《数字测图》课件-3.野外数据采集

数字测图DigitalMappingTheBasicKnowledgeofFieldDataCollection野外数据采集基本知识什么是野外数据采集？Whatisfielddatacollection?野外数据采集的对象是什么？Whataretheobjectsoffielddatacollection?如何进行野外数据采集？Howdoyouconductfielddatacollection?野外数据采集其实质就是要通过使用数据采集设备对野外的地物、地貌特征点进行观测，获取特征点的位置信息（平面坐标、高程）、连接关系（点与点的连接）、属性信息（它是什么），并记录、存储。Theessenceoffielddatacollectionistousedatacollectionequipmenttoobservetheterrainandfeaturepointsinthefield,obtainlocationinformation(planecoordinates,elevation),connectionrelationship(point-to-pointconnection),andattributeinformation(whatitis),andrecordandstore.野外数据采集的基本概念BasicConceptsofFieldDataCollectionTerrainfeaturepoint地物特征点地貌特征点LandformsfeaturepointObjectsoffielddatacollection野外数据采集对象一般是指人工修建的构筑物的起、终点、转角、边界、中心位置的明显特征点。Theoutdoorfeaturepointsofterraingenerallyrefertothepositionsofclearfeaturepointsofartificiallyconstructedstructuressuchasstartingandendingpoints,turningpoints,boundaries,andcenterpositions.一般是指地形坡度发生变换的位置，即边坡点或同一坡度的起点和终点。Theoutdoorfeaturepointsoflandformsgenerallyrefertothepositionswheretheterrainslopechanges,i.e.,slopepointsorthestartingandendingpointsofthesameslope.野外数据采集设备FieldDataCollectionEquipment全站仪数据采集TotalstationdataacquisitionGNSSRTK数据采集GNSSRTKdatacollection低空无人机low-altitudeunmannedaerialvehicles三维激光扫描仪数据采集3Dlaserscanningdatacollection野外数据采集模式FieldDataCollectionMode使用数据采集设备观测、记录野外特征点的位置信息，利用现场绘制的草图来记录野外特征点的连接关系和属性。Usedatacollectiondevicestoobserveandrecordthelocationinformationoffieldfeatures,andusesketchesdrawnonsitetorecordtheconnectionrelationshipsandattributesoffieldfeatures.01数字测记模式Digitalmeasurementmode野外数据采集模式FieldDataCollectionMode在野外使用数据采集设备+便携式计算机+绘图软件进行野外数据采集和图形绘制同步进行，即野外特征点采集和图形绘制都是在野外现场完成。Inthefield,datacollectiondevicessuchasGPS,totalstations,etc.,portablecomputers,anddrawingsoftwareareusedtogethertoperformsynchronizedfielddatacollectionandgraphicdrawing,thatis,bothfieldfeaturepointcollectionandgraphicdrawingarecompletedinthefield.02电子平板测绘模式Electronictabletmappingmode野外数据采集模式FieldDataCollectionMode利用矢量化软件对已有的纸质版图纸进行扫描生成光栅图纸（JPG格式），对光栅图纸进行影像纠正，对纠正后光栅图纸进行矢量处理，最后生成矢量化地形图。Usevectorizationsoftwaretoscantheexistingpaperversionofthedrawingpapertogeneraterasterdrawings(JPGformat),rasterdrawingsforimagecorrection,rasterdrawingsaftercorrectionforvectorprocessing,andfinallygeneratevectorizedtopographicmaps.03地图数字化Mapdigitization野外数据采集成果FieldDataCollectionResults野外数据采集的成果是用于内业地形图绘制，地形图的图形由点、线、面三种要素组成。由点按一定顺序相连构成线，由线可以围成闭合的面状图形，所以点要素是最基本的图形要素。Theresultoffielddatacollectionisusedforinteriorterrainmapdrawing.Thegraphicsofterrainmapsarecomposedofthreeelements:points,lines,andsurfaces.Linesarecomposedofpointsinacertainorder,andsurfacescanbeformedbyenclosinglines.0102数据采集成果实现数字化DatacollectionresultsaredigitalizedFielddatacollectioncharacteristics野外数据采集特点数据采集过程自动化DatacollectionprocessautomationDatacollectionpointpositionaccuracyishigh数据采集点位精度高0304Highdatacollectionworkefficiency数据采集作业效率高0708Datacollectionresultsareeasytodeepprocessingandutilization数据采集成果便于深加工利用数据采集成果作为GIS的重要信息源DatacollectionresultsareimportantinformationsourcesforGISDatacollectionresultscanbeoutputinvariousforms数据采集能以各种形式输出成果0605数据采集成果便于更新Datacollectionresultsareeasytoupdate数据采集对象是什么、数据采集的方法有哪些、数据采集的特点等基本内容。Theobjectsofdatacollection,methodsofdatacollection,andcharacteristicsofdatacollection,etc.THINKING野外数据采集的信息有哪些？Whatinformationiscollectedinfielddata?数字测图DigitalMappingFragmentPointCoordinateMeasurementPrincipleandMethodRecognition碎部点坐标测算原理与方法认识原理：通过输入测站点坐标、定向点坐标，通过仪器计算功能（坐标反算）计算出两个已知点所构成的直线对应的坐标方位角和距离，同时仪器安置于测站点，盘左瞄准定向点，这样仪器视线方向同直线的坐标方位角保持一致，完成全站仪定向。Principles:Inputthecoordinatesofthemeasuringstationandtheorientationpoint,calculatethecoordinatesofthedirectionanddistanceofthestraightlineformedbythetwoknownpointsthroughtheinstrumentcalculationfunction(coordinateinversecalculation),andaligntheinstrumentatthemeasuringstationwiththeleftsideoftheinstrumentaimingattheorientationpointsothatthedirectionoftheinstrument'ssightlineisconsistentwiththecoordinatedirectionangleofthestraightline,completingthetotalstationorientation.andautomaticallystoreit.全站仪碎部点数据采集TotalStationDataCollectionforDetailPoints观测碎部点时，以该方向为起始，顺时针转动仪器瞄准碎部点，仪器会记录下转动的水平角，并根据起始边的坐标方位角加上转动的水平角从而推算出仪器到碎部点的视线所对应的坐标方位角，并利用仪器的距离测量功能，实测出仪器到碎部点的距离，并根据坐标正算方法，从而推算出仪器到碎部点的坐标增量和高差，并根据测站点的坐标加上坐标增量和高差自动计算出碎部点的位置信息（X、Y、H）并自动存储。Whenobservingfragmentpoints,startfromthisdirection,turntheinstrumentclockwisetoaimatthefragmentpoints.Theinstrumentrecordsthehorizontalangleoftherotation,calculatesthecorrespondingcoordinatedirectionangleoftheinstrumentsightlinetothefragmentpointbasedontheinitialside'scoordinatedirectionangleplusthehorizontalangleoftherotation,andmeasurestheactualdistancebetweentheinstrumentandthefragmentpointusingtheinstrumentdistancemeasurementfunction.Then,theinstrumenttothefragmentpoint'scoordinateincrementandheightdifferencearecalculatedaccordingtothecoordinateforwardcalculationmethod,andthepositioninformation(X,Y,H)ofthefragmentpointisautomaticallycalculatedandstoredbasedonthecoordinateofthemeasuringstation,thecoordinateincrement,andtheheightdifference.全站仪碎部点数据采集TotalStationDataCollectionforDetailPointsTotalStationSettings全站仪设置1观测开始前一定要对仪器进行基本参数的设置：温度气压改正、棱镜常数设置、观测模式设置、仪器补偿器设置。

Beforeobservation,itisnecessarytosetbasicparametersoftheinstrument,includingtemperatureandpressurecorrection,prismconstantsetting,observationmodesetting,andinstrumentcompensatorsetting.TotalStationSettings全站仪设置2已知点数据的准确性检查。Checkingtheaccuracyofknownpointdata.TotalStationSettings全站仪设置3保证测站点、定向点坐标输入无误，并准确瞄准定向点，从而让仪器视线与已知边方位角一致。Ensuringthatthecoordinatesofthemeasuringstationandorientationpointareinputcorrectlyandaccuratelyaimingtheorientationpoint,sothattheinstrumentsightlineisconsistentwiththeknownsideazimuth.TotalStationSettings全站仪设置4同时要准确量取仪器高和目标高，从而保证高差的准确性。Atthesametime,itisnecessarytoaccuratelymeasuretheinstrumentheightandtargetheighttoensuretheaccuracyoftheheightdifference.TotalStationSettings全站仪设置5盘左定向、盘左观测，观测过程中不要变换盘位。Orienttotheleftandobservetotheleft,anddonotchangethepositionduringtheobservationprocess.

原理：通过架设基准站和移动站，同步接收卫星信号进行定位，同时基准站把接收后的定位信息发送给移动站，移动站在接受卫星信号的同时还接受到基站信号进行差分计算，从而实现精度达到厘米级的定位。GNSSRTK碎部点数据采集GNSSRTKFragmentPointDataCollectionPrinciples:Bysettingupareferencestationandamobilestationtosynchronouslyreceivesatellitesignalsforpositioning.Thebasestationsendsthepositioninginformationafterreceivingsatellitesignalstotheroverstation.Theroverstationreceivesbothsatellitesignalsandbasestationsignalsandperformsdifferentialcalculationstoachievehigh-precisionpositioning.GNSSRTKcoordinateconversionGNSSRTK坐标转换WGS-84coordinatesAtleastthreecommonpointsneedtobeusedforcalculatingseven-parameterstransformations,whicharecommonlyusedinlarge-scaleplanarcoordinatesystemconversions.至少需要3个公共点计算转换七参数，适用于大范围空间坐标系转换。Atleasttwocommonpointsneedtobeusedforcalculatingfour-parametertransformations,whicharecommonlyusedinsmall-scaleplanarcoordinatesystemconversions.至少需要2个公共点计算转换四参数，适用于小范围平面坐标系转换。WGS-84坐标WGS-84coordinates四参数转换Thefour-parametertransformation七参数转换Theseven-parametertransformationGNSSRTKoperationprecautionsGNSSRTK操作注意事项移动站的观测设置Observationsettingsforthemobilestation已知点的分布Thedistributionofknownpoints已知点可靠性检查Reliabilitycheckforknownpoints减弱已知点的观测误差Reducetheobservationerrorsoftheknownpoints目标坐标系取决于已知点坐标系Thetargetcoordinatesystemdependsonthecoordinatesystemoftheknownpoints.钢尺量距进行碎部点采集SteelTapeMeasurementforCollectingFragmentPoints原理：利用全站仪、RTK采集地物外围特征点为基准点、基准线，使用钢尺量距的方法来进行细部碎部点的位置确定。Principle:UsingatotalstationorRTK,measuringperipheralcharacteristicpointsofanobjectasreferencepointsandreferencelines,thenusingasteeltapemeasuretodeterminethepositionsofdetailpointsiseffective.钢尺量距作业方法TheSteelTapeMeasureMethod定向直角法：量距以基准线垂直。Directionalrightanglemethod:Themeasurementdistanceisperpendiculartothereferenceline.钢尺量距作业方法TheSteelTapeMeasureMethod距离交会法：通过以基准点为圆心，量距为半径作圆，不同半径圆的交点即为碎部点位置。Distanceintersectionmethod:Throughthecenterofthebenchmarkpoint,withthedistanceastheradiustodrawacircle,theintersectionpointofthecirclewithdifferentradiiisthelocationofthefragmentarypoint.钢尺量距作业方法TheSteelTapeMeasureMethod内插、延长线法：以基准线为依据，在基准线内部量距内插或者量距延长确定碎部点位置。Interpolationandextensionmethod:Basedonthebaseline,measurethedistanceandinterpolateorextendtodeterminethelocationofthefragmentarypointwithinthebaseline.常见碎部点野外采集的基本方法和基本原理、注意事项。Thebasicmethodsandprinciplesofcommonfieldsurveyingforcollectingfragmentarypointsandprecautions.THINKING为什么在使用全站仪时必须进行温度气压改正？Whyistemperatureandpressurecorrectionnecessarywhenusingatotalstation?数字测图DigitalMappingTheSelectionandRunningMethodsofFragmentaryPointsareRecognized碎部点的选取及跑镜方法认识数字测图的实施过程本质就是通过采集野外碎部点的位置信息，碎部点的连接关系和由点构成的线、面图形的属性信息，仪器自动存储位置信息，草图记录连接关系和属性，仪器和草图记录的信息通过碎部点的点号进行关联，最终实现野外数据采集和内业成图相匹配。Theessenceofdigitalmappingimplementationistocollectthepositioninformation,connectionrelationship,andattributeinformationofthefragmentarypointsinthefield,andtoautomaticallystorethepositioninformationoftheinstruments,recordtheconnectionrelationshipandattributesofthesketch,andassociatetheinformationrecordedbytheinstrumentsandthesketchwiththepointnumberofthefragmentarypoints.Ultimately,thefielddatacollectionandthein-housemappingmatch.碎部点的选取及跑镜方法认识TheSelectionandRunningMethodsofFragmentaryPointsareRecognized野外数据采集对象FieldDataCollectionObject地物是人工修葺的构筑物或自然形成的地表上相对固定的物体，一般用图示符号来表示。Terrainareman-madestructuresornaturallyformedrelativelyfixedobjectsonthegroundsurface,whicharegenerallyrepresentedbygraphicalsymbols.野外数据采集对象FieldDataCollectionObject地貌是指地面高低起伏的变化形态，一般用等高线表示。Topography,whichreferstothechangingpatternsoftheground'supsanddowns,andisgenerallyrepresentedbycontourlines.野外数据采集对象FieldDataCollectionObject不论采集对象是哪一类，都是要通过碎部点来反映其位置、形状、大小、范围、面积和变化形态的，因此野外碎部点其本质就是用于体现地物和地貌的特征的关键位置点。However,nomatterwhichtypeofobjectiscollected,itslocation,shape,size,scope,areaandchangepatternarereflectedthroughfragmentationpoints,sotheessenceoffieldfragmentationpointsisthekeylocationpointsusedtoreflectthecharacteristicsofterrainandtopography.碎部点的选取SelectionFragmentPoints01地物观测Terrainobservation

碎部点的位置一般选择为地物的外围边界点、地物的中心点、地物走向发生变化的转折点，记录了碎部点的位置信息以及记录碎部点的连接关系和属性。Thelocationoffragmentarypointsisgenerallychosenastheboundarypoint,centerpoint,andturningpointofterrain,whereterraindirectionchanges.Itrecordsthelocationinformationoffragmentpoints,aswellastheconnectionrelationshipandattributesoffragmentpoints.碎部点的选取SelectionFragmentPoints02地貌观测Topographyobservation

碎部点一般选择为地形坡度发生变化的起点和终点位置，称为高程点，一般只记录高程点的位置信息，无需记录连接关系和属性。Thefragmentarypointisgenerallychosenasthestartingandendingpositionoftheslopechange,calledelevationpoint,andonlyrecordsthelocationinformationofelevationpoint,withouttheneedtorecordtheconnectionrelationshipandattributes.碎部点的选取SelectionFragmentPoints01在野外碎部点选取时，除了已经提到的对地物、地貌形态描述的特征点位置外，是实际实施过程中，碎部点的选取还与测图比例尺和基本等高距有直接关联。Whenselectingfieldfragmentarypoints,inadditiontothepositionofcharacteristicpointsfordescribingtheshapeofterrainandtopography,inpracticalimplementation,theselectionoffragmentarypointsisalsodirectlyrelatedtothesurveyratioandbasiccontourinterval.碎部点的基本要求BasicRequirementsofFragmentPoints01在测绘实施规范中明确规定，地物的选取需满足大于图上0.1mm的表示要求，这个要求即明确了地物碎部点的采集与测图比例尺有直接关系。Inthesurveyimplementationregulations,itisspecifythattheselectionofterrainmustmeettherequirementofmorethan0.1mmonthemap,whichclearlyspecifiesthatthecollectionofterrainfragmentarypointsisdirectlyrelatedtothesurveyratio.碎部点的基本要求BasicRequirementsofFragmentPoints02在地貌碎部点的采集时，地貌点的选取与测图基本等高距有直接关联，坡度变化或高差变化需大于基本等高距时进行地貌碎部点的采集。Whencollectingfragmentarypointsoftopography,theselectionoftopographypointsisdirectlyrelatedtothebasiccontourintervalofthesurvey.Slopechangeorheightchangethatisgreaterthanthebasiccontourintervalshouldbecollectedwhentopographyfragmentarypointsarecollected.碎部点的基本要求BasicRequirementsofFragmentPoints03在地貌平整或地物长距离无高差或方向变化的情况下，要求图上2㎝必须采集碎部点。Inthecaseofflattopographyorlongdistancebetweenterrainwithoutheightordirectionchanges,itisrequiredtocollectfragmentarypointsonthemapevery2cm.碎部点的采集FragmentaryPointCollection全站仪+棱镜或GNSSRTK移动站Totalstation+prismorGNSSRTKmobilestation碎部点的观测ObserveTopographyFragmentaryPoints在进行地貌碎部点观测时，选择的碎部点是高差变化大于基本等高距的变坡位置的高程点，碎部点的观测路线一般是沿着等高线的平行方向进行采集。Whenobservingtopographyfragmentarypoints,wechoosefragmentarypointswithaheightdifferencegreaterthanthebasiccontourintervalatthechangeofslopeposition.Theobservationrouteoffragmentarypointsisgenerallyalongtheparalleldirectionofcontourlines.把测区划分为若干个小范围的区域，再根据地物的不同属性来进行地物碎部点分类采集，或者在小范围内按照行走路线，经过什么测什么。Thesurveyareaisdividedintoanumberofsmallareas,andthenaccordingtothedifferentattributesoftheterrainoftheterraintocarryouttheclassificationofthecollectionofterrainfragmentationpoints,orinasmallareainaccordancewiththewalkingroute,throughwhattomeasurewhat.碎部点采集路线规划PlanningofCollectionRouteforFragmentPoints分类观测的优点是连接关系和属性记录简单，缺点是路线经常往返、重复。Theadvantageofclassificationobservationisthattheconnectionrelationshipandattributerecordsaresimple,thedisadvantageisthattherouteisoftenbackandforth,repeated.

按路线采集的优点是路线基本不往返、重复，效率高，缺点是草图连接关系和属性记录容易混淆。Whencollectingaccordingtotheroute,theadvantageisthattherouterarelygoesbackandforthandrepeated,theefficiencyishigh,thedisadvantageisthattheconnectionrelationshipandattributerecordsonthesketchareeasytoconfuse.碎部点采集路线规划PlanningofCollectionRouteforFragmentPoints在碎部点采集实施过程中，地物点与地貌点二者经常会重叠。因此，合理选择碎部点位置，也会提高数据采集效率。Intheimplementationoffragmentarypointcollection,terrainpointsandtopographypointsoftenoverlap.Therefore,choosingreasonablefragmentarypointpositionscanalsoimprovetheefficiencyofdatacollection.碎部点采集路线规划PlanningofCollectionRouteforFragmentPoints在碎部点采集过程中，由于采集设备通视要求或者卫星信号接收的要求，我们经常在地物点采集时会选择构筑物的顶部作为采集对象，这时其采集获得的高程点就不能在内业成图时参与等高线的绘制，否则会导致地形失真。Inthefielddatacollectionprocess,duetothevisibilityrequirementsorsatellitesignalreceptionrequirementsofthecollectionequipment,weoftenchoosethetopofstructuresasthecollectionobjectwhencollectingterrainpoints.Atthistime,theelevationpointsobtainedcannotparticipateinthedrawingofcontourlinesinin-housemapping,otherwiseitwillleadtodeformationofterrain.碎部点采集路线规划PlanningofCollectionRouteforFragmentPoints碎部点选择的注意事项和进行碎部点采集时的路线规划要求。Thenoteandrequirementsforrouteplanningwhencollectingfragmentarypoints.THINKING碎部点根据采集对象可以分为几类？Howmanycategoriesoffragmentationpointscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheobjectofcollection?数字测图DigitalMappingTotalStationFieldDataAcquisition全站仪野外数据采集全站仪野外数据采集特点CharacteristicsofTotalStationFieldDataCollection野外数据采集，点位精度高。High-precisionoutdoordatacollectionpoints.在植被覆盖或者建筑物密集测区全站仪数据采集受影响较小。Invegetatedordenselybuilt-upsurveyareas,theimpactoftotalstationdatacollectionisrelativelysmall.对于地下工程的数据采集，全站仪优势明显。Theadvantageoftotalstationdatacollectionforundergroundengineeringisobvious.数据采集方式灵活，可利用距离、角度、坐标等观测值进行数据采集。Thedatacollectionmethodisflexibleandcanusedistance,angle,andcoordinateobservationstocollectdata.01全站仪数据采集优势Advantagesoftotalstationdatacollection全站仪野外数据采集特点CharacteristicsofTotalStationFieldDataCollection作业效率低，需要多次搬站和定向。Lowworkingefficiency,requiringmultiplestationmovesandorientation.外业人员数量需求较多，人员成本增加。Alargenumberoffieldpersonnelarerequired,whichincreasespersonnelcosts.对已知点数量、分布要求较高，增加外业控制测量成本。Highrequirementsforthenumberanddistributionofknownpoints,increasingthecostoffieldcontrolmeasurement.02全站仪数据采集劣势DisadvantagesoftotalstationdatacollectionMountingTotalStation安置全站仪Mounttheinstrument(centering,leveling)atthemeasurementpoint(levelcontrolpoint,rootpoint,orsupportpoint),installthesupportingbatterythatisfullycharged,andmeasuretheinstrumentheighttwicetotaketheaveragevalue.将仪器安置（对中、整平）于测站点（等级控制点、图根点或支站点）上，装上充好电的配套电池，量取仪器高2次取平均值。MountingTotalStation安置全站仪目的：确保仪器中心与地面控制点在同一铅垂线上，同时准确量取仪器是为保证三角高程测量成果的可靠性。Purpose:Ensurethatthecenteroftheinstrumentisonthesameverticallinewiththegroundcontrolpoint,andatthesametimeaccuratelymeasuringtheinstrumentistoensurethereliabilityofthetriangulationheightmeasurementresults.InitialSettingsofTotalStation全站仪初始设置测定测量时测站周围环境的温度、气压，并输入全站仪；选择测量模式（反射片、棱镜、无合作目标），当选择棱镜时，应设置配套的棱镜常数，确保仪器补偿装置开启。Determinethetemperatureandpressureofthesurroundingenvironmentatthemeasurementstation,andinputthemintothetotalstation;choosethemeasurementmode(reflector,prism,nocooperationtarget).Whenchoosingaprism,setthecomplementaryprismconstanttoensurethattheinstrumentcompensationdeviceisturnedon.value.InitialSettingsofTotalStation全站仪初始设置目的：提高电磁波测距的准确性，同时通过补偿装置提高仪器观测质量。Purpose:Improvetheaccuracyofelectromagneticwaverangingandimprovetheinstrumentobservationqualitythroughthecompensationdevice.CreateaFile(project)建立文件（项目）用于存储数据，便于后续数据处理，一般可根据习惯和需要对自己的文件进行个性化设置，建好文件后，将需要用到的控制点坐标数据录入并存放到该文件中。Tostoredataforsubsequentdataprocessing,whichcangenerallybepersonalizedaccordingtohabitsandneeds.Aftercreatingthefile,coordinatedataofthecontrolpointsthatneedtobeusedisenteredandstoredinthefile.CreateaFile(project)建立文件（项目）目的：通过新建项目，让后续观测的碎部点统一进行存储管理，便于后续数据批量输出。Purpose:Throughthecreationofnewprojects,thefragmentarypointsthatareobservedlaterareunifiedforstorageandmanagement,whichisconvenientforsubsequentbatchoutputofdata.SetUpandOrient设站、定向让所采集的碎部点坐标归于所采用的坐标系中，即告诉全站仪所测点是由以测站点为依据的相对关系所得。一般包括输入仪器高、定向、检查等具体内容。在进行坐标测量前，必须正确设站。Letthecoordinatesofthefragmentarypointscollectedbeconvertedtothecoordinatesystemadopted,thatis,tellthetotalstationthatthemeasuredpointsareobtainedrelativetothemeasurementpoint.Generally,itincludesinputtinginstrumentheight,orientation,inspection,andotherspecificcontent.Beforecoordinatemeasurement,itisnecessarytocorrectlysetupthestation.SetUpandOrient设站、定向目的：通过设站、定向保障碎部点测量的起算方位角的准确性，并为碎部点坐标采集提供已知数据。其准确性一般通过第三个已知点进行检查。Purpose:Throughsettingupandorientingstationstoensuretheaccuracyoftheinitialazimuthoffragmentarypointmeasurementandprovideknowndataforfragmentarypointcoordinatecollection.Itsaccuracyisgenerallycheckedthroughthethirdknownpoint.DataCollection数据采集在设站、定向完成后并检查确认无误后，开始对地面特征点进行坐标测量。即在特征点上安置棱镜，通过对棱镜进行观测，获取特征点的位置信息。Aftersettingupthestation,orienting,andcheckingandconfirmingthatthereisnomistake,starttomeasurethecoordinatesofgroundcharacteristicpoints.Thatis,placeaprismonthecharacteristicpoint,andbyobservingtheprism,obtainthelocationinformationofthecharacteristicpoint.DatacCollection数据采集目的：利用全站仪观测、记录特征点的点号和坐标，并为后续内业成图提供点位信息。Purpose:Toobserve,recordthecodeandcoordinatesofthecharacteristicpointusingthetotalstationandprovidepointlocationinformationforsubsequentindoormapping.SketchDrawing草图绘制Storetheinformationoffragmentarypointinformation(pointcode,coordinates,code,originaldata)collectedinthetotalstationmemoryorelectronicnotebook,includingpointposition,attribute,andconnectioninformation.将采集的碎部点信息（点号、坐标、代码、原始数据）存储在全站仪内存或手簿中，包括点的点位、属性和连接信息。SketchDrawing草图绘制目的：草图绘制要同仪器观测的点号统一，在内业成图中，草图是用来体现特征点的连接关系和属性的重要依据。Purpose:Sketchdrawingisconsistentwiththepointcodeobservedbytheinstrument.Inindoormapping,sketchesareanimportantreferenceforillustratingtheconnectionrelationshipandattributesofcharacteristicpoints.DataStorageandTransmission数据存储和传输目的：仪器通过新建项目设置可自动记录特征点的位置信息，并可利用USB数据线来把仪器存储的特征点文件批量传输至计算机，为内业成图提供原始数据。在数据传输过程中一定要注意数据输出格式的设置（点号，编码，Y坐标，X坐标，高程）。Purpose:Theinstrumentcanautomaticallyrecordthelocationinformationofthecharacteristicpointsthroughthenewprojectsettings,andthecharacteristicpointfilesstoredintheinstrumentcanbebatchtransmittedtothecomputerviatheUSBdatalinetoproviderawdataforindoormapping.Intheprocessofdatatransmission,itisnecessarytopayattentiontothesettingofthedataoutputformat(pointnumber,code,Ycoordinate,Xcoordinate,elevation).全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFielddataCollectionPrecautions01全站仪的检校Calibrationoftotalstation使用仪器前要对仪器的气泡、对点、十字丝、2C、指标差等各项部件进行检验，确保仪器本身结构质量满足使用要求。Beforeusingtheinstrument,itisnecessarytocheckthebubble,zeroing,crosshairs,2C,andindexdifferenceofeachcomponentoftheinstrumenttoensurethatthestructuralqualityoftheinstrumentitselfmeetstheuserequirements.02定向点选择Pointselectionfororientation使用全站仪进行设站、定向时，要求长边定向、短边测量，其作用是可以降低定向过程中照准偏差对碎部点的影响。Whenusingthetotalstationforstationsettingandorientation,thelongsideorientationandshortsidemeasurementshouldbeadopted.Thepurposeistoreducetheimpactoftheaimingdeviationduringorientationonthefragmentarypoint.全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFieldDataCollectionPrecautions03全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFieldDataCollectionPrecautions一般在全站仪数据采集过程中，使用盘左来进行定向和观测，切忌出现盘左定向、盘右观测，如出现则会导致碎部点推算的方位角增加180°。Generally,intheprocessofdatacollectionusingtotalstation,theleftorientationandobservationareused,anditisstrictlyprohibitedtousetheleftorientationandtherightobservation.Iftherightobservationisused,itwillcausethecalculatedazimuthofthefragmentarypointtoincreaseby180°.盘左定向、盘左观测Left-rightorientationandleft-rightobservation404全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFieldDataCollectionPrecautions在碎部点采集过程中，点号的编制一定要统一。点号编制每个组、每个测区不要重复一致，否则不利于内业成图的绘制。Intheprocessoffragmentarypointcollection,thepointnumbercompilationmustbeunified.Thepointnumbercompilationshouldnotberepeatedineachgroupandeachsurveyarea,otherwiseitwillnotbeconducivetothedrawingofindoormapping.点号的编制Pointnumbercompilation05草图的绘制Sketchdrawing全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFieldDataCollectionPrecautions在使用测记法进行碎部点采集时，草图的作用是记录点的连接关系和属性，但是草图记录的点号一定要同仪器观测的点号一致。草图记录信息一般只针对地物点，地貌点无需记录连接关系和属性。Whenusingthesurveyrecordmethodtocollectfragmentarypoints,theroleofthesketchistorecordtheconnectionrelationshipandattributesofthepoints.However,thepointnumberrecordedinthesketchmustbeconsistentwiththepointnumberobservedbytheinstrument.Therecordedinformationinthesketchisgenerallyonlyforlandformpoints,andtheconnectionrelationshipandattributesofterrainpointsdonotneedtoberecorded.06棱镜安置Prisminstallation全站仪野外数据采集注意事项TotalStationFieldDataCollectionPrecautions在特征点上安置棱镜，并对棱镜进行观测过程中，一定要注意棱镜是否垂直，如不垂直则会导致观测获得的特征点出现偏差，降低成果精度。

Whenplacingaprismonacharacteristicpointandobservingtheprismduringtheobservationprocess,itisnecessarytopayattentiontowhethertheprismisvertical.Iftheprismisnotvertical,itwillcausetheobservedcharacteristicpointtohavedeviation,reducingtheaccuracyoftheresults.

在使用全站仪进行数据采集时，一般要求在每个测站点上完成全部特征点的观测后再搬站，如果一个测站点上无法观测该范围内全部的特征点，可以采用支站法临时增加测站点的数量，但是支站从图根控制点开始，最多可以发展2级。全站仪野外数据支站TotalStationFieldDataSubstationInpractice,itisgenerallyrequiredtocompletetheobservationofallcharacteristicpointsateachsurveystationbeforemovingthestation.Ifitisnotpossibletoobserveallthecharacteristicpointsintherangeatasurveystation,theauxiliarystationmethodcanbetemporarilyusedtoincreasethenumberofsurveystations,buttheauxiliarystationshouldstartfromtherootcontrolpoint,andthemaximumnumberofauxiliarystationscanbedevelopedto2levels.全站仪数据采集的特点，实施流程以及注意事项。Thecharacteristics,implementationprocess,andprecautionsofdatacollectionusingatotalstation.THINKING全站仪野外数据采集的优势有哪些？Whataretheadvantagesoftotalstationfielddatacollection?数字测图DigitalMappingGNSSRTKFieldDataCollectionGNSSRTK野外数据采集Fielddatacollectiondoesnotrequirelineofsight.野外数据采集无需通视Fielddatacollectionefficiencyishigh.野外数据采集效率高效Suitableforfielddatacollectioninoutdooropenareas.适用于野外空旷区域的数据采集野外数据采集已知点数量需求少Thedegreeofautomationandintegrationoffielddatacollectionishigh.野外数据采集自动化、集成化程度高Thenumberofknownpointsrequiredforfielddatacollectionissmall.GNSSRTK数据采集的特点CharacteristicsofGNSSRTKDataCollectionGNSSRTK数据采集模式GNSSRTKDataCollectionMode

该采集方式是现场架设基准站，由基准站和移动站共同组成采集系统。移动站通过接收卫星信号和基准站信号进行联合差分计算，消除卫星定位中的固定误差，精确定出基准站与移动站的空间位置关系，平面精度、高程精度达到厘米级。Thisdatacollectionmodeinvolvessettingupareferencestationonsite,andthedatacollectionsystemiscomposedofareferencestationandamobilestation.Themobilestationreceivessatellitesignalsandreferencestationsignalstoperformjointdifferentialcalculation,eliminatingfixederrorsinsatellitepositioningandaccuratelydeterminingthespatialpositionrelationshipbetweenthereferencestationandthemobilestation.Theplanaraccuracyandelevationaccuracyreachthecentimeterlevel.01基准站模式ReferencestationmodeGNSSRTK数据采集模式GNSSRTKDataCollectionMode基准站模式直接观测获取的坐标成果为WGS-84坐标系，需通过选取2个以上的已知点进行观测来进行坐标系转换参数的计算，从而进行目标坐标系的转换。ThecoordinateresultsobtaineddirectlybythereferencestationmodeareintheWGS-84coordinatesystem,andth