上海七宝中学高二（下）开学摸底考英语卷含解析

第1页/共36页七宝中学第二学期高二年级开学练习卷Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)Concernsaboutmicroplasticsarenotnew.They’vebeengrowingformorethanadecade.Overthepasttwoyears,however,manycreativesolutions1(emerge)toaddresstheproblemonalocallevel,rangingfromhooveringbeachestoshootingbubblesupfromriverbottoms.Still,expertssaythere’saneedforahuge,coordinatedeffort2wewanttocurbtheglobalissue:Theworldproduces400milliontonsofplasticannually,andmuchofthatmaterialbreaksdownintotinypiecesthatnowpolluteourplanet.Thetermmicroplasticswascoinedin2004bymarineecologistRichardThompsonafterhediscoveredtinybitsofplasticlitteringBritishbeaches.Sincethen,scientistshavefoundmicroplastics—fragmentslessthan5millimeterswide-nearlyeverywhere:inthedeepsea,inArcticice,intheair.Eveninsideus.A2019studyinEnvironmentalScienceTechnologyestimatedhumanstakeinupto100,000bitsofplasticeachday.It’snotjustthephysicalpresenceofplasticinsidethebody3posesapotentialproblem;plastic’schemicaladditivesmightaffectdifferentspecies’tissuesandorgans,accordingtoa2021studyinEnvironmentalToxicologyandChemistry.However,thereisdisagreementintheliteratureastohowmuchmicroplastics 4(harm)species,includinghumans.Somesaylargerpiecesmaypassrightthroughourbodieswhilethe 5(tiny)piecescouldenterourcells.Moreresearchisneeded.Foraglobalviewofthisvastissue,somescientistsin2020createdapublicdatabasetotrackplasticremovalinnovations.Forexample,HongKongPolytechnicUniversityresearcherspresented6uniqueideainAprilattheMicrobiologySociety’sAnnualConference:abacteriabiofilmthatcouldattractandtrapmicroplasticsatawastewatertreatmentplant,7theyflowintoriversandoceans.Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Makingchoicesishard.ThatwouldbewhyresearcherMoranCerfhaseliminateditfromhislife.Asarule,healwayschoosesthesecondmenuitematarestaurant.第2页/共36页Thisisinformedbyhisresearchinneuroeconomics(asomewhatnew,divisivefield)atNorthwestemUniversity.8BusinessInsiderdescribes,Cerfhasextendedhisideas—whichdrawonsomecontroversialideasinpsychology,includingegodepletionout-intoapieceofadvicethat,9(maximize)happiness,peopleshould“buildalifethatrequiresfewerdecisionsbysurroundingthemselveswithpeoplewhopossesstraitstheyprefer”.Onaninstinctivelevel,Cerf’sideamakessense:Manychoicespeoplemakearetheproductofsocialpressuresandtheinputsof10(trust)peoplearoundthem.OneexampleCerffurnishesisthat,inadditiontoconsistentlyorderingthesecondmenuitem,heneverpickswheretoeat.Rather,helimitshisdecisiontohisdiningpartner-whichfriendheplanstoeatwith,probably11hetrusts—andalwaysletshimorherpick. 12it’sunclearwhatscientificprinciplesunderliethosepiecesofadvice,thereisnoshortageofresearchshowingthatchoicescansometimesfeelmoreconfusingthanliberating.AnexamplefromQuantapoits(假设):IfyouhaveaclearloveofSnickers,choosingthatoveranAlmondJoyoraMilkyWay13beano-brainer.And,asanexperimentconductedbyneuroscientistPaulGlimcheratNYUshows,mostofthetimeitis,14youintroducemorechoices.Whentheparticipantswereofferedthreecandybars(Snickers,MilkyWay,andAlmondJoy)theyhadnoproblem15(pick)theirfavorite,butwhentheyweregiventheoptionofoneamong20,includingSnickers,theywouldsometimesdriftawayfromtheirpreference.Directions:Completethefollowingpassagesbyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Donotethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneedineachpassage.(A)A.approachingB.CentralC.reverseD.adjustedE.conversationF.preferredG.idealH.qualifyI.secureJ.engagementK.foretellingIt’s6a.m.andthealarmclockisringingearlierthanusual.It’snotamalfunction:thesmartclockscannedyourscheduleand16becauseyou’vegotthatbigpresentationfirstthinginthemorning.Yourshowerautomaticallyturnsonandwarmstoyour17temperature.Theelectriccarisreadytogo,chargedbythesolarpanels.Whenyougethomelater,there’sanunexpectedpackagewaiting,deliveredbydrone.Youopenittofindcoldmedicine.Itturnsoutthathealthsensorsinyourbathroomdetectedsignsofa(an)18illnessandplacedanorderautomatically.Thatatleastisthe19versionofthesmarthomethatexists10yearsout.SwedishresearchfirmBergInsightsays63millionAmericanhomeswill20as“smart”by2022,witheverythingfrom第3页/共36页Internet-connectedlightbulbstocamerasthatletusspyonourpetsfromtheoffice.Butadecadefromnow,expertssay,we’llmovefromturningthelightsonandoffwithourvoicestototal21intheInternetofThings(IoT).Thankstoadvancementsinartificialintelligence,thesmartesthomeswillbeabletotrulylearnabouttheirowners,eventually22theirneeds.Developmentsinroboticswillgiveusmachinesthatofferahelpinghandwithcleaning,cookingandmore.Newsensorswillbecloselywatchingourwell-being.23toallofthiswillbethedatathatsmarthomescollect,analyzeandactupon,helpingtoturnthehousesofthefuturefromamerecollectionofdevicesandaccessoriesintotruly“smart”homes.Ofcourse,asourhomeslearnmoreaboutus,keepingthem24willbecomeallthemoreimportant.Everydevicethat’sconnectedtotheInternetisapotentialtargetforhackers.Therefore,cybersecuritywillbecomeallthemorevital.Arangeoftechnologicaldevelopmentswilldrivesmart-hometechnologywellbeyondwhat’savailableonstoreshelvestoday.Innovationsinartificialintelligence,forexample,standto25almosteverythinginourlives,includingourhomes.YoumightalreadybeusingsomekindofAI-poweredvoice-assistantdevicetogetthelatestnewsorweatherforecasteverymorning.Butinthesmarthomeofthefuture,thoseAlplatformscouldserveasthebrainforentirehomes,learningaboutresidentsandorganizingandautomatingalloftheirvarioussmartdevices.Directions:Completethefollowingpassagesbyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Donotethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneedineachpassage.A.investigatedB.scaleC.enabledD.trackingE.readilyF.searchingG.misuseH.delayedI.entirelyJ.eventuallyK.checkingAsecretivefacialrecognitionprogram“couldannouncetheendofpublicanonymity(匿名),”saidKashmirHillinTheNewYorkTimes.Whilepolicedepartmentshaveusedfacialrecognitiontoolsforyears,they’vebeenlimitedto26government-providedimages,forexampledriver’slicensephotos.NowanappcalledClearviewAIcanremoveimagesoffaces“fromacrosstheinternet”—includingsocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitter,employmentsites,evenVenmo—gatheringadatabaseofmorethan3billionphotos.“Untilnow,technologythat27identifieseveryonebasedonhisorherfacehasbeenforbiddenbecauseofitsinvasionofprivacy.”Clearviewlicensesitstechnologytomorethan600lawimplementationagencies.NewYorkCitypassedontheappaftera90-daytest,worriedaboutpotential28.Clearview’sinvestors“predictthatitsappwill29beavailabletothepublic.”Soon,“searchingsomeonebyfacecouldbecomeaseasyas第4页/共36页Googlinganame.”We’vebeenbuildingtowardthismomentforalongtime,saidAdrianCheninTheCaliforniaSundayMagazine.Inthelate1800s,theFrenchpoliceofficerAlphonseBertillondevisedthefirst“methodforidentifyingcriminalsbasedontheirphysicalfeatures,”using11physicalmeasurements.But30changeseverything.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityplanstoscan“97percentofallpassengersonoutgoinginternationalflights.”Andthetechnologyhasbeenimprovedandcommercializedtothepointwhereyoucansearchadatabaseandbuyscansforaslittleas“40centsanimageifyouoptforAmazon’sfacialrecognitionsoftwareplan.”Allthishasalreadyledtogrowingfearsaboutfacialrecognition,saidJanoschDelckerandCristianoLimainPolitico.com,but“attemptsat31itsspreadarehittingawallofresistanceonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.”Atwo-partypushtolimitthegovernment’suseoffacialrecognitionhasbeen32inCongress.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isdiscussingafive-yeartemporaryban,butEuropeanprivacyrulescontain“abroadcarve-outforpublicauthorities.”Andauthoritiesareusingit:London’spolicejustlastweek33livefacialrecognitionforcamerasacrossthecity.Evenifsomebansonthetechnologysucceed,saidBruceSchneierinTheNewYorkTimes,we’restillbuildingan“observationsociety.”Facialrecognitionisjustoneidentificationtechnologyamongmany.A(n) 34unregulateddataindustryisalreadycreating“descriptionsofwhoweareandwhatourinterestsare”by 35ourmovements,purchases,andinteractions.“Wearebeingidentifiedwithoutourknowledge,andsocietyneedsrulesaboutwhenthatispermissible.”D.FillineachblankwiththeLearningalanguageliterallychangesyourbrainIfyou’veeverlearnedanewlanguage,youknowhowdifficultitcanbe.Nativelanguagesseemalmostbuilt-in.We36themupnaturallywhenwe’reveryyoung.Butlearninganewlanguage,especiallyafterearlychildhood,canbeahugetask,37bylongvocabularylistsandgenderstomemorize,andcomplexcasesandtroublesometensestomaster.Ofcourse,it’sworththeeffort.Intoday’s38world,learninganewlanguagecanchangeyourlife.Itwill39changeyourbrain.Learninganythingchangesyourbrain,atleastalittlebit.Butlearningalanguagedoesitwithgreat 40.JohnGrundy,aneuroscientistspecializinginbilingualismandthebrain,sayswhenyoulearnanew第5页/共36页language,yourbraingets41,newconnectionsaremadeandnewpathwaysareformed.Thoseextrapathwayscan42.Grundyoffersausefulanalogy(类比):Imaginethatyoualwaystakethesameroutetowork.Thenoneday,theroadiswashedout.Nowwhat?Ifyou’d43yourrouteovertheyears,you’dhaveoptionsalreadyinmind.Youcouldhoponanotherroadandmaybemakeittoyourdeskbeforeyourbossnoticedyouwerelate.“It’sreallyjustaremodelingofthebrainthatallowsittobecomemore 44,”Grundysays.A2012studyfoundthatthisremodelingcanbesignificant.After3monthsofintenselanguagestudy,recruitsattheSwedishArmedForcesInterpreterAcademyhadincreasesincortical(皮层的)thicknessinareasassociatedwithlanguage45.Knowingasecondlanguagecanalsohelp46—oratleastdelay—cognitivedecline.“Thereisaconsistentfindingthatbilingualsareabletodelaysymptomsofdementia(痴呆)foraboutfourtosixyearscomparedtomonolinguals,”saysGrundy.Andthat’spretty47consideringthebestmedicationswehavecanpostponethesymptomsforonlyaboutayearorso.Ifyou’rethinkingit’stoolate,you’reprobablywrong.Weoftenthinkonlychildrencanlearnlanguageswithease.It’struethatyoungchildrendomorequicklylearnwhateverlanguagethey’re48to,butwhenitcomestoaddingonanewone,adultsaren’tatasmuchofa49asyoumightthink.It’snotsomuchtheageatwhichyoulearnanewlanguageasthewayyoulearnit.Ifyoupracticealotand50yourselfinthelanguage,youcanseethebenefitsatanyage,especiallywhenyougetolder.36.A.keepB.joinC.soakD.fill37.A.surprisedB.struckC.impressedD.burdened38.A.inter-connectedB.under-estimatedC.hard-wiredD.double-edged39.A.barelyB.certainlyC.narrowlyD.equally40.A.forceB.speedC.passionD.eagerness41.A.motivatedB.inspiredC.rearrangedD.protected42.A.setinstoneB.gointodetailC.comeinhandyD.getunderway43A.designedB.variedC.chosenD.recorded.44.A.efficientB.healthyC.complexD.demanding45.A.processingB.barrierC.developmentD.translation46.A.prolongB.quantifyC.assessD.prevent47.A.evidentB.confusingC.practicalD.impressive第6页/共36页48.A.committedB.exposedC.sensitiveD.accustomed49.A.lossB.disadvantageC.rateD.minimum50.A.differentiateB.instructC.immerseD.convinceThedreamoftheflyingcarcouldcomedowntoearthsoonasseveralstar-upslikeChineseEHANGandUberaredevelopingso-called“passengerdrones”self—flyingdronesbigenoughtoferryindividualcommutersaroundtown—whichcould51commutetimesfromhourstominutes.Atfirstglance,human-carryingdronessoundnomore52thanflyingcars.Untilrecently.inventorshadneverbeenableto53automobilesandaircraftinapracticalway.Yetafewcompanieshavekeptatit:Woburn,forexample,hassince2006beendevelopingTransition,a“roadableaircraft”that54asmallairplanethatcanfolditswingsanddriveonroads.Apersonalflyingcarineverygaragehasprovedtobea(n) 55sell,however,asthereareserioussafetyconcernsaboutaskingtheaveragecommutertotrainforapilot’slicenseandtaketotheskies.Passengerdrones,56,wouldoperateautonomouslyandleavethe“roadable”partbehindinfavoroflargerversionsofaircraftthatalreadyexist.Passengerdronedesignsfavordistributedelectricpropulsion(推进),meaninginsteadofonelargemotorpoweredbyalargeenginetheyhavemultiplepropellerseachpoweredbyitsown,smallermotor.This57liftingpowerandflightperformanceinexchangeformechanicalsimplicityandlighterweight—factorsthatcouldmakethemcheapertooperate.Quieterelectricpowerwouldmakethenoise58tocityresidents,althoughitremainstobeseenhowmuchweightsuchavehiclecouldlift,andforhowlong.Withanyofthesevehicles,safetyisthebiggestconcernand59toboththeaircraftandtheautomatedsystemsflyingthem.Advancedartificialintelligenceisneededtoflylargenumbersofautonomousaircraftwithout60themintooneanotheror,say,thelocalnewschannel’straffichelicopter.CarryingpeoplefrompointsAtoBseemssimpleenough,buteventhebestAIstruggleswith61“What,forexample,wouldadronedoifalandingareasuddenlybecameunavailable?”asksSanjivSingh,aCarnegieMellonUniversityroboticsresearcher.Insteadof62tofullyautomatedpassengerdrones,hesuggestsfirsttestingthenecessaryAIinunmannedcargoruns,andadoptinga“mixedmode”approachinearlypassengerserviceswherepilotsareassistedbyAIco-pilots.Technicalchallengesaside,start-ups(创业公司)promotingthetechnologywillhavetofindawaytoconvincethepublictogivetheirdronesatry,somethingthatrequiresamuchbiggerleapoffaiththangettinginto第7页/共36页the63ofaself-drivingcar.Passengerdronemakersare“obviouslystillintheveryearlystagesoftechnologydevelopmentandimprovingthe64,”saysMikeHirschberg,executivedirectoroftheAmericanHelicopterSocietyInternational.“But20or30yearsfromnowlifemaybealittlelikeTheJetsonswhereyoutakeadvantageofthethirddimensionandhavemuchmore65especiallyinurbanclosequarterswheregroundtransportationisjammed.”Thepassengerdroneprogressmayfollowaslopingtakeoffratherthanvertical(垂直的)leap.CarnegieMellon’sSinghseesalongroadaheadfilledwithlotsoftesting,analysis,regulationandeffortstowinthepublic’strustbeforethetechnologybecomesaviabletransportationoption.“Thereisthedangerofsomeonemovingtoofastandthenhavingaproblemthatsetstheindustrybackforsometime,”hesays.51.A.simplifyB.adjustC.estimateD.shrink52.A.magicalB.realisticC.appealingD.worthwhile53.A.imitateB.designC.marryD.divide54.A.resemblesB.outperformsC.challengesD.personalizes55.A.toughB.realC.evilD.huge56.A.inadditionB.forexampleC.onthewholeD.bycontrast57.A.sacrificesB.strengthensC.balancesD.controls58.A.immuneB.unknownC.relevantD.tolerable59.A.contributesB.appealsC.extendsD.adapts60.A.plungingB.crashingC.blowingD.splitting61.A.encountersB.locationsC.surprisesD.differences62.A.leapingB.tendingC.pointingD.applying63.A.disorderB.backseatC.doubtD.flow64.A.basicsB.figuresC.solutionsD.effects65.A.atmosphereB.concentrationC.dependenceD.mobility第8页/共36页Giventhebuzzit’screated,there’sagoodchanceyou’veheardaboutChatGPT.It’saninteractivechatbotpoweredbymachinelearning.ThetechnologyhasbasicallydevouredtheentireInternet,readingthecollectiveworksofhumanityandlearningpatternsinlanguagethatitcanrecreate.Allyouhavetodoisgiveitaprompt(提示),andChatGPTcandoanendlessarrayofthings:writeastoryinaparticularstyle,answeraquestion,explainaconcept,composeanemail—writeacollegeessay-anditwillspitoutcoherent,seeminglyhuman—writtentextinseconds.Thetechnologyisbothawesomeandterrifying.22-year-oldEdwardTianisworkingfeverishlyonanewapptocombatmisuseofChatGPT.Overthelastcoupleyears,TianhasbeenstudyinganAIsystemcalledGPT-3,apredecessortoChatGPTthatwaslessuser-friendlyandlargelyinaccessibletothegeneralpublicbecauseitwasbehindapaywall.Aspartofhisstudiesthisfallsemester,TianresearchedhowtodetecttextwrittenbytheAIsystemwhileworkingatPrinceton’sNaturalLanguageProcessingLab.Then,asthesemesterwascomingtoaclose,OpenAI,thecompanybehindGPT-3andotherAItools,releasedChatGPTtothepublicforfree.Forthemillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldwhohaveuseditsince,interactingwiththetechnologyhasbeenlikegettingapeekintothefuture;afuturethatnottoolongagowouldhaveseemedlikesciencefiction.Formanyusersofthenewtechnology,wondermentquicklyturnedtoalarm.How-manyjobswillthiskill?Willthisempowernefarious(恶意的)actorsandfurthercorruptourpublicdiscourse(公共话语)?Howwillthisdisruptoureducationsystem?WhatisthepointoflearningtowriteessaysatschoolwhenAI-whichisexpectedtogetexponentiallybetterinthenearfuture-candothatforus?Tianhadanidea.Whatifheappliedwhathehadlearnedatschooloverthelastcoupleyearstohelpthepublicidentifywhethersomethinghasbeenwrittenbyamachine?Tianalreadyhadtheknow-howandeventhesoftwareonhislaptoptocreatesuchaprogram.Ironically,thissoftware,calledGitHubCo-Pilot,ispoweredbyGPT-3.Withitsassistance,Tianwasabletocreateanewappwithinthreedays.It’satestamenttothepowerofthistechnologytomakeusmoreproductive.OnJanuary2nd,TianreleasedhisappGPTZero.ItbasicallyusesChatGPTagainstitself,checkingwhether“there’szeroinvolvementoralotofinvolvement”oftheAIsystemincreatingagiventext.WhenTianwenttobedthatnight,hedidn’texpectmuchforhisapp.Whenhewokeup,hisphonehadblownup.HesawcountlesstextsandDMsfromjournalists,principals,teachers,younameit,fromplacesasfarawayasFranceandSwitzerland.Hisapp,whichishostedbyafreeplatform,becamesopopularitcrashed.Excitedbythe第9页/共36页popularityandpurposeofhisapp,thehostingplatformhassincegrantedTiantheresourcesneededtoscaletheapp’sservicestoamassaudience.66.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutGPT-3?A.It’sdesignedandresearchedbyEdwardTianinPrincetonUniversityB.Notmanyordinarypeoplehaveuseditbecauseitisnotfree.C.ItisinthesameAIsystemseriesasChatGPTandGPTZero.D.Itusedtobelessuser-friendlythanChatGPTbuthasoutdoneitnow.67.WondermentatChatGPTquicklyturnedtoalarmbecausemanyusershavethefollowingconcernsoverChatGPTEXCEPT.A.AImayreplacehumanbeingsinthefuturewhenitcomestowritingessays.B.Actorsmayturnbadorevenevilifthenewtechnologyisadoptedinacting.C.Theeducationsystemmaybebadlyimpactedbythemisuseofthenewtechnology.DManypeoplemaybeoutofemploymentbecauseofthenewtechnology..68.PrincipalsandteachersmaygetinterestedinEdwardTian’snewappprobablybecause.A.theappishostedbyafreeplatformwhichisverypopular.B.theyknowmanyjournalistsarealsoveryinterestedinit.CtheyareeagertosharetheresourcesEdwardTianisgranted..D.theyareworriedaboutthepossibilityofstudentscheatinginwriting.69.WhichofthefollowingexpressionscanbestdescribetheprinciplebehindGPTZero?A.Harmset,harmget.B.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.C.Fightamanwithhisownweapon.D.Greatmindsthinkalike.HotAirBalloonSydneyFor2,WeekendFlightINCLUDESFULLGOURMETBREAKFASTItem:HO12955TALocation:WindsorSydneyOurPrice:$299(perpersonforgroupsof2)HotAirBalloonFlightfor2(therewillbeothersintheballoonbasketwithyou)第10页/共36页·NOTHINGMORETOPAYONTHEDAY!YOURFULLGOURMETBREAKFASTISINCLUDEDINTHEPRICETravelwiththeTourismAwardwinnerswithover20yearsofexperienceFloatoverbeautifulHawkesburyValleyColourflightcertificateExperiencethewonderofaHotAirBalloonFlightfor2people.Risingbeforedawn,youcanjointhecrewinunpackingandpreparingtheballoonforflight-whichisaspectacleinitselft.Afteranexcitinglaunch,you’lldriftwiththewindsilentlyovertheparklands,homesandhillsoftheHawkesburyregionofSydney.HotAirBallooningbeginsinthecoolstillhoursoftheearlymorning,whentheairismorestable.The,launchsite,determinedbytheweatheronthemorning,willbeinoraroundthebeautifulHawkesburyValley.Theadventurebeginsbyinflatingtheballoonusingagiantportablefan.Oncetheballoonstartstotakeshapetheburnerislit,heatingtheairinside.ThehotairinsideislighterthanthecoolairoutsideandthisiswhatcreatestheliftandwhyitiscalledaHotAirBalloon.Passengersarewelcometoassistthepilotandcrewwithinflatingthehotairballoonatthelaunchsite,whichonlytakesabout20minutes.TheHotAirBalloonFlightfor2isbothpicturesqueandpeaceful.Youhearverylittlesoundfromtheawakeningworldbelow.Thesilenceisonlybrokenwithblastsfromthepropaneburnerheatingtheairinyourballoontokeepyoucruisingacrosstheskies.Watchasthesunburstsfromthehorizonandpaintstheskypinkinaspectacularmorningsunrise.Totopoffthemorningyou’llcelebratewithafullgourmetbreakfast.Thisadventureisfor2people.Therewillbeotherpeopleintheballoonbasketwithyou.HotAirBalloonflightstakeplaceatsunrise.TheexacttimeofyourHotAirBalloonflightexperiencewillvarybaseduponthetimeofyearandwillbesenttoyouuponbooking70.Whyd