Ifananimalrespondedtoeverysinglestimulusinitsenvironment—everyrustleofaleaf,everychangeinlight,everysound—itwouldbeexhaustedallthetime.Itwouldn'thaveanytimeorenergytoeat,sleep,orreproduce.Habituationallowsthenervoussystemtofilteroutthe"backgroundnoise"sotheanimalcanfocusonimportantchangesthatmightsignalfood,amate,orarealpredator.However,it'scrucialtonotethathabituationisstimulus-specific.Ifthebirdhabituatestothesoundofacarengine,itdoesn'tmeanitwillignorethesoundofahawkscreeching.Anditdoesn'tmeanitwillignoreacarifthecarsuddenlyswervestowardsthetree.Iftheintensityorthenatureofthestimuluschanges,theresponseoftencomesback.Thisiscalled"dishabituation."Let'slookatanexamplewithamarinesnailcalledAplysia.Scientistshavestudieditsgillwithdrawalreflex.Ifyoutouchthesiphonofthesnail,itwithdrawsitsgillforprotection.Ifyoutouchthesiphonrepeatedly,gently,overandoveragain,thesnaileventuallystopswithdrawingthegill.Ithashabituated.Butifyouthengivethesnailastrongelectricshocktoitstail,thenexttimeyoutouchthesiphon,thesnailwillvigorouslywithdrawthegillagain.Theshocksensitizedthesnail,ordishabituatedit,remindingitthatdangermightbepresent.Thisconceptisn'tlimitedtosimpleanimals.Humansexperienceittoo.Thinkaboutwhenyoufirstputonawatchoranewpieceofjewelry.Youareveryawareofitonyourwrist;youcanfeeltheweightandthepressureconstantly.Butafterafewhours,oraday,youstopnoticingit.Youhavehabituatedtothesensation.Ifyoutakethewatchoffandputitbackon,youmightnoticeitbrieflyagain,butquicklyyouwillignoreit.So,habitationisafundamentalmechanismthatallowsorganismstoadapttotheirenvironmentwithoutcomplexcognitiveprocessing.Itconservesenergyandallowsforfocusonnovelorsignificantevents.28.Whatisthedefinitionofhabituation?A.Anincreaseinresponsetoadangerousstimulus.B.Theabilitytolearncomplextasksthroughrepetition.C.Adecreaseinresponsetoarepeated,harmlessstimulus.D.Ageneticbehaviorpasseddownfromparents.29.Whydoestheprofessorgivetheexampleofthebirdandthecars?A.Toillustratehowanimalslearntoignoreharmlessbackgroundnoise.B.Toshowthatbirdsareafraidofcars.C.Todemonstratethatbirdshavepoorhearing.D.Toexplainmigrationpatterns.30.Whatisthemainbenefitofhabituationforanimals?A.Ithelpsthemfindfoodmoreeasily.B.Itallowsthemtoconserveenergy.C.Itmakesthemmoreattractivetomates.D.Itprotectsthemfromallpredators.31.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatis"dishabituation"?A.Forgettingalearnedbehavior.B.Thereturnofaresponsewhenthestimuluschanges.C.Atypeofgeneticmutation.D.Theprocessoffallingasleep.32.IntheAplysiasnailexample,whatcausesthegillwithdrawalresponsetoreturn?A.Touchingthesiphonmoregently.B.Waitingforalongperiodoftime.C.Givingthesnailanelectricshock.D.Feedingthesnail.33.Whatdoestheexampleofwearingawatchillustrate?A.Thathumansaremoreintelligentthansnails.B.Thathabituationoccursinhumansaswellasanimals.C.Thatjewelryisuncomfortable.D.Thathumanshavesensitiveskin.Lecture4Narrator:ListentopartofalectureinaBusinessManagementclass.Professor:Todaywe’regoingtodiscussastrategicframeworkthathasbecomeverypopularinthelasttwodecades:the"BlueOceanStrategy."ThisconceptwasintroducedbyW.ChanKimandRenéeMauborgneintheir2005bookofthesamename.TounderstandBlueOceanStrategy,wefirstneedtounderstanditsopposite:"RedOceans."InaRedOcean,theindustryboundariesaredefinedandaccepted.Companiescompetefiercelyagainsteachotherforexistingmarketshare.